On The Halo Occupation of Dark Baryons

We introduce a new technique that adopts the halo occupation framework for understanding the origin of QSO absorption-line systems. Our initial study focuses specifically on Mg II absorbers. We construct a model of the gaseous content in which the absorption equivalent width W_r is determined by the amount of cold gas, in the form of discrete clouds, along a sight line through a halo. The two quantities that we specify per halo in the model are (1) the mean absorption strength per unit surface mass density A_W(M), and (2) the mean covering factor κ_g(M) of the gaseous clouds. These parameters determine the conditional probability distribution of W_r as a function of halo mass, P(W_r|M) . Two empirical measurements are applied to constrain the model: (1) the absorber frequency distribution function and (2) the W_r-dependent clustering amplitude. We find that the data demand a rapid transition in the gas content of halos at ~10^11.5 h⁻¹ M_☉, below which halos contain predominantly cold gas and beyond which gas becomes predominantly hot. In order to reproduce the observed overall strong clustering of the absorbers and the anticorrelation between W_r and halo mass M, roughly 5% of gas in halos up to 10¹⁴ h⁻¹ M_☉ is required to be cold. The gas covering factor is near unity over a wide range of halo masses, supporting the idea that Mg II systems probe an unbiased sample of typical galaxies. We discuss the implications of our study in the contexts of mass assembly of distant galaxies and the origin of QSO absorption-line systems.