On staticity of bifurcate Killing horizons

We show that bifurcate Killing horizons with closed torsion form, in spacetimes of arbitrary dimension satisfying a Ricci-structure condition, arise from static Killing vectors. The result applies in particular to $\Lambda$-vacuum spacetimes.


Introduction
Stationary spacetimes are of particular physical importance as they describe equilibrium configurations of the gravitational field.The static subcase, where the spacetime is not only time independent but also invariant under time reversal, plays a particularly important role.It is therefore of interest to identify conditions that guarantee that a stationary spacetime is static.Recall that a stationary spacetime with a Killing vector field ξ is static if the twist form where ξ is the 1-form g(ξ, •), vanishes; such Killing vectors will also be called static.
In situations where the spacetime is globally hyperbolic and the Killing vector ξ is timelike everywhere it is immediate to show that the spacetime is static if and only if the twist form vanishes on a Cauchy surface.This is a consequence of the fact that ω is always Lie constant along the Killing field.However, in black hole configurations the Killing field is not timelike everywhere and finding necessary and sufficient conditions for staticity is more delicate.One of the central notions in the study of stationary black hole spacetimes is that of Killing horizons [5].Large families of examples have been constructed in [10,11,15,16]; see also [8].This raises the question of staticity in terms of the properties of Killing horizons.In fact, the vanishing -or not -of the twist form plays an important role in the classification of stationary vacuum black holes, cf.e.g.[6,7] and references therein.
The aim of this work is to give a characterisation of static spacetimes containing a bifurcate Killing horizon in terms of the data on the horizon.We note that ω always vanishes on a Killing horizon H , so a criterion on a Killing horizon must involve at least one transverse derivatives on H . Further, both ω and its first derivatives vanish at the bifurcation surface of a bifurcate Killing horizon, so a criterion there must involve at least two transverse derivatives of ω.The relevant fields are a priori not clear.
We aim at finding such a characterization independently both of the matter fields involved and of the field equations of the theory, i.e. a purely geometry characterization valid in full generality.Given that no field equations are imposed, it is clear that such a characterization will necessarily involve two types of conditions, namely a bulk condition at the level of curvature that holds everywhere and a boundary condition that holds on the horizon.In this paper we deal with bifurcate Killing horizons, so it is plausible to expect that the boundary conditions can be formulated directly on the bifurcation surface.We find necessary and sufficient conditions for staticity both for the bulk and for the boundary conditions.The bulk condition involves a one-form constructed from the Ricci tensor and the Killing field.Specifically, it demands that, on all points where the Killing vector is not null, the one-form, denoted by g(ξ, ξ)r, and defined as the tangential-normal components of the Ricci tensor along the vector ξ, is closed.The boundary condition at the bifurcation surface is that the torsion one-form is closed.
It turns out that the analysis in the region to the causal future of the bifurcation surface of the bifurcate Killing horizon, and in its complement, is essentially different.This is related to the different causal character of the Killing orbits in these regions.The timelike-orbits region is analysed in Section 4.1, while the space-like-orbits one in Section 4.2.The precise statements of our staticity results appear in Theorems 4.2 and 4.4 below.In addition to being independent of any field equations, our results hold in any spacetime dimension and for any topology of the bifurcation surface.
An interesting by-product of our just-mentioned staticity theorems is that whenever the torsion one-form of the bifurcation surface is closed, the fact that the bulk one-form g(ξ, ξ)r is closed implies that ξ is an eigenvector of the Ricci tensor (equivalently, that the one-form g(ξ, ξ)r being closed implies that it vanishes everywhere, provided the torsion form of the bifurcations surface is closed).
Of course, of particular importance is the case where the spacetime is vacuum.In this case, the characteristic initial data for the spacetime on the bifurcate Killing horizon consists of the metric induced on the bifurcation surface S together with the torsion 1-form of S. A special case of our results is the following theorem, where a non-vanishing cosmological constant is allowed, with H − denoting the part of H lying to the past of the bifurcation surface: Theorem 1.1 Consider a (n + 1)-dimensional vacuum spacetime (M, g), n ≥ 2, containing a bifurcate Killing horizon H . Let D − (H − ) be the past domain of dependence of H − in M and let M denote that connected component of the set which contains D − (H − ).Then g is static on M if and only if the torsion 1-form of the bifurcation surface is closed.
Remark 1.2 As already said, we show in fact that a necessary and sufficient condition for staticity is closedness of the torsion together with where r is the quotient-space equivalent of the covector field r α dx α appearing in the decomposition (2.11) of the Ricci tensor.This condition will of course hold in vacuum, but it will also hold for, e.g., a perfect fluid supported in the region exterior to a black hole and comoving with the Killing flow.✷ Remark 1.3 Our analysis below likewise shows that a vacuum spacetime metric will be static if and only if (1.3) holds and the first derivatives of ω vanish on one of the branches of a bifurcate horizon H .This statement, however, does not seem to have an obvious formulation in terms of characteristic Cauchy data on H . ✷ At the heart of the proof of Theorem 1.1 lies the derivation of an equation for a relevant field, to which the unique continuation results of Mazzeo [14] and the uniqueness results of Fuchsian symmetric hyperbolic equations apply.Another ingredient is a calculation tying the twist of the Killing vector to the torsion 1-form of the horizon.In order to finish the proof we need to treat separately the region D(S), where the Killing vector is spacelike, and its complement in M. Our claim on D(H ) is obtained from uniqueness of solutions of Fuchsian hyperbolic equations; this is the vacuum case of Theorem 4.4 below.The result in the complement of D(H ) in M is the vacuum case of Theorem 4.2 below; it is based on the observation, which might have some interest of its own (cf.Proposition 3.1 below), that the bifurcation surface of a Killing horizon can be viewed as the conformal boundary at infinity of a natural rescaling of the quotient space-metric.
We note that in real-analytic spacetimes the result can be established by Taylor expansion at the horizon; this requires a similar computational effort.We further note that while a vacuum spacetime metric will be real analytic near a Killing horizon in many situations of interest [3,4], Theorems 4.2 and 4.4 neither assume vacuum nor analyticity.

The twist form and the quotient space
The aim of this section is to derive the key equation (2.26) below, satisfied by a field closely related to the twist of the Killing vector.
Let thus ξ be a Killing vector field (KV) in an (n + 1)-dimensional spacetime (M, g), n ≥ 2. We use ∇ for the Levi-Civita derivative of g.Let ξ be the metrically associated 1-form, and define the 2-form F := 1 2 dξ; recall that the twist 3-form ω has been defined as 1  2 ξ ∧ dξ.In abstract index notation, Recall that λ := −g(ξ, ξ) and define the 2-form Ω := i ξ ω.Note that, by construction, Ω is Lie-constant along ξ and orthogonal to ξ.It is immediate that i.e. the open set where ξ is non-null, and assume it to be non-empty.From the definitions of ω, F , and (2.2) we have Note that the left-hand side is smooth on M, which implies that the right-hand side extends smoothly across the zero-level set of λ.In particular we have: Using F = 1 2 dξ, the expression (2.2) can be written as This is equation (B.10) in Appendix B of [2].The Killing vector ξ satisfies the standard identity (R α βγδ is the Riemann tensor of g) Directly from (2.1) (brackets denote antisymmetrisation) Contracting µ and α yields (R αβ is the Ricci tensor of g) This corresponds to (3.20) in Appendix B of [2] and recovers the well-known fact that ω is co-closed when ξ is an eigenvector of the Ricci tensor.We wish to compute the codifferential of Ω on the orbit space of ξ.We assume that the space Σ := M * / ∼ is a smooth manifold, where we write that p ∼ q if and only if the points p, q ∈ M * belong to the same integral curve of ξ.It is well-known that covariant tensors on M * which are Lie-constant along ξ and totally orthogonal to ξ descend to the quotient.We use a hat to denote the corresponding object on Σ.We only break this rule for scalars, such as and for the tensor which descends to a metric on Σ.In these last two cases we use the same symbol for the spacetime and for the quotient objects.The operation on any ξ-Lie-constant and ξ-orthogonal covariant tensor T , gives a tensor with the same properties.It therefore induces an operation on Σ.It is well-known that this operation is the Levi-Civita covariant derivative with respect to h.We also use D for this derivative on Σ.We already noted that Ω is ξ-Lie-constant and ξ-orthogonal.Let Ω be the (uniquely defined) corresponding two-form on Σ: if we denote by π the projection from Exterior differentiation commutes with the operation of descending to the quotient for forms that descend (this is clearly seen in local coordinates adapted to the isometries), so (2.4) implies With the aim of computing the codifferential of Ω we consider an arbitrary ξ-Lieconstant ξ-orthogonal 2-covariant tensor P αβ and compute Let us define the covector (2.9) Then r is orthogonal to ξ and invariant under the flow of ξ, hence there exists a unique covector field r on the quotient M * / ∼ such that On M * we can decompose the Ricci tensor in components orthogonal to ξ.Using (2.5) it follows that the normal-tangential component of the Ricci tensor is precisely r α .In other words, the decomposition takes the form where r αβ is symmetric and orthogonal to ξ.It follows that r α vanishes if and only if ξ is an eigenvector of Ricci on M * .Thus Now, on M * the expression (2.2) allows us to write ∇ α ξ µ in terms of Ω αµ as Inserting this into the before-last equation yields The last term is zero because Ω αµ h γ β is orthogonal to ξ in all contravariant indices, while ω = ξ ∧ F (see (2.1)).
We conclude that the differential and codifferential of Ω on Σ satisfy where we use the sign convention for the codifferential δ as in [9]: Our next task is to derive an identity for ∆ h Ω using the Weizenböck formula.Define the two-form Ξ := λ −2 Ω . (2.16) It will be shown in Section 3 that Ξ extends continuously to that part of the boundary of the quotient space which corresponds to the Killing horizon, and is related to the torsion 1-form of the bifurcation surface.We will also show that Ξ vanishes if and only the twist of the Killing vector vanishes.
In order to obtain the promised identity we apply the trivial identity δ(f α) = f δα − i grad f α, valid form any scalar f and p-form α, and obtain (2.17) Since d Ξ = 0, we can easily compute the Hodge-de Rahm operator where in the last equality we used the Cartan identity We now apply the Weizenböck identity [9,19], which for 2-forms reads where ∆ h is the rough Laplacian ∆ h := D i D i and the Riemann and Ricci tensors of (Σ, h) are denoted respectively by (R h ) i jkl and (R h ) jℓ .Thus, the field Ξ satisfies the identity Recall that −g(ξ, ξ) ≡ λ = ǫu 2 , ǫ = ±1, with u > 0. It will be useful to write down an equivalent identity involving the two-form where the subscript a on Υ (a) is not a vector index, but indicates the power a used in the rescaling.We are mainly interested in the case but we leave the constant a arbitrary unless explicitly specified otherwise.
A straightforward computation gives Combining with (2.23) we conclude that Υ (a) satisfies where L a is the operator The operator L a with a = n−1 2 is formally self-adjoint with respect to the L 2 (dµh)-scalar product, where dµh is the Riemannian measure defined by h.
Proof: For this value of a there are no first order terms in L a .The symmetry of the zero-order terms is the contents of Corollary A.3 in Appendix A. ✷

Rácz-Wald coordinates
We wish to tie the quantities introduced above to objects defined on the bifurcation surface of a bifurcate Killing horizon.For this a convenient set of coordinates is the one due to Rácz and Wald [17,18].Such coordinates can be introduced in either of the following circumstances: H1.The spacetime contains a bifurcate Killing horizon.
H2.The spacetime has a null boundary N with a causal Killing vector ξ which is tangent to the generators of N , with non-zero surface gravity.The orbits of ξ are complete and there exists a hypersurface S to which ξ is transverse and such that every orbits of ξ intersects S precisely once.
In the latter case, which is typical for well-behaved domains of outer communications, one constructs [17] an auxiliary spacetime which contains a bifurcate Killing horizon.So, in this sense, it suffices to consider spacetimes (M, g) which contain a bifurcate Killing horizon, i.e. two smooth null connected hypersurfaces H + and H − intersecting on a spacelike codimension-two surface S = H + ∩ H − and such that (M, g) admits a non-trivial Killing vector ξ which vanishes on S. It follows automatically that H ± \ S are Killing horizons of ξ with two connected components each.
A spacetime neighbourhood O of S can be coordinatised with an atlas of Rácz-Wald coordinates {U, V, x a i }, where {x a i , O i } is an atlas of S. In such coordinates, the metric g takes the form where all metric coefficients G, q a , γ ab depend only upon {UV, x a }, and where G is a positive function.The bifurcation surface S is the set {U = V = 0}.We choose the time orientation so that ∂ U is future pointing and ∂ V is past pointing.The construction of [17] guarantees that there exists a neighborhood of the bifurcate Killing horizon on which G is strictly positive.
Recall that the torsion 1-form of a spacelike surface of codimension equal to two is defined as where X is a vector field in S and {k, ℓ} are a pair of null normals to S satisfying the normalization condition g(k, ℓ) = −1.The null normals k and ℓ can be boosted or interchanged.The boost transforms the torsion by adding the differential of a function, while the interchange k ↔ ℓ changes the sign of ζ.Note that the property of ζ being closed if not affected by these changes.
In what follows we shall need the explicit form of ζ.We take the normal basis and after a simple calculation based on the metric (3.1) we find In Rácz-Wald coordinates the Killing vector ξ reads and therefore We shall also need the explicit form of the twist 3-form of ξ, recall that For this it is simplest to work away from the bifurcate Killing horizon and write ξ as Since q a = q a (UV, x b ), a direct calculation gives, where a prime denotes a derivative with respect to UV : and we conclude that where ω is a smooth 3-form.Note that although the computation has been done away from U = 0 or V = 0, the result is valid everywhere.Observe also that the twist always vanishes on the bifurcate Killing horizon.This is a consequence of the fact that ξ is a null normal to the hypersurfaces U = 0 and V = 0.The transverse derivative £ ∂ V ω of ω at the null hypersurface {V = 0} reads This 3-form vanishes if and only if q a | {U V =0} is closed, i.e. if and only if the torsion 1-form ζ of the bifurcation is closed.A similar statement holds for the null hypersurface {U = 0}.
Recall that λ = −g(ξ, ξ) denotes the Lorentzian norm-squared of the Killing vector ξ, and that we write the quotient-space metric as We introduce the scalar s := UV and note that {s, x a } descend to local coordinates on the quotient space (both are Lie-constant along ξ).The tensor h takes the form h = G 4s (ds + sq a dx a ) 2 + γ ab dx a dx b , and λ = sG where G, q a , γ ab are functions of {s, x a }.Let us perform the coordinate change and note that ǫ = 1 corresponds to the domain UV > 0 where the Killing is timelike, while ǫ = −1 corresponds to the domain UV < 0, where it is spacelike.
In the coordinates {z, x a }, the quotient metric is where G, q a , γ ab are functions of {ǫz 2 , x a }.This defines a metric smooth-up-to the boundary z = 0, because G is positive and γ ab positive definite in the domain O.
Clearly h is Riemannian when ǫ > 0, i.e. in the region where the Killing vector field ξ is timelike, and Lorentzian when ǫ < 0, where ξ is spacelike.Let u > 0 be defined by λ = ǫu 2 , ǫ = ±1 . (3.6) The function u in the {z, x a } coordinates reads u = z √ G, so it is smooth-up-toand-including the boundary, where it has a zero of first order.Thus u is a defining function for ∂Σ.The metric h = u −2 h appearing in (2.26) provides therefore an example of smoothly conformally compactifiable metric à la Penrose.In the region where the Killing vector ξ is spacelike the bifurcation surface S ≈ ∂Σ becomes the conformal boundary at timelike infinity for the metric h.This property will be exploited in what follows.Perhaps unexpectedly, |du| 2 h is constant on ∂Σ.To see this it is convenient to introduce P := √ G so that u = zP , and raise indices a, b with γ ab defined to be the inverse of γ ab .The inverse metric h ♯ is given by where O(1) denotes any function that extends smoothly to the boundary ∂Σ.Using the fact that ∂ z acting on any metric coefficient G, q a , γ ab gives a function of the form zF , where F is regular up to boundary (because the functions depend on {ǫz 2 , x}) it follows that where , denote scalar product with h.Consequently and we find that This has the well known geometric interpretation that Proposition 3.1 In the region ǫ > 0 the metric u −2 h is asymptotically locally hyperbolic, i.e., it is smoothly conformally compactifiable, with sectional curvatures tending to a negative constant when the conformal boundary at infinity ∂Σ of u −2 h is approached.✷ We finish this section with a formula for the 2-form Ξ of (2.16) in terms of the Rácz-Wald coordinates.A computation of the two-form Ω in the metric (3.1) gives Hence Ω = − 1 4 u 4 dq and, in the coordinates {z, x a }, Since q a = q a (z 2 , x), all odd z-derivatives at z = 0 vanish.Combining with the explicit form (3.2) of the torsion 1-form ζ of the bifurcation surface we conclude that: We are ready now to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for staticity of the spacetime metric.It turns out that the sides of the Killing horizons where the Killing vector is timelike and these where the Killing vector is spacelike require separate treatment.

The timelike region
We start by considering the region where the Killing vector is timelike, which corresponds to ǫ = 1.However, all local calculations in this section apply as long as the Killing vector is not null, and will also be relevant for Section 4.2.
Using the notation of [12], it follows that (Σ, h) has a compact conformal boundary at infinity and that ∆h is a uniformly degenerate elliptic operator.We also use the notion of indicial map I σ as defined in [12].Namely, given a uniformly degenerate elliptic operator where Γ(E) is the set of sections of a tensor bundle E over Σ, and using our function u as the defining function for the boundary (which applies near horizons with nonzero surface gravity, but does not when the surface gravity vanishes), for σ ∈ C the indicial map is the map where Γ(E| ∂Σ ) is the set of sections over ∂Σ of the bundle E, E| ∂Σ ⊗ C is its complexification and Ψ ∈ Γ(E ⊗ C) is any smooth extension of Ψ.The indicial map is a well-defined (i.e.independent of the choice of extension Ψ), and is also independent of the choice of the defining function.The indicial exponents of L are the values σ for with there exists a point p ∈ ∂Σ and a non-zero Ψ such that I σ ( Ψ)| p = 0. We wish to prove a vanishing theorem for Υ (a) , for this we need to determine the indicial exponents for the operator (2.25).Lemma 4.1 In the setup where (M, g) admits a bifurcate Killing horizon, consider the quotient Σ in the region where ξ is timelike, i.e. ǫ = 1.Define L := L a for a = (n − 1)/2, cf.(2.20).Then, the indicial exponents of L are i so that L = ∆h + S. We apply item (ii) in Lemma A.2. Let be the restriction of the gradient of u to ∂Σ.Given that and the indicial map is Given p ∈ ∂Σ we want to find the values σ ∈ C and tensors Ψ ij at p such that ) then necessarily V i Ψ ij = 0 and the condition I σ ( Ψ) = 0 reduces to c 1 Ψ ij = 0.If in addition c 1 = 0, the kernel is trivial.If c 1 = 0, i.e. σ = n−1 2 or σ = n−9 2 the kernel is non-trivial and consists of tensor fields taking the form Ψ ij = X i Y j − X j Y i with covectors X, Y annihilating V ; equivalently, the associated vectors are tangent to ∂Σ.
If To prove the converse implication, we start by noting that for any a ∈ R the vanishing of Ξ at ∂Σ is equivalent to Υ (a) = o(u a ) at ∂Σ.
As already hinted-to, we choose a = a n ≡ (n − 1)/2.The operator L ≡ L (n−1)/2 is elliptic, uniformly degenerate and self-adjoint with respect to the L 2 norm of the metric h.For such an operator [1, Theorem A.14] and [14,Corollary (11)] apply.In particular [1, Theorem A.14 with f ≡ 0] shows that Υ (a) is polyhomogeneous at ∂Σ. Matching coefficients in the polyhomogeneous expansion shows that Ξ vanishes to infinite order at ∂Σ because Υ (a) = o(u a ) and Lemma 4.1.
The relation to the vanishing of dζ is the contents of Proposition 3.2.✷

The spacelike region
We continue our analysis in the region where ǫ = −1, thus u is a time function there.The aim is to find necessary and sufficient conditions for the twist to vanish in that region.
We consider a configuration where the fields are smooth to the causal past of the bifurcation surface, or sufficiently differentiable as needed in the argument below, where finite differentiability suffices.Such metrics can be constructed, for example, by solving the characteristic Cauchy problem with smooth KID data on a bifurcate null hypersurface, as described e.g. in [8,11,16].
We formulate the staticity theorem in the past of a bifurcation surface, an identical result holds of course to the future: Theorem 4.4 (Staticity extension, spacelike region) Let ξ be a Killing vector defined on the past of an (n − 1)-dimensional spacelike surface S in an (n + 1)dimensional spacetime (M, g), with ξ = 0 on S. Assume that the Ricci tensor of (M, g) satisfies d g(ξ, ξ)r = 0 (in particular this is true for Λ-vacuum spacetimes).Then the Killing vector is static on the past domain of dependence D − (S) if and only if the tensor field Ξ ij vanishes on ∂Σ, if and only if the torsion covector of S is closed.

Proof:
The local calculations at ∂Σ implicit in the proof of Theorem 4.2 show that Υ (a) vanishes to all orders at S. In the analytic case the result immediately follows.
In the smooth case one can instead rewrite the Fuchsian wave equation (2.25) as a symmetric hyperbolic system in a standard way, and use a large negative number a ∈ R in the definition of Υ (a) so that the positivity condition of [13,Lemma 4.14] holds.✷ To continue, we write down two simple identities.The first one is the well-known conformal behaviour of the Laplacian on functions The second is an expression for Dl u Dl Ψ ij .Using (which follows directly from (A.2)) we get (A.9) The next lemma analyses self-adjointness of certain second order operators and their indicial maps.For this result we assume that Σ is a manifold with boundary, that h is positive definite, and that u is a defining function for the boundary, i.e. u = 0 and |du| 2 h > 0 on ∂Σ.
where V i := D i u| ∂Σ .
Proof: Recall that the formal adjoint L † is the (unique) operator that for any pair of two-forms Ψij , Φij satisfies (recall also that indices of objects with an overline are moved with h) for some vector F l .It is immediate that Consequently L is formally self-adjoint (L † = L) if and only if (A.10) holds.For item (ii) we compute u −σ ∆h(u σ Ψ) and get where in the second equality we inserted (A.8), (A.9) and Dl u Dl u = u 2 |du| 2 h .By Lemma A.1 we have The definition of indicial map gives (A.11).✷ The following corollary is used in the main text.
Corollary A.3 Let B ij be a symmetric tensor and c ∈ R.Then, the operator is formally self-adjoint with respect to the L 2 norm of h.
Proof: One easily checks that the tensor i is antisymmetric in ij (the antisymmetry in kl is obvious).In terms of S we can rewrite L(Ψ) ij = ∆hΨ ij + S ij kl Ψ kl The symmetry condition (A.10) can be checked with either h or with h.We use h and find after using the symmetries of the Riemann tensor and of B. ✷

Lemma A. 2
With these assumptions, let L(Ψ) ij := ∆hΨ ij + Sij kl Ψ kl , with Sij kl smooth up to and including the boundary.Suppose that Sij kl = S[ij] kl = Sij [kl] .Then (i) L is formally self-adjoint (with respect to the L 2 -scalar product with volume form defined by h) if and only if S kl ij = Sij kl .(A.10) (ii) For σ ∈ C, the indicial map I σ : Λ 2 (Σ)| ∂Σ ⊗ C → Λ 2 (Σ)| ∂Σ ⊗ C is .23) It will also be of interest to find an equation in terms of a conformal metric.Define hij := u −2 h ij .
Theorem 4.2 (Staticity extension, timelike region) Assume that (M, g) contains a bifurcate Killing horizon H and consider the quotient manifold Σ in the region where ξ is timelike.Assume that the Ricci tensor of (M, g) satisfies Then the tensor field Ξ ij vanishes on ∂Σ if and only if the metric is static in the connected component adjacent to H of the region where the Killing vector is timelike; this is equivalent to the vanishing of dζ, where ζ is the torsion 1-form of S.Remark 4.3 It further follows from (3.5) that, for bifurcate horizons, this is equivalent to the vanishing of the transverse derivative of ω at any of the branches of the horizon.✷ Proof: Clearly Ξ vanishes everywhere when the metric is static (cf.(2.3), (2.8) and (2.16)), in particular on ∂Σ.Thus the condition is necessary.