Chinese Physics Letters

High-energy-density rechargeable lithium batteries are being pursued by researchers because of their revolutionary potential nature. Current advanced practical lithium-ion batteries have an energy density of around 300 W⋅h⋅kg⁻¹. Continuing to increase the energy density of batteries to a higher level could lead to a major explosion development in some fields, such as electric aviation. Here, we have manufactured practical pouch-type rechargeable lithium batteries with both a gravimetric energy density of 711.3 W⋅h⋅kg⁻¹ and a volumetric energy density of 1653.65 W⋅h⋅L⁻¹. This is achieved through the use of high-performance battery materials including high-capacity lithium-rich manganese-based cathode and thin lithium metal anode with high specific energy, combined with extremely advanced process technologies such as high-loading electrode preparation and lean electrolyte injection. In this battery material system, the structural stability of cathode material in a widened charge/discharge voltage range and the deposition/dissolution behavior of interfacial modified thin lithium electrode are studied.

A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is the core component in memory technologies, such as the magnetic random-access memory, magnetic sensors and programmable logic devices. In particular, MTJs based on two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures offer unprecedented opportunities for low power consumption and miniaturization of spintronic devices. However, their operation at room temperature remains a challenge. Here, we report a large tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) of up to 85% at room temperature (T = 300 K) in vdW MTJs based on a thin (< 10 nm) semiconductor spacer WSe₂ layer embedded between two Fe₃GaTe₂ electrodes with intrinsic above-room-temperature ferromagnetism. The TMR in the MTJ increases with decreasing temperature up to 164% at T = 10 K. The demonstration of TMR in ultra-thin MTJs at room temperature opens a realistic and promising route for next-generation spintronic applications beyond the current state of the art.

We systematically measure the superconducting (SC) and mixed state properties of high-quality CsV₃Sb₅ single crystals with T_c ∼ 3.5 K. We find that the upper critical field H_c2(T) exhibits a large anisotropic ratio of ${H}_{{\rm{c}}2}^{ab}/{H}_{{\rm{c}}2}^{c}\sim 9$ at zero temperature and fitting its temperature dependence requires a minimum two-band effective model. Moreover, the ratio of the lower critical field, ${H}_{{\rm{c}}1}^{ab}/{H}_{{\rm{c}}1}^{c}$, is also found to be larger than 1, which indicates that the in-plane energy dispersion is strongly renormalized near Fermi energy. Both H_c1(T) and SC diamagnetic signal are found to change little initially below T_c ∼ 3.5 K and then to increase abruptly upon cooling to a characteristic temperature of ∼2.8 K. Furthermore, we identify a two-fold anisotropy of in-plane angular-dependent magnetoresistance in the mixed state. Interestingly, we find that, below the same characteristic T ∼ 2.8 K, the orientation of this two-fold anisotropy displays a peculiar twist by an angle of 60° characteristic of the Kagome geometry. Our results suggest an intriguing superconducting state emerging in the complex environment of Kagome lattice, which, at least, is partially driven by electron-electron correlation.

High-T_c superconductivity with possible T_c ≈ 80 K has been reported in the single crystal of La₃Ni₂O₇ under high pressure. Based on the electronic structure given by the density functional theory calculations, we propose an effective bi-layer model Hamiltonian including both 3d_z² and 3d_x²–y² orbital electrons of the nickel cations. The main feature of the model is that the 3d_z² electrons form inter-layer σ-bonding and anti-bonding bands via the apical oxygen anions between the two layers, while the 3d_x²–y² electrons hybridize with the 3d_z² electrons within each NiO₂ plane. The chemical potential difference of these two orbital electrons ensures that the 3d_z² orbitals are close to half-filling and the 3d_x²–y² orbitals are near quarter-filling. The strong on-site Hubbard repulsion of the 3d_z² orbital electrons gives rise to an effective inter-layer antiferromagnetic spin super-exchange J. Applying pressure can self dope holes on the 3d_z² orbitals with the same amount of electrons doped on the 3d_x²–y² orbitals. By performing numerical density-matrix renormalization group calculations on a minimum setup and focusing on the limit of large J and small doping of 3d_z² orbitals, we find the superconducting instability on both the 3d_z² and 3d_x²–y² orbitals by calculating the equal-time spin singlet pair–pair correlation function. Our numerical results may provide useful insights in the high-T_c superconductivity in single crystal La₃Ni₂O₇ under high pressure.

Non-Abelian anyons are exotic quasiparticle excitations hosted by certain topological phases of matter. They break the fermion-boson dichotomy and obey non-Abelian braiding statistics: their interchanges yield unitary operations, rather than merely a phase factor, in a space spanned by topologically degenerate wavefunctions. They are the building blocks of topological quantum computing. However, experimental observation of non-Abelian anyons and their characterizing braiding statistics is notoriously challenging and has remained elusive hitherto, in spite of various theoretical proposals. Here, we report an experimental quantum digital simulation of projective non-Abelian anyons and their braiding statistics with up to 68 programmable superconducting qubits arranged on a two-dimensional lattice. By implementing the ground states of the toric-code model with twists through quantum circuits, we demonstrate that twists exchange electric and magnetic charges and behave as a particular type of non-Abelian anyons, i.e., the Ising anyons. In particular, we show experimentally that these twists follow the fusion rules and non-Abelian braiding statistics of the Ising type, and can be explored to encode topological logical qubits. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to implement both single- and two-qubit logic gates through applying a sequence of elementary Pauli gates on the underlying physical qubits. Our results demonstrate a versatile quantum digital approach for simulating non-Abelian anyons, offering a new lens into the study of such peculiar quasiparticles.

We report the discovery of superconductivity and detailed normal-state physical properties of RbV₃Sb₅ single crystals with V kagome lattice. RbV₃Sb₅ single crystals show a superconducting transition at T_c ∼ 0.92 K. Meanwhile, resistivity, magnetization and heat capacity measurements indicate that it exhibits anomalies of properties at T^* ∼ 102–103 K, possibly related to the formation of charge ordering state. When T is lower than T^*, the Hall coefficient R_H undergoes a drastic change and sign reversal from negative to positive, which can be partially explained by the enhanced mobility of hole-type carriers. In addition, the results of quantum oscillations show that there are some very small Fermi surfaces with low effective mass, consistent with the existence of multiple highly dispersive Dirac band near the Fermi energy level.

Two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic materials are of great current interest for their promising applications in spintronics. Using density functional theory calculations in combination with the maximally localized Wannier functions method and the magnetic anisotropy analyses, we study the electronic and magnetic properties of MnPSe₃ monolayer. Our results show that it is a charge transfer antiferromagnetic (AF) insulator. For this Mn²⁺ 3d⁵ system, although it seems straightforward to explain the AF ground state using the direct exchange, we find that the nearly 90° Mn–Se–Mn charge transfer type superexchange plays a dominant role in stabilizing the AF ground state. Moreover, our results indicate that, although the shape anisotropy favors an out-of-plane spin orientation, the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) leads to the experimentally observed in-plane spin orientation. We prove that the actual dominant contribution to the magnetic anisotropy comes from the second-order perturbation of the SOC, by analyzing its distribution over the reciprocal space. Using the AF exchange and anisotropy parameters obtained from our calculations, our Monte Carlo simulations give the Néel temperature T_N = 47 K for MnPSe₃ monolayer, which agrees with the experimental 40 K. Furthermore, our calculations show that under a uniaxial tensile (compressive) strain, Néel vector would be parallel (perpendicular) to the strain direction, which well reproduces the recent experiments. We also predict that T_N would be increased by a compressive strain.

The recent report of pressure-induced structural transition and signature of superconductivity with T_c ≈ 80 K above 14 GPa in La₃Ni₂O₇ crystals has garnered considerable attention. To further elaborate this discovery, we carried out comprehensive resistance measurements on La₃Ni₂O₇ crystals grown in an optical-image floating zone furnace under oxygen pressure (15 bar) using a diamond anvil cell (DAC) and cubic anvil cell (CAC), which employ a solid (KBr) and liquid (glycerol) pressure-transmitting medium, respectively. Sample 1 measured in the DAC exhibits a semiconducting-like behavior with large resistance at low pressures and gradually becomes metallic upon compression. At pressures P ⩾ 13.7 GPa we observed the appearance of a resistance drop of as much as ∼ 50% around 70 K, which evolves into a kink-like anomaly at pressures above 40 GPa and shifts to lower temperatures gradually with increasing magnetic field. These observations are consistent with the recent report mentioned above. On the other hand, sample 2 measured in the CAC retains metallic behavior in the investigated pressure range up to 15 GPa. The hump-like anomaly in resistance around ∼ 130 K at ambient pressure disappears at P ⩾ 2 GPa. In the pressure range of 11–15 GPa we observed the gradual development of a shoulder-like anomaly in resistance at low temperatures, which evolves into a pronounced drop of resistance of 98% below 62 K at 15 GPa, reaching a temperature-independent resistance of 20 μΩ below 20 K. Similarly, this resistance anomaly can be progressively shifted to lower temperatures by applying external magnetic fields, resembling a typical superconducting transition. Measurements on sample 3 in the CAC reproduce the resistance drop at pressures above 10 GPa and realize zero resistance below 10 K at 15 GPa even though an unusual semiconducting-like behavior is retained in the normal state. Based on these results, we constructed a dome-shaped superconducting phase diagram and discuss some issues regarding the sample-dependent behaviors on pressure-induced high-temperature superconductivity in the La₃Ni₂O₇ crystals.

Recently, the theoretically predicted lanthanum superhydride, LaH_{10 ± δ}, with a clathrate-like structure was successfully synthesized and found to exhibit a record high superconducting transition temperature T_c ≈ 250 K at ∼ 170 GPa, opening a new route for room-temperature superconductivity. However, since in situ experiments at megabar pressures are very challenging, few groups have reported the ∼ 250 K superconducting transition in LaH_{10 ± δ}. Here, we establish a simpler sample-loading procedure that allows a relatively large sample size for synthesis and a standard four-probe configuration for resistance measurements. Following this procedure, we successfully synthesized LaH_{10 ± δ} with dimensions up to 10 × 20 μm² by laser heating a thin La flake and ammonia borane at ∼ 1700 K in a symmetric diamond anvil cell under the pressure of 165 GPa. The superconducting transition at T_c ≈ 250 K was confirmed through resistance measurements under various magnetic fields. Our method will facilitate explorations of near-room-temperature superconductors among metal superhydrides.

Two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic materials have demonstrated great potential for new-generation high-performance and versatile spintronic devices. Among them, magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) based on A-type antiferromagnets, such as CrI₃, possess record-high tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) because of the spin filter effect of each insulating unit ferromagnetic layer. However, the relatively low working temperature and the instability of the chromium halides hinder applications of this system. Using a different technical scheme, we fabricated the MTJs based on an air-stable A-type antiferromagnet, CrSBr, and observed a giant TMR of up to 47000% at 5 K. Meanwhile, because of a relatively high Néel temperature of CrSBr, a sizable TMR of about 50% was observed at 130 K, which makes a big step towards spintronic devices at room temperature. Our results reveal the potential of realizing magnetic information storage in CrSBr-based spin-filter MTJs.

By the modifying loss function MSE and training area of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), we propose a neural networks model, namely prior-information PINNs (PIPINNs). We demonstrate the advantages of PIPINNs by simulating Ai- and Bi-soliton solutions of the cylindrical Korteweg–de Vries (cKdV) equation. Numerical experiments show that our proposed model is able not only to simulate these solitons using the cKdV equation, but also to significantly improve its simulation capability. Compared with the original PINNs, the prediction accuracy of our proposed model is improved by one to three orders of magnitude. Moreover, the accuracy of the PIPINNs is further improved by adding the restriction of conservation of energy.

Jet quenching parameter $\hat{q}$ is essential for characterizing the interaction strength between jet partons and nuclear matter. Based on the quark-meson model, we develop a new framework for calculating $\hat{q}$ at finite chemical potentials, in which $\hat{q}$ is related to the spectral function of the chiral order parameter. A mean field perturbative calculation up to the one-loop order indicates that the momentum broadening of jets is enhanced at both high temperature and high chemical potential, and approximately proportional to the parton number density in the partonic phase. We further investigate the behavior of $\hat{q}$ in the vicinity of the critical endpoint (CEP) by coupling our calculation with a recently developed equation of state that includes a CEP in the universality class of the Ising model, from which we discover the partonic critical opalescence, i.e., the divergence of scattering rate of jets and their momentum broadening at the CEP, contributed by scatterings via the σ exchange process. Hence, for the first time, jet quenching is connected with the search of CEP.

Three modified sine-Hilbert (sH)-type equations, i.e., the modified sH equation, the modified damped sH equation, and the modified nonlinear dissipative system, are proposed, and their bilinear forms are provided. Based on these bilinear equations, some exact solutions to the three modified equations are derived.

Adiabatic time-optimal quantum controls are extensively used in quantum technologies to break the constraints imposed by short coherence times. However, practically it is crucial to consider the trade-off between the quantum evolution speed and instantaneous energy cost of process because of the constraints in the available control Hamiltonian. Here, we experimentally show that using a transmon qubit that, even in the presence of vanishing energy gaps, it is possible to reach a highly time-optimal adiabatic quantum driving at low energy cost in the whole evolution process. This validates the recently derived general solution of the quantum Zermelo navigation problem, paving the way for energy-efficient quantum control which is usually overlooked in conventional speed-up schemes, including the well-known counter-diabatic driving. By designing the control Hamiltonian based on the quantum speed limit bound quantified by the changing rate of phase in the interaction picture, we reveal the relationship between the quantum speed limit and instantaneous energy cost. Consequently, we demonstrate fast and high-fidelity quantum adiabatic processes by employing energy-efficient driving strengths, indicating a promising strategy for expanding the applications of time-optimal quantum controls in superconducting quantum circuits.

Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians are widely used in describing open systems with gain and loss, among which a key phenomenon is the non-Hermitian skin effect. Here we report an experimental scheme to realize a two-dimensional (2D) discrete-time quantum walk with non-Hermitian skin effect in a single trapped ion. It is shown that the coin and 2D walker states can be labeled in the spin of the ion and the coherent-state lattice of the ion motion, respectively. We numerically observe a directional bulk flow, whose orientations are controlled by dissipative parameters, showing the emergence of the non-Hermitian skin effect. We then discuss an experimental implementation of our scheme in a laser-controlled trapped Ca⁺ ion. Our experimental proposal may be applicable to research of dissipative quantum walk systems and may be able to generalize to other platforms, such as superconducting circuits and atoms in cavity.

We theoretically study the charge order and orbital magnetic properties of a new type of antiferromagnetic kagome metal FeGe. Based on first-principles density functional theory calculations, we study the electronic structures, Fermi-surface quantum fluctuations, as well as phonon properties of the antiferromagnetic kagome metal FeGe. It is found that charge density wave emerges in such a system due to a subtle cooperation between electron–electron interactions and electron–phonon couplings, which gives rise to an unusual scenario of interaction-triggered phonon instabilities, and eventually yields a charge density wave (CDW) state. We further show that, in the CDW phase, the ground-state current density distribution exhibits an intriguing star-of-David pattern, leading to flux density modulation. The orbital fluxes (or current loops) in this system emerge as a result of the subtle interplay between magnetism, lattice geometries, charge order, and spin-orbit coupling (SOC), which can be described by a simple, yet universal, tight-binding theory including a Kane–Mele-type SOC term and a magnetic exchange interaction. We further study the origin of the peculiar step-edge states in FeGe, which sheds light on the topological properties and correlation effects in this new type of kagome antiferromagnetic material.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) is a powerful technique for investigating quantum phases appearing in two-dimensional electron systems. The electrons respond to the piezoelectric field of SAW through screening, attenuating its amplitude, and shifting its velocity, which is described by the relaxation model. In this work, we systematically study this interaction using orders of magnitude lower SAW amplitude than those in previous studies. At high magnetic fields, when electrons form highly correlated states such as the quantum Hall effect, we observe an anomalously large attenuation of SAW, while the acoustic speed remains considerably high, inconsistent with the conventional relaxation model. This anomaly exists only when the SAW power is sufficiently low.

SnO₂ films exhibit significant potential as cost-effective and high electron mobility substitutes for In₂O₃ films. In this study, Li is incorporated into the interstitial site of the SnO₂ lattice resulting in an exceptionally low resistivity of 2.028 × 10⁻³ Ω⋅cm along with a high carrier concentration of 1.398 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³ and carrier mobility of 22.02 cm²/V⋅s. Intriguingly, Li_i readily forms in amorphous structures but faces challenges in crystalline formations. Furthermore, it has been experimentally confirmed that Li_i acts as a shallow donor in SnO₂ with an ionization energy ΔE_D1 of −0.4 eV, indicating spontaneous occurrence of Li_i ionization.

Moiré superlattices in twisted two-dimensional materials have emerged as ideal platforms for engineering quantum phenomena, which are highly sensitive to twist angles, including both the global value and the spatial inhomogeneity. However, only a few methods provide spatial-resolved information for characterizing local twist angle distribution. Here we directly visualize the variations of local twist angles and angle-dependent evolutions of the quantum states in twisted bilayer graphene by scanning microwave impedance microscopy (sMIM). Spatially resolved sMIM measurements reveal a pronounced alteration in the local twist angle, approximately 0.3° over several micrometers in some cases. The variation occurs not only when crossing domain boundaries but also occasionally within individual domains. Additionally, the full-filling density of the flat band experiences a change of over 2 × 10¹¹ cm⁻² when crossing domain boundaries, aligning consistently with the twist angle inhomogeneity. Moreover, the correlated Chern insulators undergo variations in accordance with the twist angle, gradually weakening and eventually disappearing as the deviation from the magic angle increases. Our findings signify the crucial role of twist angles in shaping the distribution and existence of quantum states, establishing a foundational cornerstone for advancing the study of twisted two-dimensional materials.

Within the extended vector meson dominance model, we investigate the ${e}^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\varLambda }_{c}^{+}{\bar{\varLambda }}_{c}^{-}$ reaction and the electromagnetic form factors of the charmed baryon ${\varLambda }_{c}^{+}$. The model parameters are determined by fitting them to the cross sections of the process ${e}^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\varLambda }_{c}^{+}{\bar{\varLambda }}_{c}^{-}$ and the magnetic form factor |G_M| of ${\varLambda }_{c}^{+}$. By considering four charmonium-like states, called ψ(4500), ψ(4660), ψ(4790), and ψ(4900), we can well describe the current data on the ${e}^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\varLambda }_{c}^{+}{\bar{\varLambda }}_{c}^{-}$ reaction from the reaction threshold up to 4.96 GeV. In addition to the total cross sections and |G_M|, the ratio |G_E/G_M| and the effective form factor |G_eff| for ${\varLambda }_{c}^{+}$ are also calculated, and found that these calculations are consistent with the experimental data. Within the fitted model parameters, we have also estimated the charge radius of the charmed ${\varLambda }_{c}^{+}$ baryon.

Our understanding of how photons couple to different degrees of freedom in solids forms the bedrock of ultrafast physics and materials sciences. In this review, the emergent ultrafast dynamics in condensed matter at the attosecond timescale have been intensively discussed. In particular, the focus is put on recent developments of attosecond dynamics of charge, exciton, and magnetism. New concepts and indispensable role of interactions among multiple degrees of freedom in solids are highlighted. Applications of attosecond electronic metrology and future prospects toward attosecond dynamics in condensed matter are further discussed. These pioneering studies promise future development of advanced attosecond science and technology such as attosecond lasers, laser medical engineering, and ultrafast electronic devices.

Twisted bilayer graphene (TBG), which has drawn much attention in recent years, arises from van der Waals materials gathering each component together via van der Waals force. It is composed of two sheets of graphene rotated relatively to each other. Moiré potential, resulting from misorientation between layers, plays an essential role in determining the band structure of TBG, which directly relies on the twist angle. Once the twist angle approaches a certain critical value, flat bands will show up, indicating the suppression of kinetic energy, which significantly enhances the importance of Coulomb interaction between electrons. As a result, correlated states like correlated insulators emerge from TBG. Surprisingly, superconductivity in TBG is also reported in many experiments, which drags researchers into thinking about the underlying mechanism. Recently, the interest in the atomic reconstruction of TBG at small twist angles comes up and reinforces further understandings of properties of TBG. In addition, twisted multilayer graphene receives more and more attention, as they could likely outperform TBG although they are more difficult to handle experimentally. In this review, we mainly introduce theoretical and experimental progress on TBG. Besides the basic knowledge of TBG, we emphasize the essential role of atomic reconstruction in both experimental and theoretical investigations. The consideration of atomic reconstruction in small-twist situations can provide us with another aspect to have an insight into physical mechanism in TBG. In addition, we cover the recent hot topic, twisted multilayer graphene. While the bilayer situation can be relatively easy to resolve, multilayer situations can be really complicated, which could foster more unique and novel properties. Therefore, in the end of the review, we look forward to future development of twisted multilayer graphene.

Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have been attracting growing interests in recent years with the increasing demand of energy storage owing to their dependence on more abundant Na than Li. The exploration of the industrialization of NIBs is also on the march, where some challenges are still limiting its step. For instance, the relatively low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of anode can cause undesired energy density loss in the full cell. In addition to the strategies from the sight of materials design that to improve the capacity and ICE of electrodes, presodiation technique is another important method to efficiently offset the irreversible capacity and enhance the energy density. Meanwhile, the slow release of the extra Na during the cycling is able to improve the cycling stability. In this review, we would like to provide a general insight of presodiation technique for high-performance NIBs. The recent research progress including the principles and strategies of presodiation will be introduced, and some remaining challenges as well as our perspectives will be discussed. This review aims to exhibit the basic knowledge of presodiation to inspire the researchers for future studies.

In the last decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have greatly drawn researchers' attention, with the power conversion efficiency surging from 3.8% to 25.5%. PSCs possess the merits of low cost, simple fabrication process and high performance, which could be one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies in the future. In this review, we focus on the summary of the updated progresses in single junction PSCs including efficiency, stability and large area module. Then, the important progresses in tandem solar cells are briefly discussed. A prospect into the future of the field is also included.

Interaction between shear Alfvén wave (SAW) and energetic particles (EPs) is one of major concerns in magnetically confined plasmas since it may lead to excitation of toroidal symmetry breaking collective instabilities, thus enhances loss of EPs and degrades plasma confinement. In the last few years, Alfvénic zoology has been constructed on HL-2A tokamak and series of EPs driven instabilities, such as toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs), revered shear Alfvén eigenmodes (RSAEs), beta induced Alfvén eigenmodes (BAEs), Alfvénic ion temperature gradient (AITG) modes and fishbone modes, have been observed and investigated. Those Alfvénic fluctuations show frequency chirping behaviors through nonlinear wave-particle route, and contribute to generation of axisymmetric modes by nonlinear wave-wave resonance in the presence of strong tearing modes. It is proved that the plasma confinement is affected by Alfvénic activities from multiple aspects. The RSAEs resonate with thermal ions, and this results in an energy diffusive transport process while the nonlinear mode coupling between core-localized TAEs and tearing modes trigger avalanche electron heat transport events. Effective measures have been taken to control SAW fluctuations and the fishbone activities are suppressed by electron cyclotron resonance heating. Those experimental results will not only contribute to better understandings of energetic particles physics, but also provide technology bases for active control of Alfvénic modes on International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR).