Water conservation model in Ayung river estuary based on ecotourism

The Ayung river basin is the largest watershed in the Bali Penida River Region. The increase in population and the demands of a more viable livelihood have encouraged people to continue to strive to meet all their needs and the development of tourism in Bali that is growing rapidly, but behind that there will be a negative impact caused mainly on the river water environment and river estuary. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental conditions of river estuaries and environmental arrangements to be able to support water needs and tourism activities. The purpose of this study was to create a model of water resources conservation at the Ayung river estuary based on ecotourism. The research method uses qualitative methods, which will integrate conservation of water resources that may be carried out in research areas based on ecotourism. The data used are in the form of primary data and secondary data where the primary data is in the form of observations directly to the location of the study and survey by interviewing the surrounding community about tourism activities in the research location. Meanwhile, secondary data in the form of water potential data, land use, topography obtained from survey and related agencies. The results of the study using the SWOT model obtained several alternative conservations that can be done based on ecotourism.


Introduction
Water is a very important resource for life. The utilization of water resources for various needs, it continues to increase from year to year, as a result of population growth and the development of its activities. Whereas on the other hand, the availability of water resources is increasingly limited, but it tends to be increasingly scarce, mainly due to a decrease in environmental quality and a decrease in water quality due to pollution. If this is not anticipated, it is feared that it can cause tension and even conflict due to conflicts of interest when demand is no longer balanced with the availability of water resources for supply. Therefore, there is a need for conservation of water resources.
According to Law No. 7 of 2004, conservation of water resources is an effort to maintain the existence and sustainability of the condition, nature and function of water resources so that they are always available in sufficient quantity and quality to meet the needs of living things, both now and in the future [1].
Bali is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has become an international tourism destination. Tourism activities in Bali utilize 65% of water in Bali [2]. Water availability and needs in each region in Bali are based on Bali water map data [3], so there are five districts/ cities that experience water Watershed (DAS) is a unit of the water system that is formed naturally where water seeps and or flows through the river and the tributaries concerned [4]. The watershed consists of upstream, middle and downstream parts. Downstream of the river or river estuary is an area that has the potential for conservation, because every year a lot of watershed is wasted wastefully into the sea. If management is carried out with conservation, the water will not be wasted wastefully into the sea and can be utilized in the dry season.
The Ayung river basin is the largest watershed in the Bali Penida River Region with an area of 306,149 km 2 with a river length of 71,791 km. This watershed is through 6 regencies/cities. Ayung River is widely used as a source of clean water for drinking water (PDAM), irrigation water, domestic water, agriculture and livestock. The increase in population and the demands of a more viable livelihood have encouraged people to continue to strive to meet all their needs and the development of tourism in Bali that is growing rapidly, but behind that there will be a negative impact caused mainly on the river water environment and river estuary. The Ayung River estuary is connected with Padang Galak Beach. Padang Galak Beach is one of the beaches that has become a tourism destination in the Denpasar area.
The importance of this research is to tackle the water crisis in Bali especially in the dry season and reduce the amount of wasted discharge to the sea in the rainy season and tidal flooding to the mainland, as well as the sustainability of raw water supply, increase agricultural, fishery products and support the development of tourism in Denpasar, Bali province. The purpose of this study was to create a model of water resources conservation at the Ayung River estuary based on ecotourism. Ecotourism is a tourism activity that is environmentally and naturally responsible, contributing positively to environmental conservation and paying attention to the welfare of local communities. Ecotourism is one aspect that is highly related to the environment, development is expected to be able to preserve natural resources and the environment [5]. Through this research, communities in the downstream/ estuary of the Ayung river and coastal areas can continue to carry out tourism activities while at the same time carrying out water conservation so that sustainable management of water resources can occur.

Methods of data collection
Data used in the form of primary data and secondary data where the primary data is in the form of observations directly to the location of the study and survey by interviewing the surrounding community about tourism activities in the study area. Meanwhile, secondary data in the form of water potential data, land use, topography obtained from the literature survey and related agencies.
The research process begins by looking at the symptoms that occur related to the use of water to support the development of tourism development and then study the symptoms through written material, both in textbooks and more specifically such as articles on print media, the internet and certain personal experiences that understand the topic this. The literature survey was conducted to obtain primary data sources, namely from textbooks and secondary data, including journal articles, print media and the internet. The experience survey is carried out by seeking information from people who are experts or experienced in the field of water resources management to support tourism activities.

Time and place of research
This research takes the location of the downstream/ Ayung River estuary located in Kesiman Kertalangu Village which is connected with Padang Galak Beach, Bali Province, Indonesia.

Technique of data analysis
This research is qualitative research, which will integrate conservation of water resources that may be carried out in research areas with ecotourism. From the existing water potential and tourism potential, there is a SWOT model to find out which ecotourism-based conservation model is best done in the Ayung River Estuary. SWOT analysis according to Philip Kotler is interpreted as evaluation to overall strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats [6]. SWOT analysis is one of the most widely known internal and external environmental analysis instruments. This analysis is based on the assumption that an effective strategy will minimize weaknesses and threats. When applied accurately, these simple assumptions have a major impact on the design of a successful strategy. According to Ferrel and Harline the function of SWOT analysis is to obtain information from situation analysis and separate it from internal issues (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats) [7].

Land use of Ayung river estuary
There are many restaurants and hotels downstream of the Ayung river and agricultural areas that can be developed as tourist areas. While at the river estuary there are several temples, including Pura Campuhan Windhu Segara. Pura Campuhan Windhu Segara is one of the many temples that are visited for melukat activities.   Figure 3. Measurement of Ayung river estuary topography.

Water potential
The success of the Ayung watershed water balance for irrigation is 83,13%, while for raw water is 100%.

Water conservation
Conservation of water resources is an effort to maintain the existence, sustainability of the condition, nature and function of water resources so that they are always available in adequate quality and quantity to meet the needs of living things both at present and future generations. Every person or business entity is prohibited from carrying out activities that cause damage to water sources and infrastructure, disrupt water preservation efforts, and/or cause water pollution. Conservation of water resources is carried out on rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, groundwater basins, irrigation systems.
One type of conservation in quantitative terms that can be done is by building a long storage/ reservoir for storing water in the rainy season and can be used during the dry season. This long storage/ reservoir can also be used for recreation areas of the surrounding community with proper arrangement.
Based on the total population in 2015, then the population growth was calculated to calculate the required water requirements. From the calculation of the smallest standard deviation, the arithmetic method is used to calculate the projected population of 15 years with a correlation value of 0,988.   After calculating water demand, then proceed with calculating reservoir capacity, that's calculated based on the maximum number of days needed in the service area multiplied by 15% -20%. In this plan there is a reservoir serving the Kesiman Petilan Village. For the value of maximum day needs, the value of the maximum day requirement is used at the end of the service plan year.

Potential tourism of the estuary of the Ayung watershed
The potential for tourism can be interpreted as a capital or asset owned by a tourist destination and can be exploited for economic interests that are ideally summarized therein concern for cultural aspects. Suarka explains that tourism potential is everything that exists in an area that can be developed into a tourist attraction, the potential can be divided into two, namely cultural potential and natural potential [8].
Cultural potential includes potential that grows and develops in the community such as customs, livelihoods and arts, while natural potential is the potential in the form of physical, geographical potential of nature, including the type of flora and fauna in an area. Ecotourism potential is a capital or asset (both in the form of cultural and natural potential) that is owned by an area, which can be developed for tourism activities that are environmentally responsible, contribute positively to environmental conservation, and improve the economy of the surrounding community. Based on Figures 5 it can be seen that in the Ayung River area has tourism potential that can attract tourists who want to know about culture Hindu Balinese, especially for activities of melukat (cleaning themselves) and religious ceremonies carried out in the temple of Campuhan Windhu immediately. In addition, on the other side of the river estuary there are swings made from twigs which are carried to the downstream area of the Ayung River. This swing can be used as a photo spot that is very interesting for visiting tourists.

Ecotourism
Ecotourism (usually translated as natural tourism, which is actually inappropriate) is a tourism activity that utilizes environmental services, whether natural (beauty, uniqueness) or society (culture, way of life, social structure) by presenting elements of conservation, education and empowering local communities [9].
 Based on the SWOT model in determining the potential development based on ecotourism in Ayung River Estuary there are several strategies that can be carried out, such as: o Make water conservation in the form of a reservoir/ long storage to hold water in the rain and be used during the dry season. o Arrange areas that have good visual views in accordance with environmental conditions (ecotourism) to increase tourism potential without having to damage the environment o Plan for water conservation facilities by adding aspects of tourism to increase the power of use o Conduct an untreated area arrangement to become a more attractive visual area o Build river bank/ river dikes according flood discharge should not overflow and damage tourism / conservation areas later. o Start arrangement watersheds by taking into account the environmental aspects o Invite community participation to protect the watershed environment by not throwing garbage into the river o Socializing to the community about the importance of conservation of water resources and paying attention to environmental aspects in tourism activities (ecotourism)