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The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) has been growing to be one of high-quality international symposiums in Indonesia in the field of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering. Hence, this year, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada in collaboration with Department of Agricultural Technology, Hasanuddin University proudly present The 3rd ISABE 2019.

The theme of The 3rd ISABE 2019, The Role of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering towards Sustainable Development Goals 2030: Food, Water, Energy and Environment, has been carefully chosen to emphasize our role in achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2030. Through this meeting, we provide great opportunities to deliver and discuss your research to broader audiences. Moreover, this symposium offers an occation to extend our network among academia, government and industry which increases the possibilities for collaboration.

Our symposium is rich and varied with 1 keynote speech and 7 invited talks. I am very pleased to welcome the keynote speaker: Dr. Ir. Andi Amran Sulaiman, MP (Minister of Agriculture of the Republic Indonesia) and invited speakers: Prof. Jong Hoon Chung (President of Asian Agricultural and Biological Engineering Association, President of Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery), Assoc. Prof. Dr Rosnah Shamsudin (President of Malaysian Society of Agricultural and Food Engineers), Prof. Bart Nicolai (KU Leuven, Belgium), Prof. Armando Apan (University of Southern Queensland, Australia), Prof. Yu Pin Lin (Associate Dean of College of Bioresources & Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Dr. Katharina Keiblinger (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria), Dr. Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia). We thank you for your valuable contribution. I would like also to express my sincere gratitude to Indonesian Society of Agricultural Engineering (ISAE) and Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery (KSAM) for their support in this event.

Prior to the acceptance, all papers submitted were subjected to peer reviews. We would like to appreciate all authors who have contributed to this proceeding. We hope this proceeding will have a significant contribution to the field of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering.

Arifin Dwi Saputro, Ph.D Chair of Organizing Committee of The 3^rd ISABE 2019.

3^rd International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE 2019)

List of Steering Committee, Organising Committee, Abstract and Proceeding Division, Program Division, Logistics, Sponsorship Division are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Reboiler in the distillation device is a heat exchanger to heat or boil liquid material in the distillation column. In this research vertical tubular baffle heat exchanger was designed and used as an internal reboiler in the distillation device. The aim of the study was to observe the temperature distribution during the liquid heating process in the vertical tubular baffle heat exchanger with different dimensions. The study was conducted by designing heat exchangers (HE) with different dimensions in height, diameter, and surface area (number) of tubes. Times and fuels needed to heat the liquid to a temperature of 78 °C were calculated. Based on observations it was found that the different geometry of the vertical tubular baffle heat exchanger gives different performance. Height, diameter, and the number of tubes (surface area) affect the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient, times and fuels needed for heating liquids at a temperature of 78 °C. In the same surface area but different in height and diameter of the heat exchanger, give a different result in overall heat transfer coefficient (U). HE with the number of tubes 3 and 7 obtained a higher value of U with a tube height of 4 cm and a diameter of 4 cm, compared with the value of U in HE with a tube 8 cm in high and 2 cm in diameter, but the opposite occurs in HE with a number of tubes 5.

Indonesia has abundant crops that can be used as carbohydrate sources. Those crops are made into flour to prolong the shelf life, as well to ease for handling and cooking. Crops as carbohydrate sources are usually high energy but low protein. The aim of this research was to classify flours made of various crops using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) and principle component analysis (PCA). The samples used in this study were six types of flour made of banana, breadfruit, taro, arrowroot, purple sweet potato, and modified cassava (mocaf). The reflectance data were taken using the NIRFlex N500 Fiber Optic Solids Cell at wavelengths of 1000-2500 nm. The spectral obtained were pre-processed and analyzed using The Unscrambler X version 10.5.1. Three pre-processing methods were used, i.e. 1st Savitzky Golay Derivative, Normalization, and Standard Normal Variate (SNV). PCA was able to classify flours based on types of crops. The best transformation was SNV which was able to classify all groups of samples with 100% success rate. PCA model was also able to differentiate low and high protein level of samples aligned with the chemical analysis.

Recent advanced technology enables Android smartphone suitable for quality evaluation of food. In this research, image processing technique was used to detect food color additives. In this research, a smartphone application was developed to determine the availability of color additives in food products. Local food namely geplak was made by adding food grade (i.e. tartrazine and erythrosine) and non-food grade (Rhodamin B and Methanyl Yellow) additives in three concentrations. A mobile phone captured geplak images resulting 1200 images which were divided into 1000 images for training and 200 images for validation. Image data was processed with the python programming language of tensorflow function. The output of python in nominal weight was then trained and tested by using a convolutional neural networks (CNN) method. The weights were then processed by Android Studio version 3.2.1 using.java as backend from CNN and.xml as an application layout. Validation result showed that the program successfully determined class of food additive in high degree accuracy of 98 %.

The potential of SIMCA technique for crops flour classification was studied based on FT-NIR spectroscopy in this research. A total of 72 spectra of flour samples taken from 6 types of crops, i.e. of banana, breadfruit, taro, arrowroot, purple sweet potato, and modified cassava (mocaf). The reflectance data were measured using the NIRFlex N500 Fiber Optic Solids Cell at 4000 – 10, 000 cm⁻¹. The spectral obtained were pre-processed and analyzed using The Unscrambler X version 10.5.1. A 2^nd derivative Savitzky-Golay (polynomial order 2, 25 smoothing points) followed by a Standard Normal Variate (SNV) were used for pre-treatment data. Characterization of the flours was done using chemometric models based on principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) explained for each group of flour samples of banana, breadfruit, taro, arrowroot, purple sweet potato, and modified cassava (mocaf). SIMCA calibration models were constructed using 6 spectral measurements for each type of flours; classification set were constructed using 6 spectral measurements. The SIMCA accuracy classification were 100% for mocaf, banana, arrowroot, bread fruit, and taro, and 67% for purple sweet potato.

Accumulation of domestic organic waste needs to be processed because it can cause negative effects on the environment. Domestic organic waste can be decomposed into high value products of secondary metabolite by using bacteria like biopesticide. Composition of domestic organic waste as a substrate can affect the decomposition of that waste. This research aims to investigate the optimum composition of domestic waste and additional materials in treating domestic organic waste by using Streptomyces sp GMR-22. Composition of the waste and additional materials was determined by proximate nutrition factors of the ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents and optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The temperature and moisture was set to 37°C and 60% respectively. The response was demonstrated by the number of Streptomyces sp GMR-22 on the eight day of the solid-state fermentation (SSF) process. The results show that the highest cell number of Streptomyces sp GMR-22 on eight days was resulted from the combination of 5.25 g ash, 5.5 g protein, 1.5 g fat, and 41 g carbohydrate on resulting 2,8 x 10⁹ cells/gram of substrate. The RSM results indicated that carbohydrate and protein contents were the main factors on the growth of Streptomyces sp. GMR-22. On the other hand, ash had a low significance and fat had no significant effect. In the processing of domestic organic waste through SSF which was based on the proximate value, the RSM results can be used to determine nutrition priorities that must be met.

Rice is a semi-aquatic plant and grown under anaerobic condition as long as water is available. Nowadays, water scarcity and climate change issues need to be address with new technology to increase water use efficiency in rice production. In the other hand, rice varieties must be able to adapt climate change in the future, especially drought even during rice growth periods. A shallow water depth irrigation, as a strategy to reduce water use might influence the rice growth development. The aim of this study was to characterize the leaf area index development of three different rice varieties grown in continuous flooding and shallow water depth irrigation. Pot experiments were conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia with three different rice varieties, i.e Mutiara, IR 64, and Hitam, and cultivated with two different irrigation system namely shallow water depth (SWD) and continuous flooding (CF). Leaf Area Index (LAI) was measured every 10 days and polynomial equation was used to describe LAI development during plant growth. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using Ms. Excel to determine significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient (R) was used to evaluate the performance of mathematical model. Leaf Area Index (LAI) under shallow water depth irrigation in different rice varieties were not significantly different compare to continuous flooding irrigation. LAI development in different treatment were described by polynomial equation, with various correlation value, ranged between 0.46 – 0.88. IR64 variety under control irrigation resulted lowest R (0.46), indicated that prediction value from observation data was not strongly correlated. However, other treatments showed strong relationship between prediction and observation data.

Shallow water depth (SWD) and intermittent irrigation are methods design to reduce water use of rice plant and maintain rice yield. The objective of this study was to characterize the rice plant growth behaviour of four different local rice varieties cultivated in continuous flooding (CF) and intermittent with shallow water depth (SWD) irrigation. Rice varieties i.e. Ciherang, IR64, Hitam, and Merah were grown in pot experiment with CF and SWD irrigation. Rice growth parameters such as plant height, number of tillers, SPAD, and steam hardness were observed during a season. Different rice varieties resulted different response to irrigation treatment, where Ciherang and Merah varieties under SWD irrigation were significantly improve number of tillers. However, IR64 and Hitam varieties were different. In addition, plant height and SPAD were not significantly different among treatment. Rice cultivation under SWD irrigation of different local rice varieties in this experiment shows that not significantly different from CF irrigation, indicated that rice varieties can be adapted in areas with limited water availability

Precision Farming (PF) has been developed in many countries. It is need an appropriate and integrated technology to achieve the goals, such as global positioning system (GPS) to mark the geographical coordinate, ArcGIS to map the spatial data, Variable-rate Application (VRA) to show the variability of soil properties on the field and Decision Support System (DSS) to establish the best management practices for the field operation. The objective of this research was to develop a decision support system for mapping VRA of precision fertilizing on soybean cultivation. The system generates a VRA map and shows the amount of required fertilizer for soybean according to the field and soil properties data. The DSS was developed using web application to facilitate the flexibility, and scalable access via internet. To execute the application, user requires to select the coordinates of the field and soil sample points and fertilizer dose data. The friendly user of DSS program was successfully produced with the VRA map showed the data of recommendation fertilizer as the decision support system. The outcome from this study was the application mapping VRA. Further steps are needed in order to apply this application to the farmers.

The process of fertilization is one of the phase that is very important in improving the quality and quantity crops. The needs of plants nutrient on one stretch of the fact that not entirely uniform. In addition the use of chemical fertilizer continously with the doses increasing each year can upset the balance lands nutrient therefore it is necessary variable-rate liquid fertilizer applicator to set a dose of fertilizer required by the plant. This study attempts to design and test the performance of variable-rate liquid fertilizer applicator and soil nutrrient test. The applicator can be used to 4 line the soybean plant with distance cropping 40x20 cm. This applicator can control travel speed and dosage of fertilizers that were out of 4 Nozzle. Evaluation and its performance tested in the laboratorium. Discharge that was issued on PWM motor sprayer variations 40 to 100% produce discharge markedly dissimilar variations on each of the PWM sprayer. In application uniformity evaluations use the coefficient of variation (CV). The coefficient of variation of the discharge range 2.71-12.37% and there is a diversity of N, P and K soil contents in each land tested although the changes are not too different.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is widely used in field environmental monitoring recently, because of its ease of use and being able to simplify the complexity installation in real application. Indonesia is an agricultural country with more than 16.5 million of farming land, most of the farming land is located in a rural area. The problems on the implementation of IoT-based environmental monitoring system in a rural area is the limited signal and energy. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to develop an Environmental Monitoring System based on LoRa in a rural area with the implementation of the Local Management Subsystem (LMS) and Global Management Subsystem (GMS) framework to optimize the existing development of the Environmental Monitoring System with focused on optimum distance by measuring the RSSI, signal strength and packet loss. The research was conducted in Bulaksumur Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, with four zones and various obstacles. As the result, Zone D with line of sight was the best result for getting the affordable distance for data transmission. This Zone can reach over 800 m distance with only 20% packet loss.

Agricultural mechanization has important role in increasing capacity, efficiency, and effectiveness of agricultural production process. In order to mechanize Indonesian agricultural system, Ministry of Agriculture has facilitated farmers with many agricultural machineries. Farmer institutions that were designated to utilize and manage those agricultural machineries are Agricultural Machinery Custom Hiring (UPJA). In this research, the operational performances of agricultural machineries managed by the UPJA in Banyumas District were studied. The research were done by desk study, focus group discussion, field survey to 7 UPJA, and measuring the performance of machineries utilized by those UPJA. The results showed that all of UPJA were in beginner status. The common owned and operated agricultural machinery was hand tractor, while four wheel tractor, rice transplanter, power weeder, and rice combine harvester were limited. In general the operational performances of the machines were low. The most factors affected the performance were time required for transportation from garage to the field. In case of hand tractor, the time consumed was 9.46 % of total working hour. For four wheel tractor, rice transplanter, and rice combine harvester, the time required for transportation were 4.19%, 8.16%, and 7.18% respectively. The other factors slightly affected the performance were time losses due to machine preparation and machine trouble. It is suggested to facilitate farm road and towing truck to transport the machines, or develop garage not far from field.

Combine harvester is one of the most needed agricultural machinery by farmers as it is increasingly difficult to find harvest worker. To develop the machine, Department of Agriculture and Biosystem Engineering collaborated with AGM Systems & Engineering to test the DSF75GT type combine harvester machine. The preliminary test shows that the machine performance is not optimal, especially when it is viewed from the grain damage percentage during the harvesting process. Based on the process, the harvesting principle of the machine includes the stages of cutting, feeding, threshing, and moving the grain from the threshing unit to the grain tank, and finally with unloading stage. Process to grain transfer with screw conveyor system is suspected to be the cause of grain damage. For this reason, this study aims to determine the machine parts which potentially contribute to the grain damage. The test was carried out in laboratory with two sample, i.e. harvested grain samples (GKP) and milled dry grain (GKG). The sample was inserted in to the threshing chamber which is then transferred by screw conveyor to the grain tank before being removed. Observation of the grain damage is carried out at 5 points on the screw conveyors. The results showed that there were 3 screws which contribute significantly to grain damage. From the result, the next step focuses on modification of the parts.

One of the renewable energy sources that can be used as a driving resource is the wind. Wind energy can be converted into energy in other forms, for example mechanical energy or electrical energy through wind turbines. One of the most developed wind turbines is the savonius type which includes the vertical shaft type. The investment cost for making a real wind turbine in the field is very expensive so it cannot use trial and error methods to get efficient turbines. Research to develop wind turbines is done by making a prototype of a laboratory scale wind turbine. The part of wind turbines are made in a small size so that the mini wind power plant can operate and on the other hand does not cost a lot. From the prototype parameters can be observed that affect the performance of the wind turbine. The windmill prototype was made 200 cm high and 50 cm in diameter and equipped with 4 blades. For testing in the laboratory using a wind source from the fan which is driven by an electric motor that can be adjusted by the rpm. The determination of power efficiency is applied by the turbine ability to absorb the energy of wind as represented by torque and rotational speed of turbine attacked air flow in testing. The result shows that efficiency of the savonius turbine were 5,02% - 9,12%.

The objective of this study was to present the development of GPS-based tracking system to evaluate the effectiveness of tillage using a four-wheel tractor. The system is composed of a location acquisition, using GPS (iGPSport), and data analysis for estimating the tractor trajectories and effectiveness of tillage by measuring the overlap during the tillage. The laboratory stage experiment was conducted to validate the system by measuring the specified size of the field and tractor trajectories. The performance evaluation of the system was done by measuring the displacement error of actual trajectories and the estimated one. The system was also tested for the actual tillage operation using a four-wheel tractor, Daedong Kioti RX7210, in two locations in Yogyakarta: Pajangan, and Moyudan. The tractor tracking system was developed based on GPS for estimating the tractor trajectory path and operation width distance (l) after the operation as tillage effectiveness evaluation by the evaluation of overlap and untillage land systematically using the tracking system. The system performance evaluation in the actual field for tillage operation using the four-wheel tractor in Moyudan and Pajangan shows that the RMSE < 50 cm, and the MAPE < 24% with R² > 0.7. Overall performance of the tracking system, it could be used to estimate the behavior of tillage operation.

Palm oil is a strategic commodity for Indonesia because of its large role in economic and social development. Strengthening the development of a sustainable palm oil industry must refer to increasing responsibility and efficient use of resources towards a sustainable palm oil industry. credible, and transparent. This study describes the role of material and energy flows as the basis for resource use in the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Oil palm plantations and processing have tried to implement zero emission to increase competitiveness and reduce the risk of environmental damage. Data sources, quality, and uncertainty. Developing material and energy flow analysis shows evaluations in human resources, applying technology, reducing emissions, and energy efficiency are issues of relevant resources. It is important to justify and analyze critical industrial systems in reducing material waste. Derivative policy implications for production and consumption processes must be applied based on industrial output.

Bantul Regency is a rice barn area for the Special Province of Yogyakarta. For a long time, this regency has been self-sufficient in rice. In the last five years, the conversion of irrigated rice fields has changed to become settlements at the rate of 81.2 ha a year as a result of the population growth rate of 2.04% a year. The study aimed to determine the contribution of irrigated land in maintaining regional rice self-sufficiency. The analytical methodology used applies the quantitative analytical description approach to estimate the rice supply-demand balance position for 2006-2015. The results were applied to predict the balance position for the next 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years with 10 scenarios. The results showed that this regency had surplus of rice in 2006-2015 with self-sufficiency rate of 1.08-1.28. The realistic scenario simulation results showed that the rate of population growth causes the rice deficit to be wider and faster to occur. To prevent the occurrence of the rice deficit, control of land conversion and control of the population must be carried out simultaneously. Land use change also had a high risk for irrigation activities carried out because it caused changes in the water balance, losses to irrigation network infrastructure, lack of water in Planting Season II and Plating Season III.

The aim of this study was to to measure actual evapotranspiration and to determine of water requirement and crop coefficient (Kc) of of soursop (Annona muricata L). The soursop was farmed at Nawungan orchard in Selopamioro village, Imogiri sub-district. Village monographs, 1: 25,000 scale Indonesian earth map and climate data were used to get the purpose of study. An Automatic Weather Station (AWS) was installed in Nawungan orchard to record rainfall, air relative humidity, wind velocity, solar radiation, as well as soil moisture every fifteen minutes. A set of surface runoff equipment was set in soursop farming land. Infiltration test was conducted in nine selected locations of soursop farming land and later, it was used to find soil percolation value. The purposive sampling method was adopted to assign the nine locations of infiltration test. The reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method. Later, water balance formula was applied to determine the actual plant water requirements (ET_a) and plant coefficient value (Kc). This study proved the reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) of the study area was 5.74 mm / day, the actual crop water requirement (ET_a) of soursop was 7.98 mm / day. And Kc of soursop was 0.576.

Watershed assessment methods have been developed in many types of approaches and purposes. However, the assessment concepts which are explicitly considering spatial aspects of a watershed remain unclear. The present study performed a spatial modeling for watershed health assessment in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Five indicators presented in GIS raster maps such as annual rainfall, land slope, land use/land cover (LULC) types, soil types and population density were used for the assessment and applied in Progo watershed, Central Java Province, Indonesia. A quantitative scoring was applied to classify indicator value and to categorize the watershed health level in five zones (very poor, poor, moderate, good and very good). The result shows that the study site is covered by three health level zones (poor, moderate and good). About 47.85% of the watershed area has a moderate health level. While, 39.04% and 13.11% of the watershed area are covered by areas with poor and good health level, respectively. Spatially, the area with poor health level is dominated by farmland and steep sloping area. Spatial modeling enables a watershed health assessment with a more specific and understandable result for watershed problems control.

Controlled drip irrigation systems are one of the most efficient irrigation systems. The soil moisture sensor has a problem with positioning in the soil which causes errors in reading the actual moisture levels and failure to meet the actual crop water requirements. This research aims to determine the optimum position of the soil moisture sensor that represents the actual condition of the root crop water requirements. Knowledge of soil wetted arising from the infiltration of an efficient controlled irrigation system, determines the position of the sensor. The experiment used 26 soil moisture sensor and approached the ratio comparison between the observation of the volume wetting and the volume of the wetting sensor moisture in each segment with an interval of 6 minutes. Indicated the sensor at that location represented actual wetted these occurred in a controlled drip irrigation system. The results showed, the sensors of soil moisture numbers 16, 17 and 18 have the best R² average value of 0.973, 0.953 and 0.931. These values showed that optimal position of the soil moisture sensor, which represents the actual condition of the crop water requirements. Thus, in the application of drip irrigation the position of the optimal soil moisture sensor is controlled at a depth of 10 cm at a radius of 5 cm from the emitter.

This research was aimed to measure actual evapotranspiration, to determine of water requirement and crop coefficient (Kc) of longan (Dimorcapus longan Lour.) was cultivated in Longan Nawungan orchard, Selopamioro Village, Imogiri Sub-district. Plot scale of water balance was applied to determine ETa, with input components were rainfall and irrigation, while output were ETa, water storage (ΔSM), and surface runoff (SRO). Components of runoff was measured using tank and the moisture content was measured using gravimetry method. Automatic weather station was installed in Nawungan orchard to record rainfall, wind speed, air humidity, and intensity of solar radiation. Later, the climatic data were used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using Penman-Monteith method. Due to agroforestry and mix cropping system, longan trees were cultivated among seasonal crops and other trees, then the dual crop coefficient (Kc) was preffered. During February-Maret 2019, the value of rainfall and surface runoff were 640 mm during observation period and 0,08 mm, respectively. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) were 5,76 mm/day and 7,90 mm/day, respectively. The crop coefficient of longan in the site study area was 0,30.

Landslides and erosion are highly influenced by soil properties. Soil texture, structure, particle density, bulk density, and porosity are the properties which correspond to infiltration rates. This study aimed to assess soil erosion rate and landslide in upland of Karangkobar catchment and to explore its correlation to hydrophysic soil properties. Material used in this study were topographical maps, land use maps, administrative maps on scale 1:25000, and soil samples. An unit land map was created by overlying topographic, landuse, and administrative maps. This study found 16 unit lands. Soil sampling and infiltration test were conducted in every unit land. Infiltration test adopted double ring infiltrometer test, while Horton's formula was applied to determine the value of infiltration capacity. Soil hydrophysic properties in catchment area Karangkobar: texture loam, granular structure, bulk density 0.62 – 1.09 g cm⁻³, particle density 1.83 – 2.47 g cm⁻³, and infiltration capacity 1.5 cm hour⁻¹ – 67.9 cm hour⁻¹. Erosion rate was 2 mm year⁻¹ with the potential landslides classified as high. Soil hydrophysic properties which have a strong correlation to erosion was bulk density (r = 0.517 *) and potential landslides was infiltration rate (r = 0.641 **).

Karangkobar catchment is upland of Serayu watershed, characterized as rough topography, thick soil, high rainfall, and the land use dominated by agriculture. Unfortunately, the agricultural system ignores the principles of soil and water conservation. The purpose of this study was to describe and to evaluate the terrace design as soil and water conservation. The tools used were GPS, roll meter, and abney level. The study was conducted using qualitative descriptive. The purposive sampling method was adopted to determine the terrace point. The indicator to evaluate terrace design were slope, solum, soil texture, and land management. Terrace suitability evaluation used arithmetic matching methods based on technical requirements and observations of soil terracing. This study revealed that the percentage of bench terrace in study area was 43.75%, 25% ridge terrace, 12.5% water drainage channel, and without conservation 18.75%. The suitability of design: 25% was the fit design, moderate 18.75%, and bad design 56.25%. Making and repairing terraces to fit design was costly.

Rainfall-runoff transformation is carried out when the series of discharge data is limited or unavailable. One of the components of rainfall-runoff transformation is unit hydrograph, which can be derived synthetically. The selection of the representative synthetic unit hydrograph is fundamental related to the results of the further calculation. This study compared three types of synthetic unit hydrograph, that were Gama I, Nakayasu and SCS. The study was conducted in Juana Watershed, which is located in Central Java Province and composed of 52 sub-watersheds. The calculation was carried out in the control point of Sentul Weir by using HEC-HMS version 4.2.1, in the case of January 2014 flood events. The results showed that the peak discharge from Gama I, Nakayasu, and SCS synthetic unit hydrograph were 80.78 m³/s, 85.32 m³/s, and 78.89 m³/s respectively. Those results then compared with the flood mark in Sentul Weir, which was estimated 76.53 m³/s. Therefore, the SCS method was determined as the representative synthetic unit hydrograph in Juana Watershed, refers to the minimum error value of 3.08%. Then the analysis of design flood hydrograph for the 52 sub-watersheds in Juana Watershed can be approached by using the SCS synthetic unit hydrograph method.

In the last decades before entering 21fts century, many countries of the world have been facing critical issues of less in food production, lack energy availability and weak water recourses management as well. Beside of these issues another phenomenon dealing with climate change also is coming up and treating peoples in some respects. In the developing country such as Indonesia environmental load in term of increasing population rate occur tremendously. More peoples mean more resources have to be provided. However, some recourse is scares and others are not available every time. Better water resources management even this aspect was considered as critical one, but it was could be used as a tool to solve the problems properly. Increasing water users in the river basin would also create competition among of them. Recently about 80 % of water use in the world goes to irrigation purposes and most of them are managed inefficient and less effective way. Changing of government policy and change of ecology may made irrigation water management getting worst. Irrigation management could not implement by using conventional method. A new approach to make irrigation management running better must be setting up. The Ministry of public works and Housing to represent Government of Republic of Indonesia launched irrigation modernization of Indonesia program in year of 2011. This paper aims to present concept and implementation progress of the Program.

Environmental ergonomics is dynamic effects of workplace environment to worker productivity. Rice distribution center is a value-added agro-industrial warehouse to support supply chain. Environmental ergonomics must be designed to achieve worker ergonomics and value-added of stored rice. The research objectives was to analyze effect of work capacity, workload and workplace environment to worker productivity. The samples were the 8 (Eight) workers in a sack-opening station. Work station capacity were 131.718 sacks per hour. Research hypothesis stated productivity could be influenced by 7 (Seven) variables as 1) age; 2) work experience; 3) workload; 4) workplace temperature; 5) relative humidity; 6) light intensity; and 7) noise. Based on test of independent variables, age, workload and temperature have significant relationship. 11 (Eleven) regression models were conducted to test the variables. The best model was selected based on adjusted R Square, standard error of the estimate, and value on t statistical test. The research results indicated the best model of Hyperbolic with adjusted R square of 0.754. It can be concluded that 75.4% productivity variation could be explained by all variables while 24.6% by other cause. This results confirmed our previous results that workplace environment influence the worker productivity in agro-industry.

This research aimed to express F recombinant protein that is clon from genes F of local isolate ND virus which can be used as vaccine candidate in order to improve the effectiveness of ND virus vaccination. Confirmation of NDV pBT7-N-His-Fusion plasmid on C1a clone is done by gel agarose 1 % electrophoresis with staining by using fluorosafe DNA stain. To separate plasmid and insert that contain genes F, cutting is done with EcoRI restriction enzyme. EcoRI enzyme is able to cut NDV pBT7-N-His-Fusion plasmid through 37°C incubation process during three hours. DNA cutting visualization is done by gel agarose 1% electrophoresis by using fluorosafe DNA stain. NDV pBT7-N-His-Fusion plasmid is express by E. coli extract in order to gain F protein. The product of protein expression is visualized by SDS – PAGE and western blot. NDV pBT7-N-His-Fusion plasmid visualization by gel agarose electrophoresis results 4643 bp band. Moreover, from the visualization of Eco RI enzyme cutting on gel agarose electrophoresis result, the researcher found two bands with different size, 4001 bp and 642 bp. After protein expression process 25,6 kDa band is seen both in the result of SDS – PAGE and western blot.

Street food outlets have a complex problem that shape the economic landscape of many countries. Many factors such as technology, organization and human factors are involved in this business process. Technology and human cooperation has opened the new realm industry in the real-world settings, in such applications, human and technology interaction plays a critical role in the overall system performance. Digital technology with internet based is one of technology adoptions in 4.0 era. Trust is the main factor that makes successful technology adoption. This research aimed to explore individual trust factors affecting the use and adoption of technology 4.0 in street food outlets. The studies involved in the development of framework of individual trust that separated three concepts of propensity trust, trust for technology and trust for information technology. The model was developed using SEM PLS that was undertaken using 200 participants who have worked in street food outlets. the model indicated that variabel Trusting Stance, Situational Trust and Trust for Information Technology were strongly influenced by the indikators. The all estimation parameters showed Q2 value bigger than 0 that all latin endogenous variabel has the relevant prediction to model. The findings from this research can inform variables that had influence to individual trust for technology 4.0 of street food outlets.

Tropical agriculture production is profoundly affected by the uncontrollable environmental condition. To obtain good agricultural products, farmers manage their farm to fit with the variation of weather and season. The farming managements are generally determined according to farmers personal knowledge, gained from the long-term experience from preceding years. Nowadays, climate change intensifies unpredictable weather and its unstable distribution. Consequently, conventional farming management considering the climate change factor should be considered. The farming management should face the dynamic change of weather condition as well as improve the farmer's knowledge towards the implementation of precision agriculture approach. The objective of this study was to introduce an appropriate adaptation of precision agriculture technology by the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) to improve conventional farming management in tropical agriculture production. The framework is implementing cloud technology as a backbone, which can be extended with various knowledge such as data science, plant biology, plant physiology, biophysical, and biomechanical. The appropriate adaptation of precision agriculture represented by the improvement of the conventional farming method using the technological aspect by fostering their knowledge to adopt modern agriculture empowered with Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Learning process from data-information-knowledge on the application of precision agriculture will be documented at the PA Knowledge Management System.

The supply chain of shallot commodities in Bantul Regency involves several business actors including farmers, middlemen, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, and small traders. In the process of each supply chain, risks will always be encountered. The risks in each tier of shallot supply chain certainly need to be identified and analyzed. The categories of each of these risks will determine the appropriate supply chain risk management steps based on the risk categories obtained. This study was conducted to analyze the risk of shallot supply chains in the three largest shallot producing sub-districts. The Rapid Agricultural Supply Chain Risk Assessment (RapAgRisk) method is used to carry out risk analysis, and the sampling method used was purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The results show that the farmer is the tier with most risks faced compared to the others. Excessive stock is the risk that requires adequate priority to manage, and it is faced by all levels of the shallot supply chain. Meanwhile, farmers are the weakest supply chain actors in bargaining power, and the small traders are the most vulnerable actors in the face of risks associated with quality damage and slow sales rate.

Salak Pondoh Sleman (Salacca edulis cv Reinw) is a product that has been certified as a geographical indication product. Therefore, maintaining its sustainability is importantly required. This study aims to determine the sustainability status of Salak Pondoh Sleman farming system based on its sustainability index, specifically in a socio-economic perspective. To achieve the goal, the socio-economic factor that influences the sustainability status of Salak Pondoh Sleman farming system was determined. Economic sustainability was assessed based on income, selling price, and farming costs, while social sustainability was reviewed based on the participation of farmers in their group. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed through a survey in three subdistricts area within Sleman subdistrict, namely Tempel, Turi, and Pakem in 2019. A multi-dimensional scaling for Rapid Assessment Techniques for Salacca (RAPSalacca) test, a test developed for determining sustainability index based on an influential factor, was performed and revealed that selected attributes contribute to sustainable farming of Salak Pondoh Sleman. The sustainability of Salak Pondoh Sleman farming system is further explained in this study.

This study aims to determine the factors that influence consumer perceptions of local black rice in Special Region of Yogyakarta (Yogyakarta) and consumer willingness to pay (WTP). Consumer perceptions and WTP need to be known in order to expand marketing and preserve the sustainability of local black rice in Yogyakarta, and can be input for producers in developing marketing strategies. Data collection used purposive and snowball sampling techniques with questionnaires and interviews with black rice consumers in Yogyakarta, namely Sleman, Bantul, and Gunungkidul Regency. The method used was descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results showed that the majority of black rice consumers in this research were women (64%) with ages between 18-27 years. The factors that influenced consumer perceptions of black rice were quality attribute factor with an eigenvalue value of 9,365, purchasing location factor (2,980), socialization of the benefits of black rice to consumers factor (1,885), product superiority compared to white rice factor (1,502), price according to benefits factor (1,103), and packaging factor (1,065). The average price of black rice is 264% of the white rice price.

This paper studies important factors that influence the physical workload of rice harvesters. Rice harvesting in Java, Indonesia, mostly uses manual and semi-mechanical methods that require significant physical energy. These harvesting methods have potential Ergonomic Risk Factors (ERFs) that are skeletal, muscle, and peripheral nerve disorders called Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Surveys and observations of 7 workers of manual and 9 workers of semi-mechanical rice harvesting practices were done in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province. The dependent variable of Cardio-vascular Load (CVL) was formulated in multiple linear regression equations by some independent variables, that were age, smoking habits, heart rate, and ambient temperature. The results showed that age and ambient temperature variables correlate strongly with CVL manual worker. CVL semi-mechanical worker was strongly correlated with age and heart rate. By F test, manual worker workload, 94.5% was significantly influenced by variables of age, smoking habits, heart rate and ambient temperature. CVL semi-mechanical workers were only 91.1%. To avoid high CVL, the age factor of workers is a major consideration. MSDs occur in the upper and lower back for manual workers, while semi-mechanical workers occur on the lower back and both hands. From the assessment of work posture in 4 elements of harvesting, transporting element was the activity with the worst posture. Ergonomic interventions are needed to reduce ergonomic risks in transportation.

Strawberry is known as a perishable fruit, it is very easy to be damaged as the effect of mechanical force, and this is one of the main problem in postharvest of this fruit. In Indonesia, it is often encountered a traffic bump across the road, this may create a shocking force that may affect the damage of the fruit during transportation. This research was intended to find out the effect of duration of shocking and layer position in the packing box on the physical properties of strawberry fruit. Application of shocking force was done using a special shocking apparatus to the strawberry samples inside wood package box which was arranged in three layers for a certain determined time. After shocking process the sample were then stored at room temperature and continuously monitored. It was found that both the duration of shocking and layer position in the box were significantly affect some of physical properties of the fruit, such as respiration rate, weight loss, brix content, firmness, and lightness of the fruit. The rate of change of physical properties of the fruit could be described appropriately using kinetics model of the zero or first order.

Many tropical agricultural products belong to climacteric group which need more attention to be able to extend or maintain their shelf life during storage. One of the most important phenomenon of climacteric produce is about the respiration rate of that produce. The following research was intended to investigate the rate of respiration of tropical climacteric products under various treatments including low temperature and the type of products. This research had developed respirometer device made from glass and thick plastic jar equipped with some needed sensing devices such as air temperature and humidity, product temperature sensing devices, and a tap for O2 and CO2 measurement. The respiration rate of banana, guava, and mango was succeded measured by using a closed system method. It was found that storage temperature, fruit type, and interaction between them were significantly affect the respiration rate. The changes in gas composition inside the respirometer were found to vary for each fruit studied. This could be referred to an internal composition for every fruit was different. The fastest rate of O2 consumption and CO2 evolution belong to banana and mango, respectively. The effect of temperature on respiration rate could be modeled using Arrhenius equation with a satisfactory results.

Sugar palm fruit is a tropical fresh product which derived from sugar palm plants. Handling and storage of sugar palm fruit is still in the traditional way, and it creates difficulties for broader marketing. Storage air temperature and film packaging greatly affects to various factors of the fresh products damage that can be represented by the change in respiration rate of those produtcs. The aim of this study was to study the effect of storage temperature and plastic film characteristics on the change of the respiration rate of sugar palm fruit during storage period in the MAP. Several treatment combinations including storage temperature and plastic film thickness were investigated in the research. It was found that storage temperature had stronger effect on the respiration rate of sugar palm fruit as compared to the effect of packaging film thickness. The higher storage temperature the longer would the time to reach constant O₂ and resulted in the higher respiration rate. Statistical analysis indicated that storage temperature, packaging film thickness, and the interaction of those two factors were significantly affect the respiration rate of the fruit. Arrhenius kinetics could explain the effect of storage temperature on respiration rate of sugar palm fruit.

A research had been conducted regarding the drying of nori made from local seaweed of Ulva lactuca and Gracillaria sp. The drying process was carried out at 50°C, 60°C and 70°C using mechanical dryer. Drying rate was evaluated with four thin layer drying models, namely Henderson and Pubis, Lewis, Page and Modified Page. The most suitable model is determined from the the highest R² value and lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value. The results indicated that nori could be made from local seaweed of Ulva lactuca and Gracillaria sp with a specific method and composition. Drying rate of local nori showed a long constant drying period as compared to it's falling rate period. Drying rate increased and drying time decreased as the drying temperature increased. The highest drying rate is obtained at 70°C and the Page model was found to be the best suitable model to describe nori drying characteristics.

Non-climacteric agricultural products are the commodity that cannot mature after being harvested so it is necessary to determine the right harvesting time to obtain the best quality. Generally, farmer will determinate the maturity of those commodity using a sound response from fruit tapping in addition to seeing the visual appearance. However, this is subjective so it is necessary to develop a more reliable and practical method. In this study a knocker maturity detection tool had been build and was used to evaluate three types of non-climacteric commodity, namely seedless watermelon aged 51, 54, 57, 60 DAP, eggplants aged 42, 44, 46, 48 DAP and cucumbers aged 27, 28, 29, 30 DAP. The knocking sound was recorded using Audacity 2.3.1 and then analyzed the frequency and magnitude parameters using Matlab R2014b. The results obtained were related to the physicochemical parameters of the samples. The results showed that the constructed knocker was able to distinguish the level of fruit maturity. In addition, it was also known that the right time for harvesting watermelon was 89 Hz or 50 dB, eggplant 157 Hz or 54 dB, and cucumber was 218 Hz or 52 dB.

Maintaining freshness and functional quality of the fruit is a challenge in the food industry since consumers demand of fresh pineapple is high. Thus, it is important to know the effect of various storage temperature on respiration rate to controlling the quality and extends the shelf-life. The respiration rate (RR) was studied over a period of storage time by treating the full crown pineapple in the storage room of 7°C, 15°C and 25°C. A closed system method was used to measure the respiration rate at 2, 4, 12, 24 hours intervals over 7,5-14,5 days of storage. Three temperature variations and three replications were carried out to observe the respiration rate. Respiration rate based on the O₂ consumption at 7°C is 2,05 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹, at 15°C is 6,45 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹ and at 25°C is 22,33 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹, while based on CO₂ produce at 7°C is 5,90 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹, at 15°C is 20,83 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹ and at 25°C is 67,91 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹. The modelling was conducted using Michaelis-Menten (MM) uncompetitive inhibition. The storage temperature of 7°C resulted MM constant Vmo is 4,28 and Vmc is 29,04; at the 15°C Vmo is 59,18 and Vmc is 200; and at the 25°C Vmo is 140 and Vmc is 805,10 with SSE ranged from 0,000378 to 0,0295. The Vmo-constant activation energy (Ea) is 132,42 kJ/mol and frequency factor (A) is 3E+25, while Vmc-constant Ea is 132,94 kJ/mol and A is 1,7E+26 with R² ranged from 0,82 to 0,99. The best storage temperature recomendation with distribution time more than 30 days at 12-13°C.

Pineapple is the fruit that ranks the fourth largest production in Indonesia. Pineapple fruit is a non-climacteric fruit that is easily damaged, so the effort to extend the shelf life of the fruit can be done by storing it in cold temperatures. This study aims to analyze the pineapple kinetics with crowns during storage with temperature variations. The research sample was in the form of pineapple Smooth Cayenne varieties stored at low temperatures (7 and 15°C), and the control treatment was stored at room temperature (25°C). Changes in the physical quality of pineapple during storage were observed with shell color parameters, weight loss, and texture. Observations were carried out at intervals ranging from 2-3 days to 16-20 days of storage depending on storage temperature. Fruit damage rates based on measured parameters were analyzed using the Arrhenius and kinetic model approaches. The results showed changes in low temperature storage are: shell color 0,00-10,67%, weight loss 0,00-3,70%, hardness 3,955-3,062 kg.cm⁻². Control treatment: shell color 0,00-100%, weight loss 0,00-13,89%, hardness 3,898-1,982kg.cm⁻². Constant (k) kinetics at low temperature are: shell color 0,4921-5,6901%.day⁻¹, weight loss 0,1939-0,2683%.day⁻¹, hardness (-0,0679)-(-0,1013)kg.cm⁻².day-1. Control treatment: shell color 7,7994 %.day⁻¹, weight loss 0,7837 %.day⁻¹, hardness -0,1276 kg.cm⁻².day⁻¹. The values of A and Ea (in J.mol⁻¹.K⁻¹) Arrhenius are: shell color 1,997x10¹⁹ and -1,0427x10⁵, weight loss 2,554x10⁹ and -5,454x10⁴, hardness 2,213x10³ and -2,411x10⁴.

Intelligent packaging equipped by an indicator to detect changes of food quality that packaged. Extracellular polysaccharides layer (e.g. cellulose), synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum and potentially become the material of intelligent packaging, because it was good to absorb pH indicator dyes. Nitrogen source added differently in the medium of Acetobacter xylinum will gives some cellulose different characteristic too. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of Ammonium sulphate and yeast extract addition to cellulose characteristic as the material of intelligent packaging. Bacterial cellulose used to immobilized pH indicator dyes such as Bromothymol Blue (BTB), Phenol Red (PR), Methyl Red (RR), Bromothymol Blue – Methyl Red (BTB+MR), and Bromothymol Blue – Phenol Red (BTB+PR). The intelligent packaging will be applied to fresh meat for 24 hours in room temperature storage. During the storage, fresh meat produces Total Volatile Bases Nitrogen (TVBN), TVBN increase during deterioration and accumulated in the package until pH increases and detected by indicator due to color changes. The result shows that utilization of nitrogen source (Ammonium sulphate) produce better characteristic of bacterial cellulose so that the bacterial cellulose used for intelligent packaging. Furthermore, immobilization solution of BTB on pH 2.74 and PR on pH 2.66 in bacterial cellulose shows significant color changes that can visually observe to quality changes of fresh meat.

Flow properties of chocolate highly determine mouthfeel and consumer acceptance. Aside from these, they are also important factors in determining the incorporation of chocolate in food products. This work investigated the possibility of using viscometer to determine the flow properties of molten chocolate. The data obtained from viscometer was fitted to Casson Model. Afterwards, Casson yield value and Casson viscosity were then derived. To observe the homogeneity of molten chocolate, thixotropy value was also determined. In this study, molten chocolate was produced using a stone melanger as an alternative processing method. Four grinding durations, namely 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours, were used to produce 4 types of dark chocolate. The results showed that viscometer was able to determine the value of Casson Model parameters, eventhough the shear rate reached was only approximately 45 s⁻¹. Using this approach, it can be observed that the Casson Yield Value and Casson Viscosity increased as the grinding durations were increased.

Tempering is one of the most important processes in chocolate making. Tempering is needed to ensure that chocolate has correct melting point, hardness, snap and gloss. After tempering, cocoa butter crystallises in polymorphic form beta V, resulting in chocolate with melting point in the range of 33-34°C. This work investigated the impact of crystal maturation duration and holding time of tempering process on hardness and appearance of dark chocolate. Five durations of crystal maturation, namely 1,3,5,and 7 days and five holding time namely 3,6,9,12,15 and minutes were used as variables. The results showed that hardness of chocolate had propensity to increase as the maturation duration was prolonged. Similar trend was also observed as the holding time increased. With regard to the colour, the L*, a* and b* values tended to decrease as the duration of crystal maturation increased. The use oven method, thus, seemed to have potential for small-scale production of dark chocolate.

Chocolate is characterised by its solid texture at relatively low temperature. However, it will easily melt as the temperature increase. This phenomenon contributes to the low level of chocolate quality in tropical countries. In order to cope with this problem, an innovation in producing thermostable chocolate is highly required. This work investigated the impact of fat content and palm sap sugar proportion on the heat stability of milk chocolate. Hardness of chocolate was used as a parameter to evaluate the chocolate stability against storage temperature. In this study, three levels of fat content, namely 30%, 32%, 34% and five palm sap sugar levels, namely 0%,25%,50%,75%,100% were used. The results showed that fat content, palm sap sugar proportion and their interaction significantly influenced the hardness of milk chocolate. Due to its moisture content, the hardness of chocolate increased as the proportion of palm sap sugar was increased. In contrast, at the same level of palm sap sugar proportion, the increase of fat content decreased the hardness of milk chocolate.

Popularity of cocoa-based drink has been growing since long time ago in tropical countries. Iced cocoa drink is highly consumed due to the fact that the ambient temperature in the tropical region is relatively high. This condition stimulates cocoa drink industries to continuously improve the quality of their products. This work investigated the performance of small-scale steam jet agglomerator used to produce instanised cocoa powder. This small-scale machine is designed to increase the solubility of cocoa powder, thus cocoa powder will be easily solubilised in cold water. In this study, a small-scale steam jet agglomerator was manufactured. Afterwards, the impact of three drying times, namely 60°C, 80°C, 100°C and three levels of agglomeration process cycle, namely 1,2,3 cycles as well as their interaction on the solubility and colour of the products was investigated. The results showed that the solubility increased as the number of agglomeration process cycle increased. With regard to the colour, the brightness level decreased as the drying temperature and number of agglomeration process cycle increased.

Palm sap sugar is a natural sweetener made from sap collected from the flowers of several species of palm tree. This sugar is highly produce in South-East and South Asian regions, such as Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and India. Its use improves the taste, colour and aroma of drink and food products. This work investigated the impact of palm sap sugar and processing method on the solubility and appearance of instanised cocoa powder. In this study, three cocoa powder blends with different palm sap sugar proportion, namely 15%, 30%, and 45% were used as a sweetener. The results showed that the solubility of cocoa drink increased as the proportion of palm sap sugar was increased. With regard to the appearance, the lightness of the cocoa drink decreased as the proportion of palm sap sugar was increased. This study revealed that the lightness of the cocoa drink decreased and the solubility increased as the number of agglomeration process repetition was increased.

Physical properties of instanised chocolate powder are not only determined by processing method, but also influenced by its ingredients. Thus, proportion of ingredients in cocoa drink should be also highly considered. This work investigated the impact of steam jet type and proportion of sucrose on the solubility and appearance of instanised chocolate powder. In this study, two types of steam jet agglomerator, namely continuous and batch type and three levels of sucrose proportion, namely, 15%, 30%, 45% were used as variables. The results showed that the type of Steam jet agglomerator, sucrose proportion and their interaction influenced the parameters investigated. In general, the solubility of instanised chocolate powder produced with continuous type is slightly higher than the solubility of instanised chocolate powder produced with batch type steam jet agglomerator. With regard to the appearance, it can be observed that the brightness of the cocoa drink produced with batch type is slightly lower than that of the cocoa drink produced with continuous type.

The corn ussually are harvested at high moisture content ( more 25% w.b.), therefore at those conditions the corn will be very susceptible to damage such as attacked by fungi, bacteria, or physical damage. Drying using mechanical dryer is must conducted on those product to prevent deterioration. In Indonesia there are few resirculated column batch dryer machines with screw conveyor for circulation, however the information of the performance of this dryer is very limited. The objectives of this research is to determine the characteristic of corn drying using those machine. The material is using sheeled corn that have initial moisture 25-30% (w.b.). The corns were dried using the recirculated column batch dryer that have capasity of 2 tons/batch. The drying chamber has diameter of 2,0 m and the height of 3 m. Heat source of this drryer is from liquid petroleum gas that was delivered by high capacity of centrifugal blower. Drying temperature was controlled using automated thermostat that connectd to the gas pipe. Drying experiment was conducted using 45 oC, 55 oC and 65°C. The measurement of moisture content is used for the determination of the drying rate and the drying efficiency. The quality determination parameters used are bulk density, damage, and cleanliness. The results show that the dryer air temperature affected the drying rate, the efficiency of drying, and the quality of the material. The best drying rate with temperature 65°C average 4,95% / hour, high efficiention at dryer temperature 55°C and 65°C equal to 86,27% and 83,51%, and best material quality with dryer temperature 55°C.

Edamame (Glycine max. L. Merill) has been consumed due to its savory taste and high nutrient content. Edamame can be dried and consumed as a crunchy snack through the drying process which is able to retain nutrition loss during it, that is freeze drying. There were still least information about freeze drying of edamame. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the edamame's moisture content and physical quality decreasing kinetics during freeze drying. Fresh edamame with initial water content of 60-70% was steam-blanched to 9 minutes before drying. 1,5 kg capacity freeze dryer was used with freezing temperature was set at -18°C and pressure at -76 cmHg. Its parameters was measured at 0 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 30 h, and 36 h. The drying rate of edamame freeze drying was 6.9355 g/g db per hour. Edamame shrunk 12.64% during 12 hours drying and shrunk more until 22.0046% to the final time. As it dried, edamame became harden due to crispiness at second phase of drying, or more than 24 hours of drying. There were not a significant change of colour.

Seaweeds are increasingly used in Indonesian cuisines due to their nutritional value and health benefits. In contrast to these benefits, they accumulate lead during their growth and exhibit potential health risks upon ingestion. To overcome these risks, some appropriate pre-cooking treatments are desired to reduce lead content. Sample of Gracilaria sp. will be treated by soaking before cooking. This study applied the Taguchi method to determine optimum pre-cooking treatment conditions to reduce the level of lead in Gracilaria sp. The control factors included soaking temperature, time reaction, potential of hydrogen and water volume are used for this research. The levels of lead were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). After these processes, lead contents were found to be successfully reduced and the results show that the optimal conditions during the soaking process can reduce the levels of lead of Gracilaria sp. until 56%.

The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of extraction time and temperature on cocoa powder quality. The study was conducted at Cocoa Processing Incubation Laboratory, Agroindustry Program, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada in Juni-Juli 2018. The samples were fermented cocoa beans obtained from Banjaroya, Kulonprogo. First, cocoa beans were roasted and grinded. Then, 200 g cocoa liquor were extracted for 20, 30 and 45 minutes at 70, 100 and 110°C. Cocoa powder characteristics e.g: moisture content, fat content, the weight of cocoa bungkil, and colour level were evaluated. The result showed that cocoa powder which was extracted in 70°C for 30 minutes had a lowest moisture content (3,12 %). The fat content is about 40-47% for all treatment. The color intensity is similiar, with the most brightest are cocoa powder which was extracted in 70°C. The temperature treatment in 70°C were accordance with the quality standards of cocoa butter determined by SNI 3747:2009.

Cow fresh milk is managed and milked by dairy farmers then it is collected at Cooperation of Milk Farmers Warga Mulya. It is processed to pasteurized fresh milk and packed in plastic cup of 160 ml. Whole activities are influenced by scale of ownership, type of milking process and energy use for conducting activities. The objective of this research was to implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on fresh pasteurized milk production. Some parameters were considered; milking technique and number of cows at every farmers. The LCA is a method to calculate the environmental impact of fresh pasteurized milk production. The samples were 10 farmer members. The process was started from milking at farmers, picking up the fresh milk, receiving milk at Cooperation, then milk processing or pasteurization. All energy, waste and others were collected, calculated, analyzed and then determined into environmental effect category. The results showed, that the energy use for carrying out all activities was reached by 3.8284 MJ/l. The highest emission was gained by pasteurization process released 47.3869 g/l CO₂ equivalent, 0.0564 g/l SO₂; 0.4823 g/l NO_x and 0.0025 g/l CH₄. The highest impact to environment was contributed by pasteurization process as follow; Global Warming Potential (GWP) 87.6969 g CO₂ equivalent; Acidification Potential (AP) 1.6827 g SO₂ equivalent and Eutrophication Potential (EP) 0.7246 g NO_x- equivalent.

Gas diffusion in bulky plant organs is relevant for understanding the respiratory metabolism. Limited tissue diffusivity due to low porosity may create gas concentration gradients leading to hypoxia. As porosity is known to be different between and within different tissues, oxygen (O₂) diffusivity cannot be regarded as a homogeneous gas transport parameter of plant organs. This study aims to study the relationship between O₂ diffusivity and porosity for tree different horticultural products: eggplant, apple, and turnip, which have shown variability in tissue microstructure. Based on X-ray CT images, porosity maps of the whole fruit and vegetable have been previously created. O₂ diffusivity was computed using a microscale model solved on the corresponding 3-D tissue microstructure of different samples across the product, derived from high resolution X-ray CT scan. The correlation between O₂ diffusivity and porosity was determined along the radial tissue sample, as affected by region of interest (ROI) size. The correlation was strong in eggplant tissue (R² = 0.95), compared to the other products. Distinct distribution of the O₂ diffusivity to the porosity was influenced by the physical characteristic of tissue intercellular space. The reduced ROI size changed the O₂ diffusivity-porosity relationship, caused by the change in physical structure of the tissue. In conclusion, the tissue diffusivity did not linearly link to the porosity, other microstructural parameters and the size of the considered tissue sample affected the correlation

Petai (Parkia speciosa) is a plant of the type of legumes (Fabaceae). This plant is spread in Southeast Asian countries, especially in Indonesia, which is usually consumed as fresh food. Petai production increased from 2016 to 2017 by 9.45%, therefore petai is very abundant in Indonesia. Petai is known to contain sulfidic acid which is strong and easily damaged like other agricultural products. This causes a decrease in physical and chemical quality so that it can reduce consumer interest. One way to maintain the quality of agricultural products is frozen. This method is the most effective drying method. The purpose of this study was to study freeze-drying methods on the physical and chemical quality of petai seeds. The material used is petai pods that have been replaced from the skin of the aris. Petai pods are processed into dry petai. The freeze drying machine used has stainless steel with a total size of 0.7 m, width 0.5 m, and height 1 m. Drying was carried out by heating 60°C at a vacuum pressure of -73.5 cmHg. The initial air content (wet basis) produced by the thermogravimetric method with three samples averaged 83.61%, after drying the air content (wet basis) decreased by 9.868%. The study sample also showed physical changes using the color of three sample seeds. The mean values of colors L, a *, and b * before drying are 68.468; -24.123; and 35.167. After drying, the values of L, a *, and b * are 42.817; -21.76; and 18.977.

Black rice is anthocyanin-containing rice. Black rice farming can be found in several parts of Indonesia, including in Yogyakarta where the harvest is mainly used for self-consumption and to be marketed. In 2018, almost half of the farmers facing the problem to market the harvest. On the other hand, black rice distributors expressed their needs of more supply to meet Yogyakarta market demand. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on modeling the black rice marketing channel system to observe the behaviour of black rice inventory. This study aims to produce a black rice marketing system model and find out the black rice inventory system in Yogyakarta using a dynamic modeling. The sampling techniques used purposive and snowball sampling in the black rice marketing channels. The results show that the system consisted of farmers, collectors, distributors, retailers and consumers subsystems, and the best scenario in the simulation implied the collectors and distributors must increase the sale to other areas outside Yogyakarta.

Bandung Barat District has an attraction for the development of agro-tourism areas because it is one of the largest horticulture producers in Indonesia, with fruit production is 583,539 Kw/year and vegetables is 677,480 Kw/year. This location not far from the Bandung city and provides benefits because it is often visited by tourists when visiting to around of Bandung area. The purpose of this study is to obtain a spatial picture of regional patterns that have the potential for developing agro tourism areas and evaluating significance relationships between indicators and variables each other. The analysis used is spatial analysis by evaluating physio geographic and socio geographic elements and used statistical analysis by SPSS tools. The results showed that the spatial pattern of the development of agro tourism areas in the study area, that is Lembang Sub-District, Cisarua Sub-District, and Cikalong Wetan Sub-District had 8 typologies. The most potential area with a high physio geographic and socio geographic typology is Mandalamukti Village, Cikalong Wetan Sub-District with an area of 6.049 km². Whereas, the locations which have no potential area with low physio geographic and socio geographic typologies are Ganjarsari and Puteran Villages, Cikalong Wetan Sub-District, covering an area of 14,086 km² and 10,325 km², Pasirlangu Village, Cisarua Village covering an area of 12,209 km², in Lembang Sub-District, Cibogo Village covering an area of 3.12 Km2. Cikahuripan village covering an area of 7.31 km², Pagerwangi Village covering an area of 4.65 km², Suntenjaya Village with covering an area of 16.03 km2, Wangunharja Village with covering an area of 7.85 km2, Wangunsari Village with covering an area of 3.61 km2. Statistical analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between accessibility indicators (socio geographic) and physio geographic elements, so it will be good to develop agro tourism areas in that locations which have these criteria.

Land degradation consequence utilization of inappropriate causes depreciation watershed performance. the importance of using the land for conservation and cultivation requires wise handling. Tobacco gives good impact to conservation and beneficial to cultivate. Therefore, evaluation of land for tobacco is important. The purpose of this research is to determine land evaluation for tobacco plants at Lombok island with divider rainfall, land slope, temperature and soil depth with the geographic information system. The results of the land evaluation analysis show that 0% S1 (highly suitable), 32.2% S2 (moderately suitable), 66.4% S3 (marginally suitable) and 0.4% (not suitable). With that result, tobacco plants cultivation as land conservation can be developed in Lombok island.

Recently, the demand for biomass fuel pellet is increasing leading to the use of agricultural waste as the feedstock alternative to the wood pellet. In this study, the rice husk was developed into fuel pellet and characterized its physical and combustion properties. The pelleting used a flat-die roller type pelleting machine. The pre-treatments were reducing the size and mixing with a 4% gelatinized tapioca starch as the binder. The single pellet had an average diameter of 8 mm, length of 28.7 mm and weight of 1.8 g/pellet. The rice husk bulk density increased from 145 kg/m3 in raw form into 511 kg/m3 in pellet form. There were no significant different changes in pellet dimension after 14 days of pelleting. The combustion properties were analyzed using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The TGA analyses were conducted using oxygen at a flow rate of 50 ml/min; the heating rates were 10°/min, 20°/min and 30°/min heated up to 950°C. This study found that the ignition and the burnout temperatures were at about 276°C and 448°C, respectively. As to the non-woody characteristic of higher cellulose than woody biomass, the rice husk pellet had a higher conversion rate at lower temperatures than that of wood pellet.

Powertrain by electric battery has been a growing trend in various industries including automotive, manufacture, and agriculture. Electric battery has been applied on several agricultural robots for multiple purposes such as liquid distribution, autonomous harvest, and sensors. In agricultural utility tractor, powertrain by electric battery has potential to replace powertrain by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) which commonly use fossil fuel as source of energy. However, application of electric battery power system has not been feasible due to overweight which lead soil compaction, lower speed, and high energy consumption. This study aims to optimize the design of utility tractors which will reduce the weight to standard operational weight dependent on tractor size. Alternative components are considered including Li4.4Si battery, Li-S battery and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for component selection, system design, and simulation on MATLAB/Simulink – Simscape. Alternative components have contributed to reduce weight of the tractor significantly, from 93% to 12%56% range of overweight. Improvement in weight contributed to less significant soil pressure, improve maximum speed and state of charge (SOC). Further, electric battery power system is expected to be applied on utility tractors, replacing the use of ICE and fossil fuel within conventional tractor.

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy appears as a promises method for faster analysis method in replacement of conventional analysis method. In this work, NIR was used as a replacement for conventional analysis method in sugarcane juice analysis. The cane juice samples for this study were taken from the hydraulic press juice in the core sampler system at Glenmore Sugar Factory. NIR spectroscopy equipment used was FOSS DS 2500. The partial least square regression (PLS) was used to develop calibration model. The NIR results were evaluated from correlation coefficient (r²), low standard error of calibration (SEC) and high ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). The experimental results show that for %brix analysis: r² = 0.988, SEP = 0.333, RPD = 5.441and for %pol analysis: r² = 0.986, SEP = 0.283, and RPD = 6.125. The results have shown a good potential of NIR Spectroscopy for cane juice quality analysis as replacement of conventional analysis methods.

FASE is sorbitol ester from fatty acid with esterification degree point ranges from one to six. FASE with esterification degree point above three is polyester, which can be used as fat replacer. It has low calories. While FASE with esterification degree point below three can be used as surfactant. Food and beverages industries use surfactant as stabilizer in food and beverages composition. The making of FASE as biosurfactant brings advantages, i.e. it is save to be consumed, relatively cheap because the material needed in the making is easy to obtain, and it does not generate negative side effects. This research consists of three phases, there are preparation phase of papaya resin and making of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The next phase is optimum conditions (temperature, time, and enzyme concentration) defined using Response Surface Methodology and FASE synthesis. The last phase is FASE characterization. In this research, FASE is synthesizes, through sorbitol esterification with palmitat-stearat FAME by using papaya's resin as the catalyst. The result of the research shows that the optimum condition of FASE synthesis at 41.2°C, in 52.35 minutes, with concentration of lipase enzyme from papaya's resin 10.30 %, and at this condition, sorbitol conversion into FASE reaches 31.43 %.

This research is carried out due to the limited information on the shelf-life of food product in Indonesia, especially in South Sulawesi. In addition, there is no sufficient information on the self-life of packed seaweed dodol which produced by using scientific method. Seaweed dodol has a high economic value. The objective of this research was to estimate the self-life of seaweed dodol which is produced in traditional scale (micro, small, and middle scale bussiness) using the scientific method. Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) Method is one of methods used in determining the shelf life of seaweed dodol based on critical water content and graining as indicators of quality deterioration. The isotermic sorption model of products was obtained from isotermic sorption curve formed from the relationship between the values of water activity (a_w) and the equilibrium moisture content (Me). Moreover, five different models of isotermic sorption were tested. They were Hasley, Chen-Clayton, Henderson, Caurie, and Oswin model. The results showed that the Henderson model was the appropriate model in describing the isotermic sorption phenomena at seaweed dodol with the Mean Relative Deviatian (MRD) of 1.4. By integrating the critical moisture content (Mc), packing permeability (OPP), sample weights (Ws), the surface area of packing (A) and the saturated vapor pressure (Po) into the equation Labuza, the self-life of seaweed dodol at temperature of 30 °C and RH of 78% was 56 days.

Challenge in the expansion of maize and soybean planting areas is the limited agricultural labor from land processing activities, planting to post-harvest. Considering that the corn and soybean cultivation systems are still traditionally done using both human and livestock power so that the productivity and work efficiency produced is still low. This affects the area of land that can be cultivated, land productivity and the production of corn produced. To support the program to expand the planting area and increase the crop index to increase corn production, it is necessary to support the use of appropriate mechanization technology and under site-specific conditions. Therefore it is necessary to introduce agricultural machinery to support the corn cultivation system to increase productivity, work efficiency, increase yields and improve the quality of results. In this activity the implementation and development of mechanization technology for corn and soybean cultivation is appropriate and by site-specific conditions at the demonstration plot scale in the corn and soybean production centers by taking into account the technical, economic, and socio-economic conditions of the local community. Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering Research and Development has developed a rotary and planting machine that can do soil treatment and planting seeds at once. This machine is equipped with a solid fertilizer application. But in practice, farmers rarely use liquid fertilizer for corn/soybean cultivation. Test results of tillage and planting of corn seeds: Work depth of 12.1 cm; spacing in rows 38.5 cm; spacing in rows of 70 cm; number of seeds per fall 2.2 items; percentage of empty holes 4.1%; work width is an average of 162.88 cm; average working speed of 2.31 km / h; average work capacity of 4.08 hours / ha; fuel consumption of 20.32 lt / ha

Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains high concentration of various heavy metals and low pH levels, ranging between 2-4. The water samples used for this research are an artificial AMD, with varying concentration levels of copper (5 and 7 mg/l). The pH level is designed to be 4, where the designed pH level illustrates the actual characteristics of an AMD. The data for this research—pH and copper levels—are taken for 14 days. This research shows that exposure of the artificial AMD causes physiological effects to Pistia stratiotes, indicated by chlorosis of the plant starting from day 3 of the research. Furthermore, the result of this research illustrates that Pistia stratiotes is able to alter the artificial AMD's pH level from 4 to 7,3 in 14 days. This plant is also capable of reducing the copper content as much as 92,45% and 88,00% with initial concentrations of 5,3 mg/l and 7,5 mg/l respectively in 14 days, with peak removal at day 3. It can be concluded that Pistia stratiotes is able to neutralize pH level and decrease copper contents in artificial AMD.

Under present investigation, Eichornia crassipes (water hyacinth) has been tested in knowing the applicability of this macrophyte as phytoremediator of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) is utilized in analysing the accumulation of important heavy metal zinc (Zn) within plant tissues parallel with adaptive responses due to physiological and biochemical matters during exposure of actual AMD and artificial AMD having different concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg/L of Zn) and extreme pH (3.0). There is slow-but-steady significant increase in pH along with no morphological symptoms in exposure of artificial AMD. Conversely, in 2-weeks exposure of actual AMD there is critical morphological symptoms due to its toxicity in exposure of multi-metals along with immediate increase in the first 3-days and slow decrease in 11-days after for pH value. The decreasing in Zn concentration for both actual and artificial AMD is occurred even in high level concentration. The final concentration of Zn did not meet the quality standard, so it needs to be a serial treatment with each treatment has 3-days in retention time. Overall this methodology is applicable for the removal of Zn in AMD that has single-metal or various-metals in any amounts that is negligible or under its lethal dosage.

The duration of the VCO oil extraction process affects quality. The centrifugation method produces high VCO quality but requires expensive in investment and operational costs. The acidification method with solar heat was produced VCO, but it took quite a long time (8-12 hours) with the success rate depending on the weather. This study aims to increase the success rate of acidification with a solar heat method through the use of solar heater. It also compares it with the standard of coconut oil quality requirements in SNI 01-2902-2001. The study was conducted in Malonas Village in 2016 involving 15 women farmers. The VCO was analyzed at the BB Pascapanen Laboratory, Bogor. The acidification/chemistry method of VCO was tested in a solar heater and without it. The incubation process is carried out by observing the temperature, yield and drying time. VCO was tested for the percentage content of free fatty acids (FFA), yield, visual and aroma test. The result was decreased in processing time in separation coconut milk to oil, water, and blondo from 8.30 hours ± 0.51 (without solar heater) to 3.45 hours ± 0.16. Oil yield increased by 0.9% and the FFA level was below SNI standard and APCC.

Remote sensing is a tool to gather the information about an object or any phenomenon without direct contact or damaging the objects. This technology had numerous application and one of it is in agriculture. Unlike tradition agriculture practiced that difficult to execute and required a large number of man power, implementing this technology will increase the production yield of the crops and improved the agriculture sector in managing and controlling. Remote sensing were able to forecast the crop production, identified the crop type, assess the crop damage and monitoring its progress. Therefore, this research was conducted in order to monitor the early stage of growth of rice crop planted by the farmers in the paddy field using remote sensing. To do so, popular empirical vegetation index known as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) generated from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was selected to monitor the changes of rice crop starting from the day it been planted until eleventh day of planted. Early stage of monitoring the crop growth using NDVI is a best approach to practice. Any damages that occur during this stage will affect the yield production and economy. Result from image analysis shown that NDVI were able to observe the rice crop growth and able to locate the damage part in the paddy plot. Fast action can be made by the farmers to counter attack the damage and treat the problematic points.

Passion fruit including the Passifloraceae family. It has more than 500 species. Currently, the most popular species is Passiflora edulis Sims. To study the influence of vacuum freeze drying air pressure and maltodextrin concentration on physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit extract. This study used a vacuum drying system to produce passion fruit extract. This research was carried out by varying drying air pressures such as 0.59, 0.69, and 0.79 bars and maltodextrin concentration such as 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The physical characteristics of passion fruit extract observed were particle size, flow ability, and moisture content, while sensory tests included color intensity. The results showed that drying 1 liter of passion fruit juice takes 48 hours. The mechanism of the freezing process of the sample begins with a decrease in the temperature of the material to be frozen, and then the change in the water becomes frozen. This process occurred continuously until most of the sample moisture content had been turned into ice crystals and stopped when the solids of the material became supersaturated. The variation of vacuum freeze drying air pressure does not significantly influence physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit extract. The variation of maltodextrin concentration does significantly influence particle size, moisture content, and color intensity, but it does not significantly influence the flow ability of the passion fruit extract.

This study aims to obtain information about the endosperm color inheritance pattern of Toraja black rice. This research was conducted by the experimental farm, Hasanuddin University Faculty of Agriculture, from August 2017 to February 2018. This study was designed using a Randomized Block Design. The color of the seed as a treatment consists of full black (the outer and inner parts of rice), medium black (the outer part and a small portion of inner part of rice), and thin black (only the outer part of rice), with 8 replications so there were 24 experimental units. The seedling were planted in a bucket, one seedling for each bucket. The inheritance pattern of full black and thin black genotypes follows the Mendel inheritance pattern with a ratio of genotype 1 : 2 : 1. Percentage of full black endosperm color has a high heritability, while percentage of medium black and the percentage of thin black have moderate heritability.

Success in implement irrigation area management activities is highly dependent on data availability. The existence of a realtime, fast, and accurate information is very important. The data and information needed must be easily accessible to interested parties. Development of an irrigation network information system is carried out by converting data into coordinate form using ArcGIS software. Visual studio software is used to display all data that has been processed. Spatial-based irrigation network information systems built using ArcGIS and Visual Studio software can easily obtain information about channel conditions, rating curves, channel profiles and channel photos. the availability of spatial-based irrigation network information systems facilitates the management of irrigation networks.

Rainfall in the mountainous region has unique characteristics related to time-varying and spatial distribution. In Mt. Merapi region, located at the border of Special Region of Yogyakarta Province and Central Java Province, Indonesia, rainfalls are typically classified as the deep-convective type, which occurs in a short period with high intensity. Therefore, short term rainfall predictions in a proper way remain challenging tasks. The use of remote monitoring instruments such as the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is believed to provide a better measurement accuracy through the identification of water vapor variation in the process of deep convection weather. GNSS observes the geodetic position of the GNSS antenna or receiver while it broadcasts microwave signals continuously through the atmosphere to the ground-based receivers. As they travel through the atmosphere, the microwave signals are mostly influenced by ionospheric and neutral atmospheric effects, which cause some delays. By using a sufficiently dense network of GNSS receivers, the impact of the neutral atmosphere delay can be estimated as a by-product of the geodetic processing. These delays can be regarded as an integrated water vapor along the path, namely Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), which can be indirectly measured by Zenith Total Delay (ZTD). By studying the relationship between time-varying PWV and rainfall, it can be found that the PWV level increases sharply before raining. Through the deployment of GNSS receivers, the spatial feature of rainfall characteristics is also depicted. The initial results showed that the increase of PWV is strongly correlated to rainfall occurrence based on the rain gauge measurement around Mt. Merapi region. The results show that the correct forecasted rate is about 47%-62% with the PWV increment time is three hours.

After being harvested, the oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) has to be evacuated from the field and transported to the oil palm mill. In most cases, it transported using the trucks. FFB transportation should be optimized in order to achieve the best FFB quality and minimum cost. This research was aimed to develop tools to monitor trucks as FFB transport equipment, due to some deviations in the field. The Development of the application using these method: business process analysis, system analysis, system design, and implementation and functional test. The application software run as an Android-based application, as a map-based application, and using location-based service. The system also runs as a web-based application and has been tested on FFB logistic system in private plantation company. It monitored the truck route and FFB loading and transporting activities in the field, as well as gave instruction to the truck driver in order to avoid the heavy queue in an oil palm mill.

Sugarcane plantation of Takalar (PG Takalar) have big potential organic waste alike sugarcane litter. Sugarcane litter is organic waste that could be processed into organic fertilizer in form of compost. The objectives of this study were to determine the potential of sugarcane litter and to determine the machinery requirement for sugarcane litter management in PG Takalar. The result showed that the average availability potential of sugarcane litter in PG Takalar was 19.96% or 20% from each stem of sugarcane. In total, with 4186 ha area of PG Takalar, the potential of sugarcane litter was 32860 ton/year. Nowadays, in PG Takalar, the management of sugarcane litter is done conventionally by burning the litter in the field. It is also found from the study that to manage the sugarcane litter in 4186 ha area, the number of machinery needed to support the mechanization of sugarcane litter management were 48 units of tractor, 13 units of trash rake, 31 units of trailer, 4 units of applicator, 18 units of chopper, 3 units of truck, 3 units of composting turner, and 3 units of loader.

Ultrafine Bubbles (UFBs) technology is a new and emerging science, capable of infusing UFB in liquids for long periods of time. UFBs is extremely small gas bubbles in liquid with diameter less than 10⁻6 m. This paper discussed the application of ultrafine bubbles water for seed germination. Seed germination is the process from seed to a sprout in which the metabolic process of a plant gets activated after a period of dormancy. A high seed germination percentage is important for vegetable production. Comparison experiments of seed germination rate were performed using distilled water and water containing ultrafine bubbles. This experiment utilized the dissolved oxygen concentrations of distilled water with approximately 10 and 20ppm. The result indicates that the application of ultrafine bubbles water had a positive effect on the germination rate of seeds.

Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) has great potential as a source of raw material for biodiesel production due to its high oil content. The oil is a non-edible oil that can be extracted using screw-press machine. In this study, a descriptive research with regression and correlation analysis was used to investigate the effect of feed material level on pressing performance and kemiri sunan's oil quality. A variation of the feed material level (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kg) was fed into screw-press machine. The results showed that cylinder temperature and pressing time increased as the feed material level increased. The highest production (2.87 kg / hour) and yield (37.33%) capacity were obtained at 4 kg of the feed material level. Hence, increasing the feed material level did not affect the quality of the oil produced. Density, acid number, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), saponification number, kinematic viscosity and refractive index of oil produced ranged between 919.48-924.76 kg/m², 30.82-47.79 mg KOH/g oil, 15.25-23.65%, 154.64 -186.84 mg KOH/g oil, 45.59-56.34 mm²/s and 0.00328-00.332 respectively.

Farming bulldozer (FB) is a heavy-duty machine made by Komatsu designed explicitly for multipurpose operations in broad land types, from extremely dry to wet/swamplands. FB is a bulldozer but uses a wider crawler so that it's Ground Pressure (GP) is about half compared to 4W tractor. The tested FB was D21PL-8 type having GP 0.19 kg_f/cm2, Flywheel HP 32.4 kW 44 PS@2450 rpm, Operating Weight 4815 kg. Attached with associated implements, FB can do land clearing and leveling, land plowing and harrowing, soil puddling, subsoil draining, direct seeding, and harvesting. Tested fields are in the provinces of West Java (wet/dryland, South Sumatra (wetland), South Kalimantan (wetland), South Sulawesi (dry/wetland), West Papua (dry/wetland) and East Nusa Tenggara (dryland). In general, FB can do precise leveling in a range of ±15mm in 0.15-ha tested paddy field. Worktime for plowing continued with puddling is 4.97 hours/ha and harrowing continued with puddling is 5.15 hours/ha while for hand tractor in both cases is more than 13 hours/ha. It means FB can reduce work time up to 60%. In term of yield, there is no significant difference with hand tractor, which ranges from 6 t/ha to 7 t/ha. In conclusions, FB can do many tasks of land cultivations, cover a wider area of any land types, reduce labor numbers and cost, and increase planting intensity. Further testing to find the optimal size of land, operation and maintenance costs and impacts on the economy, society, and environment are still underway.

The objective of the research is to determine optimum liquid fertilizing on red spinach cultivation in a greenhouse. The research was conducted from March to April 2019 at the Sprayer Laboratory and in a greenhouse to determine parameters of droplet diameter, droplet density, effective spraying width, effective spraying debit, and harvested biomass weight. Spraying tools and material are SWAN F16 electric sprayer, air blower, and liquid fertilizer. Results of the research showed that the use of the electric sprayer and the use of the electric sprayer and the air blower produced minimum droplet diameter, maximum droplet density, maximum effective spraying width, and minimum effective spraying debit were 311-micron meter, 706 droplet cm⁻², 56 cm, and 1.99 litre min⁻¹ and 405.14-micron meter, 361 droplet cm⁻², 72 cm, and 2.21 litre min⁻¹ in average respectively. The use of the electric sprayer has produced maximum harvested biomass weight of 7.17 g/plant in average on walking speed of 0.9 m/s with 1.97 litre ha⁻¹ liquid fertilizer dosage. The use of the electric sprayer and the air blower have produced maximum harvested biomass weight of 4.55 g/plant in average on walking speed of 0.5 m s⁻¹ with 3 litre ha⁻¹ liquid fertilizer dosage.

Sheet-pipe is a sort of perforated mole drain placed horizontally between 30–50 cm below the land surface commonly having a water-logged problem. The sheet-pipe can be installed with a heavy machine mole drainer. The primary purpose of installing sheet-pipe is to maintain or control the expected water table in farmlands. Sheet-pipe having a diameter of 5 mm has been installed at a depth of 40 cm with a drain spacing of 4 m and length of 100 m covering a paddy field of 1 hectare located in Sukamandi District, Subang Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Field investigation and numerical studies were undertaken to figure out water head profiles surrounding the sheet-pipe. The paddy field installed with sheet-pipe can be drained faster (2 times), and in consequence, its water level can be managed easier. Right after an effective rainfall event (34 mm), the rainwater immediately infiltrates downward resulting in a parabolic curve of infiltration rate (maximum rate 0.94 cm/h) which differs with a standard infiltration curve (steady state 0.121 cm/h). Water level profile is horizontally flat except at the points closer to the sheet-pipe, which is showing the presence of outward gradients of the water head. The electrical conductivity was low (0.33 Ms/cm) due to the leaching effect.

Biogas is a renewable fuel that can be used for many applications, such as fuel for kitchen stove, heating and drying system, electricity generation engine, and fuel to run farm tractor. The biogas used in this research was produced from tapioca wastewater treatment equipped with covered lagoon digester. Gasoline generator set having rated capacity 2500-W was modified in such a way that is able to run with 100% biogas. The experiment was performed by running generator set at different loads with incremental of 100-W. Three replications were conducted to get the average values. Performance parameters to be evaluated include biogas consumption, speed of engine (RPM), output power, and thermal efficiency. Results showed that generator set is able to work with raw biogas with methane content of 53%. The generator set reached a maximum load of 1300 W (52% of rated capacity). Biogas consumption increased with load from 1.40 kg·h⁻¹ (no load) to 2.56 kg·h⁻¹ at a load of 1300-W. Biogas specific consumption decreased with load from 16.4 g·W⁻¹·h⁻¹ at load 100 W to 2.2 g·W⁻¹·h⁻¹ at load 1300 W. Output power also increased with load from 0.04 to 0.49 ampere, respectively at a load od 100-W and 1300-W. Engine speed, on the other hand, decreased with load from 3686 RPM (no load) to 2413 RPM (load 1300-W). With biogas methane content of 53%, the maximum thermal efficiency of the generator set was calculated to be 11%.

Empek-empek is one of signatured food from Indonesia which made from fish paste, tapioca starch, and other additional ingredients. The objective of this present work was to develop premix flour for making empek-empek using mackerel surimi and to evaluate their chemical characteristic and sensory attributes of the product. The mackerel fish was made into surimi, powdered, then mixed with tapioca starch and other additional ingredients. The following aspect were characterized including moisture, fat, protein, ash, carbohydrate content, and sensory acceptability of the premix product. The results showed that mackerel surimi flour at level of 66,67% is the recommended formula. The empek-empek which made from this premix flour presented hedonic score "like" for color and "like moderately" for aroma, texture and flavor. In conclusion, our premix can be used for preparing empek-empek with less complicated process and the product did not have any negative results on sensory acceptability.

Efforts to increase rice productivity in Indonesia are still constrained by attacks of plant pest organisms which cause low crop productivity. Diseases that often attack rice plantations include blast and leaf blight disease. Blast is caused by a fungus Magnaporthe grisea Cav. While leaf blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo). There are isolates of bacterial that have ability to provide resistance to disease attacks on plants, one of which is Paenybacillus polymixa. Based on this study, the aim of this study was to determine the ability of P. polymixa isolates in controlling the attack of Xanthomonas and fungi Magnaporthe grisea in vitro. The research stage is a test of bacterial inhibition of Xoo and M. grisea. The inhibition zone index in the antagonist test for Xoo pathogens in MO Plus was higher than P. polymixa. MO Plus inhibition zone index 1.87 while P. polymixa is only 1.20 at 7 days after incubation. P. polymixa bacteria have the highest index in inhibiting P. oryzae, which is 57.02. While the MO Plus inhibition index is 21.12.

Bacterial ring rot caused by a gram-positive Coryneform bacterium C.m subsp. sepedonicus is an important disease in potato crops in the world. The disease is until now still belong to an A1 quarantine pathogen in Indonesia, although it was found in West Java since 2013. The objective of this study was to know the presence of bacterial ring rot in four potato district areas in South Sulawesi. Diseased samples were conducted from potato fields and storage warehouses in Enrekang, Gowa, Jeneponto and Bantaeng. Potato tuber samples were cutted and observed their vasiculer vessels and then isolated and grown the bacteria on NA and NBY media. Bacterial isolates were morphological and physiological characterized as well as patogenicity on eggplant and PCR test using specific primer for Cms 50F and Cms 50R. The results showed that Cms has become widespread in four districs in South Sulawesi. The disease incidence of bacterial ringrot in these districs reached above 30 %. All of 14 isolates were obtained from the results of a standard methods for identification (EPPO, 2006) showed that the presence of DNA band size of 224 bp, which indicated positively belong to C.michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.

Plant photosynthesis is strongly influenced by light, carbon dioxide, the availability of water and nutrients found in the soil. In this study, LED light combined with gambelan music Gong Kebyar was applied to pakcoy plants to see its effect on growth and productivity. The LED light that was applied is white, red-blue, and red-white-blue LED light, which is given for 20 hours from 06.00 to 02.00. Gamelan music Gong Kebyar is applied for 3 hours, from 06.00 to 12.00. Variables observed included plant height, canopy area, leaf greenery, root length, and plant biomass. The results showed that white LED light had a negative effect, while the red-blue LED, and red-white-blue light had a positive effect on the growth and productivity of Pakcoy mustard. The use of red-blue LED light combined with gamelan music Gong Kebyar gave the highest value on plant height (27,176 cm), canopy area (1457.59 cm2), leaf greenery (160.03), root length (23.6 cm), and plant biomass (5.05 g). It can be concluded that the use of red-blue LED light combined with gamelan music Gong Kebyar increases the growth and productivity of pakcoy mustard.

This study aimed to obtain the characteristic of nanoparticles concentrate protein of snakehead fish (Channa striata) by addition of tween 80. The research consisted of two phases. First phase was the manufacture of nano concentrate protein dispersion from snakehead fish and second phase was the drying process of the concentrate using freeze dryer and characterization of physic-chemical properties of nano concentrate protein snakehead fish. The results of particle size measurement after using the sonication method and homogenization with the addition of tween 80 ranged from 331.6 to 353.0 nm. Based on the results of the particle size analyzer (PSA) the best value in the treatment of adding of 2% tween 80 with a polydispersity index value of 0.470, particle size distribution based on volume obtained by 2 size categories namely 101.8 nm and 449.4 nm and the average of smallest particle size ranged from 223.6 to 363.2 nm based on the results of the analysis of electron microscope scanning (SEM). The morphology of concentrate protein of snakehead fish based on the results of SEM analysis before the addition of tween 80 has abstract molecule, compact molecular structure (the molecules stick together) and the size was still in micrometer scale. While the addition of tween 80 showed that the particle structure of granules was not compact so the possibility of being broken down was still very high and in nanometer scale particle size. The physical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before adding tween 80 included bulk density (0.52 g/ml), emulsion capacity (14.72%), water absorption (2.49 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.16 ml/g). After adding tween 80 the physical characteristics included density bulk (0.46 g/ml), emulsion capacity (48.15%), water absorption (0.42 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.00 ml/g). The chemical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before the addition of tween 80 included, water (6.98%), ash (6.03%), fat (2.27%) and protein (85.10%). After adding tween 80 the chemical characteristics were water content (5.13%), ash (4.08%), fat (6.48%) and protein (88.28%).

The pipeline system of clean water providers is a very important part because it functions to deliver clean water to every home so that water can flow continuously and meet the needs of the community. This research was to analyze the domestic and smallholder farm water demand in Village Kajhu Baitussalam Sub-district, Aceh Besar District using EPANET 2.0. Pipeline network information obtained from PDAM Tirta Mountala. The data obtained are water supply, water demand, flow, velocity, pipe diameter, pipe length, pipe type and pipe elevation. The results of the EPANET 2.0 analysis were interpreted in the form of pipeline network maps. The maps shows the water flow received by pipelines, pressure, pressure loss and velocity. Based on research, water needs for smallholder farm has been sufficient. Water required for smallholder farm is 658 m³ a day while average debit through irrigation channel is 135.648 m³ a day. Domestic water requirement of 0,499 dm³/sec, while the average discharge based on the simulation result is 0,422 dm³/sec. Water Distribution to the research location is still not functioning optimally because there are several criteria of pipeline network that has not been fulfilled such as the water debit in the channel is not sufficient, here is a pipe with speed less than 0.6 m / s, node with low pressure pipe length, pipe diameters and the distribution is still uneven.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on advance vegetative phase to the water productivity of Soybean. This research was conducted under plastic house on the field laboratory of Lampung University from October 2018 to January 2019. The water stress treatments in regulated deficit irrigation levels were DI1 (0 – 100 %) of total available water as a control, DI2 (0 – 80 %), DI3 (0 – 60 %), DI4 (0 – 40 %) and DI5 (0 – 20 %) of total available water (TAW) arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The results showed that the soybean plant started to experience stress from week IV, the soybean plant started to experience stress within 0-40 % of total available water and continuing to stress until the end of growth, even the RDI treatment was stop at week VI. It means that the soybean plant which experience to tress at vegetative advance can't be recovered even the soybean plant was irrigated to bring back the water to the field capacity. The (p) value was 0.6 and the Ks value were 0.84; 0.70; 0.68; 0.80, 0.86 and 0.88 at week IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX, respectively. The average Ks value was 0.79. There was no significant different between DI1 DI2, and DI3 in water productivity of soybean plant. The value of water productivity were 0.65, 0.49, 0.48, 0.40 and 0.42 at DI1, DI2, DI3, DI4, DI5, respectively. The optimum water management which the high crop water productivity (WP=0.48) was reach by RDI at DI3 treatment which maintain the available water between 0-60 % or the soybean plant must be irrigate by bring back the water to the 60 % of total available water. The optimum yield of soybean (Anjasmoro veriety) was 17.9 g/pot and crop water requirement was 36746.5 ml or equal to 566.08 mm.

Nanofibrils are nano-sized fibrils made from protein isolates. To make the nanofibrils that protein isolate solution was heated in a water bath at 80 oC while stirring for more 16 h. This nanofibril formation process requires a water bath that can heat and stir protein isolates. So far there have been a lot of stirrers and water baths, but those that can heat and stir together simultaneously are very limited. Therefore it is necessary to design a water bath that can be paired with a stirrer so that it can heat and stir continuously. The portable water bath designed includes the chamber, heater, thermostat and control panel. This water bath works in a temperature range of 50°C -100°C. Water bath can be paired with heater.

Rejo Asri Gapoktan is a farmer group located in Seputih Raman District, Central Lampung Regency and has an Alsintan Service Provider (UPJA) Business for Rice cultivation. In carrying out its activities UPJA Gapoktan has several tools and machines related to the management of rice cultivation, including: tractors, hand tractors, transplants, plant maintenance tools (hand sprayers and power weeder) and combine harvester. The problem faced by Gapoktan is the management of tool management, especially in maximizing revenue gains from managing these tools and machines. During this time Gapoktan has not been able to obtain an ideal profit, only in the break-even stage between business income and expenditure. Constraints on the extent of claim for each tool, equipment rental time, tool working hours, number of operators, operational costs, and rejuvenation costs for each tool still cannot be harmonized, so that it has not been able to achieve maximum profit. One effort to provide a solution to the problem in this study is the use of the Simplex Method which is one of the analysis of Linear Programing which aims to maximize the benefits of UPJA. The research method used is a quantitative method using Linear Programing analysis method using QM-For Windows V helper software. 5. The results showed that Linear Function for Z max objective function = 4.305.000X1 + 3.255.000X2 + 3.258.500X3 + 16,800,000X4, where X1, X2, X3, and X4 are Tractors, Tractor Hand, Transplanters, and Combine Harvester respectively. And the equation of the constraint function P1 (Land Area) = 60X1 + 120X2 + 56X3 + 120X4 < = 9408, P2 (Rental Time) = 240X1 + 240X2 + 240X3 + 240X4 < = 1448, P3 (Tool Hours) = 56X1 + 120X2 + 56X3 + 120X4 < = 1448, P4 (Number of Operators) = X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 + 4X4 < = 10, P5 (Operating Costs) = 290000X1 + 290000X2 + 835000X3 + 800000X4 < = 38545000, P6 (Equipment Rejuvenation Costs) = 123000X1 + 93000X2 + 199500X3 + 240000X4 < = 11836500. Conclusion, after optimization, solutions of solutions X1, X2, X3, and X4 are 4.71, 0, 0, and 1.32, the total overall profit obtained by the Gapoktan Rejo Asri from the UPJA is Rp. 42,494,670., - for one planting season (MT) and for the Cropping Index in Seputih Raman Sub-district, 2 is made in one year is Rp. 84,989,340, - assuming profitability is in accordance with the objective function and the same constraint function.

The purpose of this study was to design a microcontroller based automatic plant watering system. The method used was an experimental method using two sensors, i.e. soil moisture sensor (measure soil moisture) and ultrasonic sensors (measure the distance of rotary direction regulator for DC motors). Arduino board is preferable as the main controller due to its simplicity. Tool testing was conducted through trials on soil samples and performance tests when the tool was operating. The parameters observed were solar intensity (Lux), ambient temperature (°C), RH (%), water discharge (ml/s), DC motor axis rotation (rpm), AC and DC voltage (Volt), and soil moisture (%). The tool testing showed that the designed watering system could works properly with less than 10% MAPE. When the sensor read the soil moisture value below 70% setting point, the pump and DC motor were turned on. Whereas, when the soil moisture value achieved 80% setting point, the pump and DC motor were turned off. Performance test was conducted for three days of observation. The founding shows that the designed automatic watering system could successfully provide as much as 2.52 litre of water during approximately 6 minutes of watering period.

Mechanical dryer usually using heat from combustion and air is blown through heater to the product dried. This study was conducted used a vertical dryer. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of air temperature to drying rate and drying efficiency. The variation of the temperature used were 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C with a tolerance of ± 1 °C with a constant mass of 20kg. The result of this study showed that the higher the dryer air temperature used, the faster the drying rate and drying time. It was found that the fastest drying rate for 60°C was 0.00033804 kg/s with drying time 70 minutes. While for temperature of 50°C found the longest drying rate of to reach a moisture content of 13.8% of 0.00022571 kg/s with constant air velocity of 5 m/s. The highest dried efficiency occurs at a temperature 60°C.

This study aims to determine the heat produced from the heating system of the fluidized bed dryer on corn drying process and to calculate the thermal efficiency of the heating system. The method used was experimental with three variables of biomass of 3.5 kg, 4 kg and 5 kg. The corn initial moisture content of around 22% is used and the heating equipment used are a biomass furnace and heater. The parameters in this study are temperature, material moisture content, and thermal efficiency of heating system and biomass furnace. The biggest thermal efficiency of heating system at air velocity 12.19 m/s and material mass of 3.5 kg at 14.93%. The value of thermal efficiency of the largest biomass furnace system at air velocity 12.19 m/s and 3.5 kg material mass of 74.68%.

Snake-Head Fish bone is one of the fishery wastes that is potentially used as the raw material for calcium supplement products. In order to make the calcium products easily absorbed and utilized rapidly by human body, supplement products need to be made in nano form. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of the sonication time in the production of Snake-Head Fish bone nano calcium on the physical profile of the resulted nano calcium, and to obtain the best sonication time. The development of nanocalcium utilized sonication method with 405 Powersonic Ultrasonic Cleaner. The result showed that the best particle size distribution was found on 45 minutes sonication treatment which was 842.3 nm with the highest particle size ranging from 461,6 to 487,5 nm. The average value of the polydispersity index is 1.527. The yield of nano calcium produced from whole fish is 1.331%. The resulting nano calcium has an average white degree of 86.622% and average density of 0.73 g / ml. Some other mineral content also showed a not significant difference.

This study aims to test three different storage tanks (mechanical cooler, Styrofoam box, and bucket) of nutrient solution to cultivate three Brassica vegetables (pak coi, mustard green, and kai lan) in a DFT system. Randomized Complete Block (RCB) used consisted of a single treatment with 3 levels (the three vegetables) and 3 blocks (the three containers). The parameters observed in this study included air (temperature and RH), nutrient solution (temperature, pH, EC, evapotranspiration), plant (height, number of leaves, plant weight, and ash content). Air temperature and relative humidity were recorded using a data logger with delay time of 15 minutes. Daily pH and EC of nutrient solution were measured by using a TDS and pH meter. Evaporation and plant height was measured by using a rule, number of leaves was counted, and the rest were measured gravimetrically at the harvest time. The results showed that temperatures of the nutrient solutions were minimum of 15°C to maximum of 23-25°C (stored in the mechanical cooler), minimum of 24°C to maximum of 33-35°C (stored in Styrofoam box), and minimum of 24°C to maximum of 35°C (stored in the bucket). The nutrient temperature in the cooler was practically lower than that in Styrofoam box and bare bucket. Crops cultivated with nutrient solution stored in the cooler were the best for some parameters observed, followed by the crops cultured with nutrient solution stored in Styrofoam, and the worst was crops cultured in the nutrient solution stored in the bucket. Shoot fresh weights of harvested vegetables were 148.18±73.42 g plant⁻¹ from the cooler, 108.11±55.22 g plant⁻¹ from the Styrofoam box and 85.07±48.56 g plant⁻¹ from the bucket.

Thigh chicken meat is one of high fat contained foods (7.2%) compared to beef (6.8%) and lamb meat (4.9-5.2%) with high consumption levels. Consumption of high fat contained foods can cause cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke. Cardiovascular diseases causing 17.9 million people die or 31% from global deaths in 2016. The crude lipase enzyme extracted from coconut haustorium can efficiently hydrolyze chicken meat fat into free fatty acids and glycerol. This research was started by reducing the size of coconut haustorium, then mixed with chicken meat and buffers with formulation 1:10:40. After that, sample is reacted in water bath shaker with 200 rpm of agitation, (30, 40, 50, and 60)°C temperature, and (3, 6, 9, and 12) hours reaction time. The yield of this study was the highest reduction in chicken fat is treatment of 50°C for 6 hours that can decrease 60% of chicken fat. The highest cholesterol reduction was at a temperature of 60°C for 12 hours that can decrease 97% cholesterol.

Ohmic heating is considered as a novel technology for pasteurization. Ohmic heating rate is highly influenced by the electrical conductivity of the products. The heating rate and the stability of anthocyanin during ohmic heating need to be investigated in order to analyze the viability of ohmic heating for pasteurization of mulberry juice. Mulberry juice was heated using three different temperatures (80, 85 and 90°C) during 90 minutes. Electrical conductivity of mulberry juice increased from 0.014 Sm⁻¹ at the initial of heating (32°C) to 0.033 Sm⁻¹ at 90°C and the average heating rate was 0.568°C/s. The heating rate and electrical conductivity increased linearly with the increased in temperature. Degradation kinetic of anthocyanin followed the first order kinetic models with R² > 0.9. The k-value of anthocyanin degradation increases along with the increasing of temperature ranging from 8 – 15 × 10–³/min. Anthocyanin shows relatively high temperature dependence with 135.83 kJ/mol energy activation value. Based on the heating rates obtained from this study, ohmic heating could be used as an alternative pasteurization method for mulberry juice.

Gelatin basically is a pure protein food ingredient, obtained from thermal denaturation of collagen from animals. Gelatin is used as a stabilizer, gelling agent, binder, thickener, emulsifier, adhesive, whipping agent, and edible coating food wrap. Protein levels in fish skin determines the amount of collagen contained in the skin tissue, so the Rabbitsfish skin has a great potential as a source of collagen to be hydrolysed into gelatin. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of gelatin produced from Rabbitfish skin by enzymatic extraction as well as to determine the best treatment of combination of enzyme concentrations and extraction time. Gelatin production was carried out by hydrolysis using bromelain enzyme with concentration 1%, 1.5% and 2% with the extraction time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. The result obtained was gelatin with rendement ranging from 3,13% up to 5,83%, the water content ranged from 0,17% up to 3,56%, ash content 0,35% up to 3,65%, and protein levels ranged from 91% up to 94,72%. The chemical characteristics of gelatin from Rabbitfish skin have a yield of up to 6%, water content less than 6%, ash content less than 4% and protein content reaching 94%. The best treatment was obtained at 1% enzyme concentration and 4 hours extraction time, yielded gelatin with a protein content of 94,72%.

Transportation activity of agriculture's production inputs and products from farm to processing house or storage house is generally carried out on poor road condition. Therefore, a special vehicle that can transport the products and able to pass agricultural farm easily is needed. The objective of this research was to design the powertrain and turning system of six wheels agricultural transporter. The design criteria of this vehicle was as follow: load capacity 750 kg and vehicle's dimension fits to road class III criteria. The main components of powertrain system and turning mechanism were chassis, engine, gearbox, chain, sprocket, shaft, disc brake and tire wheels. The method of this research followed the common procedure of machine design process and continued to manufacturing and testing. The performance test showed that maximum forward speed without carrying load was 7.8 kmh⁻¹ and with maximum load was 6.6 kmh⁻¹. The smallest 180° turning radius was 3.5 m at engine speed of 3500 rpm which occurred when vehicle without carrying load.

This research aimed to determine the effect of adding sulfuric acid to the synthesis of sulfated oil from palm oil to the chemical properties of the resulting sulfated oil. The research method is the synthesis of sulfated oil from bulk palm oil, with a 98% H₂SO₄ emulsifier technically. The addition of H₂SO₄ varied with successive number of 10; 12.5; 15; 17.5; 20; 22.5 and 25% with sulphation time for 3 (three) hours. The resulting sulfated oil was chemically tested including water content, oil content, total alkalinity, saponification number, ash content, and SO₃ levels are bound. The results showed that there was an effect of adding H₂SO₄ to the synthesis of oil sulfated. The addition of 25% H₂SO₄ is the best compared to other samples. Sulfated oil obtained by its solubility in water is more stable than other samples. The chemical properties of the sulfur oil produced have a water content of 6.47%; oil content of 81.28%; total alkalinity of 0.25%; and ash content of 2.77%; meet the requirements IS: 6357-1971, specifications of sulfated oil for leather.

The limed fleshing is generated in the beam house process, is the largest amount of waste, rots easily and causes a pungent smell that pollutes the environment. The use of limed fleshing in fatliquor is an effort to suppress the occurrence of pollution. The purpose of this study is to determine the physico-chemical properties of fatliquor from limed fleshing. Delimed fleshing with ammonium sulfate and water on a rotating drum. Fat was extracted from delimed fleshing using the wet rendering method and purified using n-hexane. The fat from delimed fleshing was characterized and then processed into a fatliquor. The fatliquors is prepared by reacting fat with aqueous sodium bisulfite (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mol/kg based on fatty matters) at a temperature of 85° C for 2 hours. The results showed that fat from limed fleshing can be used to produce fatliquors substances. Based on the physico-chemical properties, the best fatliquors agent is prepared by treating sodium bisulfite with 2.0 mol/kg based on fatty matters.

Governance of agricultural waste and potential environmental problems such as pollution, damage ecosystems, degradation and depletion of natural resources in rural areas require serious attention from the Government. The benefits of the study Model of Agro-Eco-Village as an ingredient in the preparation of innovation, research and development, as well as input document a long term development plan in Indonesia period 2020-2025. The purpose of the study is to formulate of Model of agro-eco-village by using Interpretative Structural Modeling for improving sustainable development. Method study of using Interpretative Structural analysis Modeling (ISM). This method uses expert judgment in data retrieval. Final results showed the consistency of the reachability of expert opinions (93-100) %. The ISM method result as the key institutional at the village is Farmer-owned enterprise or business entity belonging to the Village. The key purpose is the farm activity monitoring is driven to produce low carbon. The required changes are activities to recycle agricultural biomass resources and strengthening of the system of rural agribusiness. The affected sectors of society are the Farm Worker and Farm Tourism. As the key indicator is the increased exchange rate of the farmer, and the key constraints are the regulation of rural water resources governance.

To feed the increasing world population, the demand for food and consequently irrigation water is predicted to increase in the future. However, the amount of water available for agriculture is increasingly becoming uncertain in the face of global climate change. Therefore, improvement in water productivity is necessary for sustainable production of crops such as rice. Water productivity varies across regions and across fields within a region, and is dependent on several factors such as crop patterns, climate patterns, irrigation technology and field water management, land and infrastructure, and other inputs, including labor, fertilizer, and machinery. The objective of this study was to estimate water supply and demand in Sumani watershed, a primary rice-producing region, to analyze water productivity for sustainable rice production. Approximately 30% of the area in Sumaniis paddy fields, which depend on the availability of water resources. In this area. Approximately 67% of the rice fields are cultivated three times a year. In general, the planting schedule of rice is divided into three periods: main planting season (wet season), Gadu planting season (planting in the end of wet season and harvesting in the dry season), and dry planting season. Although the planting schedules are not uniform, we assumed these as uniform, to simplify the analysis, by using majority cropping schedule in the study site. To ensure water availability in the dry season, four types of irrigation systems were used: technical irrigation (TI), semi-technical irrigation (STI), simple irrigation (SI), and non-government irrigation (NGI). The results showed thatdepending on the planting season and irrigation system, water productivity varied from 0.33 kg/m³ in the Gadu season in areas irrigated by the SI and NGI systems to 0.73 kg/m³ in the wet season in area irrigated by the TI system. The average water productivity in the study area was 0.53kg/m³. Water productivity in this study area was lower than the average water productivity in other rice production areas in Java and Bali.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the amount of oil on the manufacture of chrome-aldehyde combination leather on the quality of the skin. Goat pickle skin tanned by combination of chrome - aldehyde with variations of oil 2%, 4% and 6%, difinish with batik and stamp batik. Finishing with batik, the skin was previously drawn with a pencil on the nerf part in accordance with the desired motif, then batik according to the motif with batik wax heated 60 - 70°C on the skin that has been patterned using canting. For stamped batik skin, batik uses a copper stamp and is also attached to the skin on the nerf. Furthermore, the skin is coloured according to taste and removed from the wax uses batik wax that is rubbed on the waxed skin until the candle is released, then coloured again according to taste and in lacquers. Batik skin was then physically tested, FTIR tested and skin morphology Physical test results show that the best oil use is 6% and FTIR test results, the groups in the skin of batik are C = C, C-N, and R2C = CH2. While the results of morphological testing of batik skin remain solid and when compared with the physical test the tensile strength remains high and low elongation.

Unstructured agricultural field environment and varying jobs need to be done by a tractor bring the autonomous tractor subjected into the changes of its system dynamics. Due to this condition, development of autonomous tractor yaw rate dynamics control system is a challenging study. An observer based optimal controller is employed to control the autonomous tractor yaw rate dynamics control system in this simulation study. Linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is used as the optimal control algorithm, while the Kalman-Bucy filter is used as the state observer of the autonomous tractor. This Kalman based LQR method works by combination of optimization and state estimation approaches. Based on the proposed method, the LQR controller provides satisfactory yaw rate controller results. The yaw rate estimation error which is ranged at ± 0.05 deg/sec proves that Kalman-Bucy filter provides satisfactory estimation results.

Rainfall data is one component that is widely used in research related to hydrology. Including in implementation of zero run-off system on cocoa land. However, the current source of rainfall data is sometimes incomplete. For that it is needed a rain gauge that is able to provide real-time measurements at certain locations. This tool was developed using the AquaPlumb^® water level sensor. Testing is done by measuring the water level in a 2-inch pipe. The sensor is able to detect changes in surface height with a coefficient of determination of more than 98%.

The decline quality of land of cocoa plantations mainly due to erosion by run off. The application of the Zero Run-off system can reduce rill erosion by eliminating surface runoff. The study was conducted to get the dimensions and layout of the system of Zero Run-Off is effective in improving infiltration so there is no runoff. Dimensions of the system is designed using the water balance approach, where all runoff accommodated in the zero Run- off system then infiltrated. Surface runoff calculated by the method of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). Potential rate of water inflow into the soil is a function of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the surface area of the system. Soil hydraulic conductivity is determined by the falling head method. Dimensions of the system known through a simulation model based on the physical condition data of field using a dynamic model. The simulation results show that the dimensions of the system are required to enter the entire runoff into the ground in the form of infiltration is a function of rainfall, catchment area and the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Using this data, the dimensions and position of the systems zero run-off can be determined accurately. For the conditions of research sites, the whole wet surface area of the system at 5 x 106 mm2 per m2. With a broad measure of the volume of water present in the systems of 0 to 0.0000055 m3, so that the system depths of 1,000 mm, then there is no runoff occurs.

Coffee is one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world. Data from International Coffee Organization (ICO) indicate that total world production increased from 8.945 million metric tons in 2014 to 9.126 million metric tons in 2015, 9.462 million metric tons in 2016, and 9.580 million metric tons in 2017. Data from ICO also show that coffee is commercially cultivated in 56 countries and Indonesia with total production of about 720 thousand tons in 2017 was the fourth largest producer after Brazil (3.06 million tons), Vietnam (1.77 million tons), and Colombia (840 thousand tons). To increase the economic value of this commodity, the quality of coffee bean must be improved through both agronomic and postharvest aspects. This study was designed to develop a new ohmic-based fermentation technology for coffee cherry to improve flavor quality of coffee beans. Results of this study indicate that this technology can produce coffee with cup-test scores ranging from 84.38 to 86.88 with an average score of 85.713. This score is higher than the cup test score of Indonesia civet coffee (luwak coffee) reported by several researchers. Therefore, application of ohmic heating based technology for coffee fermentation can significantly improve flavor quality of coffee beans.

Apples are an important source of polyphenolic and most popular fruits worldwide. Due to their phenolic content, consuming apple in a diet tend to low risk and prevention some chronic diseases. The main enzyme is responsible for quality loss, which are affecting by phenolic degradation, are polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX). PPO and POX are correlated to the rate of browning with substrate content and enzyme activity. The objective of this research was to investigate the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) activity in different apple cultivars. Apples Gravin Goldach, Bay 4152, Sonnen Glanz, Gala Mitslugla apples were obtained from an orchad of Hohere Bundeslehranstalt und das Bundesamt fur Wein und Obstbau in Klosterneuburg, Vienna, Austria, then Apple from each cultivar was cut and separated in two parts, peel with seed (red flesh) and peel without seed (white flesh), then PPO and POX were determined. The results showed that tThe highest PPO activity is presented by red flesh of Bay 4152 cultivar, whereas the lowest detected in red flesh Gala Mitslugla. PPO activity on apple flesh of red Bay 4152, white Sonnen Glanz, red gravin Goldach and red Gala Mitslugla were 5.01E+04, 4.79+04, 3.17+04 and 1.91E+04 ΔE/S/Kg protein, respectively. PPO activity on apple flesh was not affected by white or red colour. The highest POX activity was found in red flesh of Sonnen Glanz cultivar, whereas the lowest value was presented in white flesh of Gravin Goldach cultivar varied from 1.07E+05 to 7.68E+04 ΔE/S/Kg protein. In all different flesh of apple cultivars showed that the high or low POX activity was not resulted by the red or white flesh coloured. POX is much higher than PPO activity of all cultivars. Result will provide to maintain the phenolic related quality loss and to improve new processing method.

Increase of CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere has increasingly become an issue as it causes global warming. Such an increase is partly brought about by change in land use and land cover. The research is aimed at identifying type of cropping system in smallholder coffee plantation in Tana Toraja district that provide the best CO₂ sequestration. The CO₂ sequestration were analysed by sampling the CO₂ content of plant biomass, plant residues, stems, soil organic matters, and undercover plants at varieties of coffee cropping system in Rante Deata village. The best CO₂ sequestration is the cropping system of coffee with Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) as shading plant (231.25 MT CO₂ ha-1), followed by the intercrop of cocoa and coffee with Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and suren (Toona sureni) as shading plant (198.55 MT CO₂ ha-1). The least CO₂ sequestration is obtained at the cropping system of coffee – clove intercrop without shading plant (137.44 MT CO₂ ha-1).

The cocoa bean shell (CBS) is a valuable by-product obtained from the chocolate industry. It is rich in protein, minerals, ash and some valuable bioactive compounds. One of the post-harvest processes affecting the mineral contents in CBS is fermentation. The purpose of this study is to determine the mineral contents in CBS of Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, and MCC 02 clones for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h of fermentation. Method analysis was used Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Research will be conducted at the Laboratory of Chemical and Microbiology Testing, Center for Plantation Based Industry. The results showed that types of clones, fermentation time, and their interaction affect mineral contents in CBS. The highest mineral contents of CBS were Ca in Sulawesi 2 clone (48 h), Mg (96 h) and Na (48 h) in Sulawesi 1 clone, while K (24 h) and Zn (120 h) in MCC 02 clone. Total mineral contents of CBS were significantly affected by fermentation and types of clones.

Kapok is a source of natural fiber in addition to cotton, which availability is abundant and contain high cellulose but not been utilized optimally. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions of sulfuric acid concentration and hydrolysis time in the production process of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from kapok fiber. The research was conducted in several stages, namely the delignification with alkali hydrothermal, bleaching with alkaline hydrogen peroxide agents, isolation with sulfuric acid solutions, and NCC characterization. The optimization used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD), which consisted of two factors, namely H₂SO₄ concentration and hydrolysis time. The optimized parameter was the crystallinity degree of the NCC. NCC characterization included functional group analysis with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), surface profiles and dimensions by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the optimum condition of NCC isolation from kapok fiber was obtained at 54.46% (b/b) H₂SO₄ with hydrolysis time of 48.96 minutes, resulting in a maximum degree of crystallinity of 71.8%. The hydrolysis process with H₂SO₄ caused a change in the NCC functional group. NCC had a diameter of about 11.2 ± 2.63 nm and high thermal stability that potential for various composite materials

The stages of post-harvest processing have a very large influence on the yield and quality of rice produced. At the time of grinding grain, the high nutritional content in husks and bran are often wasted and used as animal feed. Through the process of germination of grain, the nutrient content in husks and bran can be used to increase the nutritional content of rice. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of grain immersion and germination on the quality of rice produced. The method of this research was germinating grains by variation of soaking and incubation time. The duration of grain soaking, 12, 18, and 24 hours and incubation time period, 18, 24, and 30 hours. The parameters of this research, including ash content, protein, thiamin, and mineral content such as Fe and Mg. The data of this research was processed and tested by complete randomized design with one factorial. The result showed, ash and protein content of rice was a significantly different at 5% level on each treatment. For other parameters, thiamin was significantly different at 1% level on each treatment. The best treatment during the germinating grains process towards the quality of rice was soaking at 12 hours and incubation time 30 hours with length of grain sprout was 1 cm.

Molecular sex determination is an effective solution to determine sex because it can be done early in the growing phase of a bird and the results are more accurate. Molecular sex determination is carried out based on the chromodomain helicase DNA binding (CHD) gene by using NP, P2, and MP primers. The purpose of this study was to determine the sex of peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) by detecting the intron size of the CHD gene on the Z chromosome and W chromosome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA samples were isolated from feathers of 14 lovebirds belonging to bird owners, which was sent to the Biochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Amplification of the CHD gene using PCR techniques with NP, P2, MP primers electrophoresed with agarose gel 2,5%. Visualization under UV Transilluminator with a wavelength of 280 nm produce an amplicon as long as about 300-400 bp with males showing a single DNA band (ZZ) and females showing a double DNA band (ZW). Based on the electrophoresis results, it showed eight females and six males in 14 samples of lovebird used.

Intensive use of paddy fields will cause a decrease in the fertility of the land and to reduce the content of organic matter in soil. Organic content in the soil affects the soil's ability to bind water and the efficiency of fertilizer absorption by plants. It's as well as an important source of nutrients for plants [1]. On the other hand, the continuous use of chemical fertilizers will result in environmental pollution even though fertilization is one of the important things to increase production. Organic fertilizer applicator technology is able to fertilize quickly and precisely. The use of organic fertilizer alike compost has positive effect on physical and mechanical properties of the soil [1] and use of organic fertilizers as soil conditioner can increase soil organic matter content so as to maintain and increase the fertility of agricultural land. Fertilization using technology in the form of an organic fertilizer applicator is expected to maximize plant growth so that it can increase rice production. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of the application of organic fertilizer on rice fields. This applicator uses a conveyor belt as metering device, so that the power for the operation of the applicator comes from the wheel rotation and chain transmission. The results show that the applicator can function well. The factors that influence the magnitude of efficiency include the speed and proficiency of the operator.

With decreasing fossil oil reserve, alternative plant-based fuel become more important. One of the source of such fuel is kemiri sunan (rutealis trisperma). Kemiri sunan has an advantage that it is not competing for food use. Biodiesel from kemiri sunan needs to be tested on diesel engine. The objective of this research was to test the performance of a diesel engine with a mixture of biodiesel from kemiri sunan and fossil-based diesel fuel. This study was conducted in an experimental-decriptive manner by using several level of mixture of biodiesel from 0% (B-0) to 70% (B-70) using dynamometer. Measured parameter were torsion, power, fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and flue gas emission. Experimental results showed that biodiesel from Kemiri sunan can be used in unmodified, conventional diesel engine with maximum content of 20% (B20).

Rasping is the most frequently useful method to disintegrate or to break down the cellular structure of sago pith for mechanical processing. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hopper angle and teeth density on rasping performance of cylinder type sago rasping machine. In the experiment, three levels of hopper angle i.e. 0° (H1), 22.5° (H2) and 45° (H3) and three levels of teeth density i.e. 2.2 cm × 4 cm (D1), 2.2 cm × 3 cm (D2), and 2.2 cm × 2 cm (D3) were examined. The rasping performance test was carried out by measuring rasping capacity, starch percentage, and starch yield. The experimental results showed that the combination of hopper angle and teeth density significantly affected rasping capacity and starch yield, but did not affect the starch percentage. The highest rasping capacity (1891 kg/hour) and the highest starch yield (790 kg) were resulted under experimental condition of teeth density 2.2 cm x 3 cm with hopper angle of 22.5 degree. In conclusion, the optimum condition to achieve highest rasping performance was teeth density 2.2 cm x 3 cm with hopper angle 22.5°.