Table of contents

INTRODUCTION OF ICOBIO 2017

Our knowledge in biology has allowed us to achieve a better understanding of many biological phenomena and their application or exploitation in agriculture, food safety and security, industrial, medical, and environmental conservation. However, advances in applied biology can also produce some negative implications, such as reducing biodiversity, the imbalance in food sources, the development of new agents of infection, and the lack of understanding of non-infectious diseases or metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, the presence of the interdisciplinary sciences such as molecular biology, bioinformatics, bio-nanotechnology, stem cells and even the relationship between biological and social biosciences, will be very useful to help us in creating a better world. Advances in biology will be able to expand our views to be unique individuals and appreciate human biodiversity to live in peace and harmony.

The International Conference on Biosciences (ICoBio) is an international conference organized by the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia and is held continuously every two years (bianually). The ICoBio 2017 is the second one taking the theme "From Genes to Ecosystems". It is held at IPB International Convention Center Bogor from August 8-10, 2017. This conference is intended to gain insight into current trends in research and teaching related to biology, such as interdisciplinary approaches that are important for understanding the biology and its applications. Moreover, to encourage the formation of networks between biologists and relevant stakeholders to accelerate our efforts to understand the biological phenomena and their applications.

The ICoBio 2017 is attended by participants from several countries including Malaysia, Thailand, South Korea, India and Indonesia. The ICoBio 2017 topic is divided into six main groups focusing on Molecular and Cellular Biology (Group 1), Genetics and Biotechnology (Group 2), Physiology, Behaviour and Development (Group 3), Ecology, Biodiversity, and Conservation (Group 4), Biomedicine and Health (Group 5), Bioprospecting and Applied Biosciences (Group 6).

List of Steering Committe, Organizing Committee (Bogor Agricultural University) and Scientific Editors are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The effectiveness of biofertilizer is influenced by the type of microbial constituent and the carrier media. This study is aimed to determine the effect of carrier media on microbial viability, mustard growth and productivity, and the type of carrier media with the best response to mustard. This study used three kinds of carrier media, consisting of molasses, rice water, and sucrose. Microbes used were Candida G3.2 and W3.8, with the addition of Azotobacter A10. The results showed that all biofertilizer carrier media improved microbial viability, with the highest TPC which was obtained by rice water with the value of 1.19x10¹⁴ cfu/ml, sucrose with the value of 1.18x10¹⁴ cfu/ml and molasses with the value of 9.65x10¹³ cfu/ml at 7 days of incubation times. Biofertilizer carrier media also gave the positive effect that was indicated by the increase of mustard growth and productivity. Molasses is the best carrier media that provides a high response in mustard growth and productivity, with the value of plant height which is 24.250 cm, the number of the leaf is 5.250, the leaf area is 2959.8 mm² and the dry weight is 3.90 gram.

Banana is one of the most important fruit commoditiesand extensively used as raw material in local food industries. Unfortunately, the poor handling during postharvest storage often leads to sharp decrease in the qualities and quantities of banana fruits that are not acceptable to the market standards. Hence, this research aimed to investigate an alternative method for postharvest handling of banana, which is practical at low-cost. In this research, we tested the effects of chitosan coating and application of bamboo Fruit Storage Chamber (FSC) to delay ripening. Two kilograms of banana were placed in two tier FSCto determine its effect on fruit ripening process. Physical, physiological, sensory quality and ripening related (MaACO and MaACS1) genes expression levels were studied during nine days of the ripening process. The results showed that the total soluble solids (TSS), weight loss, and pulp to peel ratio of the control were higher than the FSC treated bananas. In addition, the level of MaACO and MaACS1 genes expression in FSC treated bananas is also lower than in control. These results indicated that FSC treatment was able to delay the ripening of bananas by two dayslaterthan control.

Virgin coconut oil from fermented lactic acid bacteria (VCO-LAB) was said to be oil with good characteristic of physicochemical and bioactivity among other coconut oils, but it has not been scientifically proven. The aimed of this study was to compare the characteristic of physicochemical and bioactivity of heavy metal chelating capacity and antibacterial activity on VCO-LAB with centrifugation (commercial VCO) and heating (traditional oil). Based on the physicochemical test, VCO-LAB has scent like a rancid coconut and there was no significant difference between VCO-LAB with commercial VCO and traditional oil. VCO-LAB has the weakest of heavy metal chelating capacity with value 49.87%. VCO-LAB has moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Stapylococcus aureus with antibacterial activity 28.03% and 40.76% compared o-chloramphenicol as positive control.

This research was conducted to determine antioxidant and antibacterial activities of several fractions from Crescentia cujete L. stem bark extract. The powdered stem bark of this plant was extracted by ethanol solvent and then separated by liquid-liquid extraction. The results of this separation were n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. Antioxidant compounds were identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)–autographic assay using 0.02% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH method, while antibacterial activity was evaluated using TLC-bioautographic and agar disc diffusion methods. The results showed that antioxidant compounds were found in all fractions, with the highest chemical constituents was in dichloromethane fraction. The antioxidant activity of dichloromethane fraction was the highest of all fractions with IC₅₀ value of 95.83±19.64 µg/mL, while ethyl acetate fraction was the lowest activity with IC₅₀ value of 174.56±21.93 µg/mL. The antibacterial assay indicated that water fraction could inhibit Escherichia coli growth with inhibition diameter zone (IDZ) of 2.36±1.11 mm. However, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions could suppress Staphylococcus aureus growth with IDZs of 2.72±0.30 mm and 4.89±0.72 mm, respectively. Further analysis with TLC-bioautography on dichloromethane fraction showed three compounds with Rf values of 0.88, 0.84, and 0.78 have antibacterial activity.

Recent studies indicate that many plant species have ability to adapt to environmental stress because of their association with microbes. The aim of the research is to explore and to characterize bacterial endophyte and rhizoplane from endemic plants of the Java coastal area that induced salt tolerance in agricultural crops. Among the 1358 isolates of salt tolerant bacteria that have been isolated from 218 of different costal plants showed that 108 isolates of bacterial rhizoplane, 87 isolates of bacterial root endophytes and 35 isolates of bacterial leaf endophyte have the ability to promote rice seedling growth. An amount of 33 isolates with vigor index (VI) value more than 1200 were tested at different levels of NaCl concentration (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). Fifteen bacterial isolates significantly increased VI value of rice seedling by up to 50% over uninoculated control at NaCl concentration more than 100 mM. Characterization of these 33 isolates revealed 32 isolates degraded pectin, 26 isolates produced indole acetic acid (IAA), 18 isolates solubilized phosphate, 15 isolates showed 1aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, 11 isolates produced hidrogene cyanide (HCN).

Many researches in biomedicine had been done in Indonesia, but only a few research results go downstream or applied in the industry. Mapping the potency of research downstream in biomedicine is carried out by classifying research outputs in biomedicine. One of the research outputs that can be used and easy to get is research publications. An effective and efficient classification of biomedicine research can be done using a computerized predictive model based on text mining of research publications. The objective of this study is to introduce a conceptual model in classification of biomedicine research based on research publications. The model of classification is defined based on findings in in-depth interview with researchers and industries about biomedicine discovery process, and a literature study. The relation of the classification model with the technology readiness level (TRL) model is analyzed by mapping. This conceptual model of classification of publication in biomedicine research to research downstream potency, developed as part of a research framework to build a computerized predictive model based on research publications.

Cancer is a serious of health problem. Anticancer agent discovery is currently directed toward natural resources, including the edible mushrooms. The purpose of this research was to obtain the edible mushroom extract and to evaluate the bioactivity of the extracts in inhibiting the proliferation of colorectal cancer cell line (HCT-116) using MTT-based cytotoxicity assay. This experimental study was performed using 2 factorial Randomized Complete Design, where the first factor was the mushroom species i.e. Lyophyllum shimeji and Pleurotus ostreatus, while the second factor was concentration of the extract i.e. 0 (control), 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm. In this study, the proliferation inhibition percentage of HCT-116 cell line was measured and then analyzed by probit to determine the IC₅₀ value. The results showed mushrooms extract were cytotoxic for HCT-116 cell line, but only the concentration factor that influenced the proliferation inhibition of HCT-116 cell line. IC₅₀ values from shimeji and white oyster mushrooms extracts were 111.09 and 239.46 ppm, respectively. Thus, shimeji mushroom extract was more effective for proliferation inhibition HCT-116 cell line and potentially developed as natural anti-colorectal cancer in the future' drugs discovery.

Knowledge and the use of medicinal plants by the local community is quite a lot in Indonesia. However, local knowledge about medicinal plants from Batak Mandailing and Nias communities in North Sumatra is still rare. The research objective was to explore local knowledge using medicinal plants in several villages in Batang Toru and surrounding areas, South Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province. The methods used were including open discussion and direct field observation. To better assess the extractive activities and the utilization of the plant diversity by the local people, an index of cultural significance (ICS) analysis was employed. The results recorded at least 110 plant species, including 93 genera and 49 families as medicinal plants for 40 types of diseases. Plants found to be utilized as medicinal plants in single or more plant species. Among the medicinal plants used by the community were Acorus calamus, Styrax benzoin, and Zingiber officinale and a kind of mushroom (Lignosus sp.). The ICS analysis for the potential value of each species showed that hunik (Curcuma longa) was the most important species and well utilized by local community in the Batang Toru area.

Bacterial endophytes live in plant tissue and produce secondary metabolites that potentially have antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this research was to determine the beneficial role of endophytic bacteria isolated from three different local plants namely, TemuIreng (Curcuma aeruginosa), Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and TemuPutih (Curcuma zedoaria) as the potent antibacterial agent against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii. The study used descriptive method that includes isolation, identification of bacterial endophytes and their biological activity as antibacterial. A total of six endophytic bacteria have been successfully isolated and identified from the three different plants. They were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus cereus from TemuIreng, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Lysinibacillus sphaericus from Temulawak, as well as Bacillus sp.1 and Bacillus sp.2 from TemuPutih. Antibacterial activity test showed that B. amyloliquefaciens from Temulawak exhibited 16 and 8 mm inhibition zone against MRSA and K. pneumonia bacteria, respectively. Whereas Bacillus sp.1 and Bacillus sp.2 from TemuPutih can only inhibit K. pneumoniae bacteria with 7 mm inhibitory zone.

The use of TBT (Tributyltin) as a mixture of antifouling compounds in ship paint has been banned since 2001, and the use of Natural Product Antifoulant (NPA) as a substitute continues to be made by utilizing many resources. Durio zibethinus is one of the plants suspected of having antifouling compounds, so it needs to be explored its potential as an NPA with field test mechanism on ship plates for 28 days. The result of phytochemical screening test showed that extract of the skin of D. zibethinus positive contains secondary metabolite compound Alkaloid, Terpenoid, Tannin, Flavonoid, and Saponin. Field test results show that D. zibethinus extract has an effect on the area of adhesion and biomass biofouling. In the fourth week of the experiment, the biofouling attachment was recorded at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm respectively 66.1%, 62.1%, 60.9%, 54.2%, and 47.8 %. As for biomass biofouling recorded 36.6 g, 30.3 g, 20.4 g, 9.6 g and 8.9 g. The identified species of biofouling are only one species of Balanus amphitrite.

Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) or Stream Toad is widely distributed in Southeast Asia region including Thailand. 41 samples from 3 localities, i.e., Ngao Waterfall National Park, Khao Chong Wildlife Development and Conservation Promotion Station and Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary in peninsular Thailand were examined the morphological variation by external morphology observation (Binomial test) and morphometric analysis (ANOVA analysis). There are 5 from 15 morphological characters show significantly different among localities. Moreover, the morphometric analyses showed 8 significant characters from 16 morphometric characters which emphasize the shape variation among localities. Furthermore, the discriminant analysis shows samples from Khao Chong Wildlife Development and Conservation Promotion Station and Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary are high homogeneity than samples from Ngao waterfall National park. Then, as the variation in morphology of Ingerophrynus parvus occur, the sharing morphological characters are still remaining among populations in the same time. Therefore, the requirement of specifically in microhabitat and the poor ability of dispersion among the toad populations, cooperate with the isolated mountain ranges might act as the barriers and disrupted sharing gene pool among localities, which cause diversity in morphological characters through time.

Many biological production systems depend on regulating services performed by insects for economic benefits, and coffee (Coffea arabica L.) production system is one of them. On the other hand, coffee plantation makes a good habitat for insects communities, especially direct and indirect pollinator insects. A study focused on the community structure and the diversity of "direct and indirect"pollinator insects has been carried out in coffee plantation located in West Bandung Regency, West Java. The main objectives of the study were to elucidate pollinator insect community's structure, diversity, and relationship between insects distribution along some measured environmental factors. A field survey combining a number of transects and sampling techniques were performed using netting, pan traps, and Malaise traps. Fifty species of 30 families and four ordersofinsects directly and indirectly involved in flower pollinationwere identified. The Diversity and Species Richness Indices indicatedhigh value (H' = 3,30; R=8,18). Species Evenness Indexshowed an evenly distributed species (E' = 0,84);Species Similarity Index showed a moderate diversity (Cs=0,58). The ordination analysis suggested that some abiotic parameters such as altitude, wind, air temperature, air humidity, and light intensity were importantenvironmental factors affecting the occurrence of pollinator insects in coffee plantation.

The diversity of Mangifera in Southern Sumatra has not been thoroughly explored and studied. On the other hand, diversity of the existing Mangifera species is threatened with extinction due to the decline of their natural habitat in forest areas. This condition will automatically cause disappearance of Mangifera information, whereas the diversity has not been well identified and still being unclear upon its species stations. The purpose of this study was to reconstruct Mangifera relationship based on the sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) at the ITS region. DNA isolation of Mangifera leaf used CTAB method with slight modifications. DNA sequencing was conducted at First Base Laboratories, Malaysia. The reconstruction used PAUP program* Version 4.0b10 in both maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor joining (NJ) methods. Cladogram by MP analysis formed a monophyletic clad with two main clads. The first clad consisted of M. foetida1, M. foetida2, M. foetida3, M. odorata, M. kemanga1, M. indica1, M. indica2, M. zeylanica and M. lalijiwa; and the second clad consisted of M. torquenda, M. quadrifides and M. kemanga2. Cladogram by NJ analysis strongly supported MP analysis and revealed that M.indica2 has the longest genetic distance compared to other species.

Castanopsis buruana Miq. is one of the important species, growing in Indonesian lowland forest. The plant is used as source of wood and highly nutritious nuts. Castanopsis is reported to be associated with ectomycorrhiza, although the C. buruana Miq. which grows in Indonesian tropical rain forest has not been known for its ectomycorrhiza status. The objective of this research was to study the ectomycorrhiza status of C. buruana Miq. which grows in Sulawesi forest as endemic species. Samples were collected from C. buruana Miq. in Grand Forest Park Nipa-Nipa, Kendari. Collection of samples in the field was conducted with line transect technique using root tracing method. Ectomycorrhiza morphotype, root anatomy and root colonization analyses used method of Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, microtome and gridline intersection, respectively. Analysis results showed that roots of C. buruana Miq. formed eight different root tip morphotypes. Percentage of ectomycorrhiza colonization of the eight morphotypes varied and were categorized into 3 groups, namely <5%, 5-10% and > 50%. Unramified black root tip morphotype exhibites the highest colonization percentage (53,76%) compared to the others root tip morphotype observed.

Wings are the most interesting part for morphometric study in any species of insect, including honey bees. The geometric morphometric is a strong analytical method to identify the species of insect, therefore we used wing venations to explore the wing variations among five honey bee species in Indonesia, i.e. A. mellifera, A. cerana, A. dorsata, A. andreniformis, and A. koschevnikovi. We used Thin Plate Splin (TPS) software to conduct the landmark digitation on wing venation and geometric morphometric analysis based on the 19 anatomically points of venation through tpsdig2 and tpsRelw software to describe the variations of wing venations. Our result of Relative Warp ordination plot showed variations of wing venation of five honey bee species, particularly on the five points. Grid deformations show the difference patterns among the five species of honey bees as well. Moreover, based on phylogenetic tree by using Neighbour Joining approach, the morphometric geometric wings venation is also able to separate the species of honey bees; thus, a possibility method to differentiate the honey bee species in Indonesia.

Aquatic insects have important role in food web and can be used as bio-indicators in aquatic ecosystems. Each aquatic insect has different tolerance value to environment condition in which only few species can survive in polluted ecosystems. Thus, lakes condition can be evaluated by using aquatic insects. One of purpose of this study is to assess the water quality in four situ using aquatic insects community as biotic index. Insects and abiotic data were sampled once a month for five months (January, February, March, June, and July 2016) in Situ Gede Systems including Situ Gede (SG), Situ Panjang (SP) and Situ Burung (SB), compare with Situ LSI (SL) as an excluding the system. Twelve sampling points of littoral zone were selected in each situ. Insects were captured by filtering fifty-liter water of situ using net with 50 µm mesh size. Abiotic factors such as pH, temperature, DO, and turbidity of water measured at each situ. During the study period, aquatic insect community was represented by a total 598 individual from 14 families. Corixidae and Notonectidae were the most dominant family in all situ. Based on Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), all situ were fairly contaminated by organic compound.

Mandailing tribe is an Indonesian ethnic group who lives around the Batang Gadis National Park (BGNP), North Sumatra. This community have local knowledge about the environment including taxonomy of topography and water flow. This study aimed to reveal the ethnoecology knowledge of Mandailing tribe. The study was conducted in November 2015 in four villages around the BGNP, Sibanggor Jae, Hutabaringin Julu, Pastap Jae and Botung Village. Data was obtained through interviewing to informants in every village as well as survey in the field through emic and ethic approaches. The results showed that Mandailing tribe classified their environment into 6 lanscaps, harangan (forest), kobun (garden), saba (rice field), alaman (yard), huta (settlement) and aek (springs). There were 98 plant species in harangan, 93 plant species in kobun, 105 plant species in saba and 126 plant species in alaman that are utilized by Mandailing Tribe. Knowledge in environmental management including the implementation of terracing system in rice fields in areas of hills and the implementation of agroforestry systems on agricultural lands. The environmental knowledge of Mandailing tribe can be used as a recommendation in developing a policy around TNBG area that was mainly related to the management of conservation areas in the region.

Falcataria moluccana, commonly known as albizia or sengon, is a native plant of Maluku, New Guinea Island, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. Sengon trees are cultivated in many areas, including Java and Sumatra, mostly for raw material of plywood. Despite its importance for timber production, information regarding the insects associated with sengon saplings in Java is very limited. The objective of this study was to identify the insects associated with sengon saplings in Bogor. The study was conducted in Carangpulang village, Bogor, West Java. Observations of insect herbivores were made every 2 weeks between 14 and 32 weeks after planting. Fifty-one species of herbivorous insects from 26 families and 4 orders were collected from sengon saplings. Leaf eating insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera were the dominant herbivores. Three spot grass yellow butterfly, Eurema blanda (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae was the most abundant insect found on the saplings, causing heavy leaf damage.

Soil arthropods has an important role for guarding food web sustainability, so its diversity value usually exert a strong influence on the ecosystem balance. Understanding arthropods soil diversity become important in maintaining soil quality. This research aims to analyze arthropods diversity in different top soil level around mount Pangrango National Park, Cisarua Resort Bogor, West Java. Sample were collected by monolith (25cm x 25cm x10cm). Devided into 3 layers (A: 10-20 cm, B: 20-30 cm, and C: 30-40 cm) and collected from agriculture field, riverside area, primary forest, and secondery forest. A total 143 individualswere found consisting of 8 order and 19 family (Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Scarabaedae, Alycidae, Formicidae, Polydesmidae, Parasitidae, tenebrionidae, Scolytidae, Curculionidae, Ptiliidae, Scydmaenidae, Alycidae, Miridae, Antrodiaetidae, Arachnidae and Drosipilidae), Formicidae and Staphylinidae are dominant with respectively 58,7% and 18,9%. Various result in diversity, richness, eveness and dominance were showed in different vertical soil level. The highest Arthropods diversity index (1,49) found at riverside in the soil layer A. Diversity index on top soil level A (0-10 cm) all showed moderate level, B level (10-20 cm) showed two moderate and two low, C level (20-30 cm) showed one moderate and 3 low. Therefore, increasing soil depth showed increasing low level of arthropods diversity index

Butterfly and longhorn beetles have an important roles in forest ecosystems. Both of this insect have role as bioindicator of environment. So that the present of butterfly and longhorn beetles held gain value to keep the sustainability of ecosystem. Survey of this study were studied in protection area of PT Wana Hijau Pesaguan, Kalimantan Barat. The aim of this study to examine diversity of butterfly and longhorn beetles in protection areas. Butterfly were collected using sweeping net and longhorn beetles were collected using Arthocarpus trap. The datas were collected from three different areas of protection area, such as wildlife conservation area (KPSL), germplasm conservation area (KPPN), and buffer zone (BZ).All samples were identified up to species level.A total of 186 individuals from 83 species butterfly were collected from three different areas. This survey was recorded 6 family of butterfly from three different areas. A total of 137 individuals from 23 species longhorn beetles were collected from three different areas. The highest number of species of butterfly and longhorn beetles was found in KPSL. The highest number of individuals of longhorn beetles was found in KPSL, however butterfly was found in KPPN. The result of survey indicated that species diversity of longhorn beetles and butterfly in protection areas of PT WHP is high.

Nepenthes is a carnivorous planthat mostly grows in nutrient-poor soils. Such soil conditions are commonly found at lowland habitats in Bangka-Belitung Islands. The existence of Nepenthesin this islands is threatened caused by habitat destruction and over exploitation. This study aims to inventory the diversity of lowland Nepenthes in Bangka Belitung Islands. The inventory was conducted by exploring various lowland habitats 0-1000 meter above sea level in the islands. Seven species of Nepenthes were found at the study area, consisted of N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, N. ampullaria, N. rafflesiana, N. reinwardtiana and two natural hybrid species of N. hookeriana (N. rafflesiana x N. ampullaria) and N. neglecta (N. gracilis x N. mirabilis). Those pitcher plants occur in heath forest, secondary forest, swamps, lowland forest and post-mining land. The most common and widespread species of the pitcher plants in Bangka Belitung is N. gracilis.

Baccaurea angulata is an underutilized plant, primarily grown for its fruit, which has potential as a medicinal plant. On the other hand very few studies have been carried out of this species. The purposes of this study were to analyze the Baccaurea angulata distribution and autecology. This study used purposive sampling method by exploring the area where Baccaurea angulata commonly found. The Baccaurea angulata distribution was analyzed using Morishita index, the autecological analysis with abiotic factor was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated from Minitab 16 software. The distribution of Baccaurea angulata was random in West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan and clumped in South Kalimantan. Their distribution were affected by light intensity and humidity. This species grows well in low land (45-170 m above sea level) with soil pH 6-6.5.

The implementation of High Conservation Value (HCV) area in oil palm plantation in Indonesia has caused the occurrence of remnant natural areas within oil palm landscape. Such forest remnants increase habitat heterogeneity that is important to maintain biodiversity in oil palm plantation including birds. Understory birds are the most prone to habitat degradation compared to other bird group species. This study aims at examining understory bird community in an oil palm plantation with different distance from HCV area. Mist nets were set up in June 2014 and January/February 2015 in areas adjacent to HCV area and 1 km from the HCV area. A total of 24 species from 13 families were caught in the mist nests. The highest bird diversity (S=14; H'=2.14) were recorded in location adjacent to HCV area in June 2014. Most birds captured were insectivores. However, based on the number of individuals, the understory bird community in oil palm plantation was dominated by frugivores from the family of Pycnonotidae. Brood patch was detected in birds found in both locations indicating use of the habitat for breeding.

Waterbird mostly were found in natural wetlands, nesting on mangrove trees. An unusual case was found in a human-made (plantation) forest in an automotive company within an industrial area. The objective of the research was to reveal the species and number of waterbirds that utilized the non-mangrove plantation forest and to record the number of nests and the nest tree preference. Waterbird census was conducted in June and July 2017 (beginning of rainy season) by direct total count of all individuals in the late afternoon (4-6pm). Waterbirds were able to use non-mangrove, plantation forest to roost and nest. On average, there were 4,482 individual resident waterbirds in the study area, consisted of 6 species and occupying 1.77 ha of semi-wetland area (inundated during rainy season), with an average roosting density of 9.4 nests/100m². The dominant waterbird species were Intermediate Egret (30%), Little Egret (20%), and Black-crowned Night Heron (25%). Other observed species were Cattle Egret (15%), Javan Pond-Heron (5%), and Great Egret (5%). Breeding season was in progress and there were 535 active nests. Although the percentage of nests laid on M. leucadendra trees (49.9%) was similar to A. mangium (47.3%), statistical test suggested that M. leucadendra were highly preferred for nesting trees.

Stingless bees (Apidae: Melliponinae) are eusocial bees that have caste division within colony, namely queen, males, and workers. In the world, there are about 700 species of stingless bees and at least, 32 species have been described. In this study, we studied flight activities (returning and leaving of the nest) and pollen load of three species of stingless bees, i.e., Tetragonula laeviceps, Heterotrigona itama, and Lepidotrogona terminata. Morphologically, H. itama have a largest body size (average body length 5.52 mm), followed by L. terminata (average body length 4.99 mm), and T. laeviceps (average body length 3.86 mm). Peak activity of leaving and returning of the nest of H. itama occurred earlier (09.00-10.00) than in T. laeviceps and L. terminata (10:00-11:00). The highest pollen load occurred in L. terminata (270,950 pollen grains), followed by H. itama (69,802 pollen grains), and T. laeviceps (40,802 pollen grains). T. laeviceps carried dominantly pollen of banana flowers (Musa sapientum), L. terminata carried pollen of Acorus gramineus (Araceae), and H. itama carried pollen of Acanthaceae plant.

Multitrophic interactions provide an information on how plant-insects interact in the field mediated by biotic and/or abiotic factors. This study measures the effect ofApanteles taragamae parasitism toward Diaphania indica, and the rate of A. taragamae themselves being parasitized by hyperparasitoid. The insects were collected periodically at 3, 4, and 5 weeks after planting from cucumber fields in Bogor, Indonesia during the growing season in 2014 and 2015. Sampled insects were reared in the lab and the incidence of parasitism and hyperparasitism was calculated. The relationship between D. indica, its primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids, was also analyzed. Older cucumber plants harbored larger populations of D. indica and higher rates of primary parasitism by A. taragamae. Other D. indica parasitoids, Ichneumon sp., and Elasmus sp., showed lower parasitism rates. The hyperparasitoid species found in greatest abundance were Stictopisthus sp. and Ceraphron sp., with other hyperparasitoids present i.e., Tetrastichus sp., Eurytoma sp., Orasemasp., and Brachymeria sp. The overall population of D. indica found in Bogor was low. A. taragamae have a significant suppressive effect on the population of D. indica. But, the presence of hyperparasitoids may disrupt parasitization of D. indica by A. taragamae thereby reducing the suppressive effect.

Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) is the new great ape species that only occurred in the Batang Toru forest. The long term survival of this population is threatened due to habitat loss and hunting. Performing a nest survey is important to give a deeper understanding of the ecology and help determine the best protective management measures. We provide a basic data of orangutan nesting characteristics in two unprotected forests of Batang Toru: Sitandiang (West Batang Toru) and Hopong (East Batang Toru). A line transect method was conducted to obtain the nest data and sampling quadrat method was used to analyze the condition and sustainability of the habitat. Our result showed that there were similarities in the choosing of tree diameter and species, while there were disparities in the choosing of tree height, nest height, and nest position for nesting. The species diversity index in Sitandiang and Hopong was categorized high, with values found to be 4.5 and 4.6 respectively which mean that these locations potentially serve nest and food tree for the orangutans. Considering our findings, we recommend to allocating these areas into protected forests for long-term survival of Tapanuli orangutan in Batang Toru.

Agroforestry system enhanced ant biodiversity. Ant structure in the ecosystem has been driven by many factors, e.g., competition and predation among species. Dominant species and predator may give impact to species diversity in the ecosystem. We had field research to examine the interactions among dominant ant species, predator Oecophylla smaragdina, and other ants in Tarakan, North Kalimantan. In agroforestry system as the study site, ants and other insects on 66 crop trees were collected by sweeping and beating. The obtained number of two species Tapinoma melanocephalum and Oecophylla smaragdina occupied more than 60% of all collected ants. Two dominant ants tended to be separately distributed. The community structure may be ant mosaic pattern. Furthermore, the densities of the two dominant ants were higher, but their diversities in the tree were lower than dominant species and predator absence. Probably, the tendency seems to be active on the distribution of other ants.

The members of Pteridaceae are known varied in vegetative and generative structures. However, information about the generative characteristics is not well known, especially spore characters. The objective of this study is to learn the diversity of Pteridaceae reproductive structures in the Mount Ciremai National Park. Exploration was conducted in September in 2 locations: Mandirancang and Cigugur Sub-districts in 3 different ecosystems, i.e. homogeneous, heterogeneous and restoration areas. Observation of reproduction structure is done by observing the characteristic of sori position; shape and location of indusia; shape, color and spore ornamentation. Exploration in Mount Ciremai National Park found 11 species of Pteridaceae which are A. capillus-veneris, A. hispidulum, A. lunulatum, C. tenuifolia, Cheilanthes sp., C. fraxinea, P. calomelanos, P. biaurita, P. ensiformis, P. longipinnula, P. venusta. All observed spores had a trilete shape with a triradiate aperture. Among genera differ in the characteristics of the existence, shape and location of indusia and the surface and color of spores. A. capillus-veneris and P.biaurita are cosmopolitan species. Spores of each species may have different reproduction properties when they grow in different ecosystems. Thus, ecosystem differences affect the reproduction type of each ferns.

The existing problems such as the poverty and malnutrition showed that food security management in Nagari Sulit Air is not sustainable yet. The research objective is to analyze the food security status of households farmers and the carrying capacity of ecological environment related to food availability. The research design used to the quantitative approached with the survey method. The result shows that nutritional status of family heads are derived thin category 19.15%, 69.15% normal, and 11.70% fat. The children with ideal weight are 37.78% and 62.22% is not ideal. The behavior resilience of households with a determinant of income (Y), farmer (X₁), livestock (X₂), wages (X₃), consumption (X₄), and capital (X₅) based on the analysis of multiple regeresi model is Y = 7.868E-5 + 0.283 X₁ + X₂ 0.367 + 0.417 X₃-X₄ 0.557 – 0.28 X5. The availability of water in 2013-2025 predicted is 68.119.599,7 m³/year, while the demand of water in 2013 is 12.7072 million m³/year and in 2025 is 16.172.267 m³/year. The availability of land is 44.995,59 ha, the demand of land is 2.266,2 ha. The poverty and malnutrition become problems because of the other things such as the lack of education, health facilities, and inadequate infrastructure.

The Rotten fruits cause of great losses. The molds and other contaminant microbes are the causing agent of rotten fruits. Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaernth) rotten fungi were found in the garden, market or during transportation to the market. The purpose of the experiment is to study the molds in rotten fruits at the three traditional fruit markets, Bogor, Depok and Jakarta. The mold from 122 fleshy up rotten snake fruits were isolated and identified. Colonies were grown for 3-7 days, at 25-30 °C on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) using direct isolation methods. Growth rate were observed every day. Molecular techniques were applied to confirm species identification. Morphology characteristics and DNA sequencing results showed that the isolates were Thielaviopsis paradoxa, (98.3%) and Thielaviopsis ethacetica (1.7%). The molds found in snake fruit from the garden and from the market were similar. Thielaviopsis paradoxa, is the main causes of snake fruit rotten agent in the fruit traditional markets and the initial occurrence of pollution is in the garden.

There are quite numerous of arthropods associated with mungbean from early growth until harvesting time. The objective of this study was to determine the species, population, and status of arthropods associated with mungbean. The experiment was conducted in Ngale Experimental Station, East Java, during rainy and dry season 2015. The insect collection were done using pitfall trap, yellow sticky trap, sweep net, and visual. The treatments were insecticide application time; P1 = started at 14 days after planting (DAP) up to harvesting; P2 = 8 and 35 DAP up to harvesting; P3 = 8, 14, 21, 35 DAP; P4 = no application, and P5 = full application. The diversity of arthropods on the dry season washigher than that on rainy season. Pests found on mungbean were Diptera (Agromyzidae), Lepidoptera (Noctuidae, Pyralidae, and Crambidae), Homopteraand Hemiptera. The highest population of pest dominated by Homoptera (124 individuals), Hemiptera (57 individuals), and Lepidoptera (60 individuals). The predators found on mungbean were Collembola (Poduridae and Entomobryidae), Coleoptera (Coccinellidae), Araneida (Oxyopidae), Odonata (Aeshnidae and Petaluridae), and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). The parasitoid found was Hymenoptera (Braconidae, Eulophidae, Chacidoidae). The performance of natural enemies can be optimizedfor suppressing pest populations in mungbean by conservation, introduction, and augmentation.

Rust disease is an important disease on soybean. It caused yield losses, up to 85%. The best control measured was planting the resistant varieties. The resistant gens can be obtain from the germplasm collection. Evaluation of the resistant soybean germplasm collection infected rust disease was done at Kendalpayak Experimental Station, Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute (ILETRI), from June to September 2013, with 225 genotypes of soybean germplasm collection. Besides, at green house of Plant Protection Unit in ILETRI, from March to May 2014, with 50 genotypes that have already screened in the field. Observation of rust disease resistance based on the International Working Group on Soybean Rust system. Out of 225 soybean genotypes tested there was not any resistant one, 218 genotypes were moderate resistant, and 7 genotypes were moderate susceptible to rust disease in the field. There was not any resistant one, 8 genotypes were moderate resistant, 33 genotypes were moderate susceptible, and 9 genotypes were susceptible to rust disease in the green house. Eight soybeans accession had consistent result in the green house and the field, there were MLG 0852, MLG 0887, MLG 937, MLG 1024, MLG 1034, MLG 1035, MLG 1065, MLG 1066.

Shorea is one of the largest genus in Dipterocarpaceae with 194 species in the world, ±160 originated from Malesia region and consisted of ±125 species in Indonesia. Shorea population which grown in Indonesia have high economic value of wood. Distribution of Shorea would be affected by some factors especially edaphic, climate, and altitude. Based on the observation of speciment collection in Herbarium Bogoriense, Shorea were highest distributed in 0-500 m and 500-1000 m of the altitude in Dipterocarps forest type. Borneo (102 species) and Sumatera (52 species)islands were highest distributed habitat of Shorea species and population. Shorea distributon pattern in Indonesia have high endemicity, especially it grow in Borneo. Shorea trees start to flower at 8-10 years and usually it mast flowers every 4-5 years. Shorea grow in some habitats such as lowland dipterocarp forest (98 species), hill forest (57 species), coastal forest (12 species), peat swamp forest (11 species), heath forest (11 species), swamp forest (6), riparian forest (6 species) and limestone forest (2 species).

The diversity of germplasm accession can be grouped by specific traits using cluster analysis to determine the similarity between accessions. The objective of this research was to classified the accession of sweetpotato based on quantitative characteristics using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The research was conducted in April-August 2016 at Kendalpayak Research Station, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The material used was 183 accessions of sweetpotato from Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute (ILETRI) germplasm collection. The research was arranged in a plot size of 1 m × 5 m and 100 × 25 cm in spacing (single row). The variables observed included: plant type, leaf shape, leaf lobes types, leaf lobes number, petiole length, weight of vine, harvest index, number and weight of marketable root, number and weight of nonmarketable root, number and weight of root perplant, and root yield. The PCA identified five principal components that explained 83,2% of total variation present in the genotypes. The cluster analysis was based on 83% of similarity. It grouped 183 accessions into 13 clusters. The traits that most contributed to the diversity were petiole length, weight of vines, leaf lobes number, leaf lobes types, and leaf shape.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of an important cash crop legume in Indonesia, especially in dry regions. Identification and evaluation diversity of germplasm collections play important role for mungbean breeding program. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among mungbean accessions based on quantitative and qualitative traits. A total of 122 local mungbean accessions from Indonesian was obtained from ILETRI germplams collections which have been cultivated in Jambegede Research Station Thirteen variables quantitative and five variables qualitative were observed. Data were analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results showed that five principal components (PC) contributed 76% of total variation. The most important characters for PC 1 was number of branches, number of fertile nodes per branches, number of pod cluster, and number of filled pod, PC 2 was days 50% to flowering and maturing days, PC 3 was percentage plant affected to root rot diseases, PC 4 was seed weight per plant and plant height, and PC 5 was 100-seed weight. The dendogram clustered 122 accessions into four groups. Based on clusters analysis there were four clusters with similarity distance 72.29%. There was no parallelism between geographical distributions in each cluster.

The purpose of this study is to compare the diversity and abundance of flower-visiting bees in squash (Cucurbita maxima) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) flowers between three small valleys surrounded by forest and three open grasslands outside forest. Both type habitats intermingled as mosaic of satoyama, which is a socio-ecological production landscape managed by agriculture and forestry located in rural Japan. Both squash and tomato were planted separately in different pots, where each set were placed at particular site. Number of flowers and fruits were recorded and the flowers-visiting bees were collected using sweep net from June to August 2013. A total 96 individuals from 9 species (2 families) of bees were collected from squash and tomato. The number of bees visited squash (91 individuals and 9 species) outnumbered those visited tomato (5 individuals and 2 species). Tomato flowers in the open grasslands were only visited by Ceratina. Meanwhile, Bombus diversus and Ceratina japonica were the most abundant bees visited squash in small valleys and in open grasslands, respectively. The successful number of squash fruits was significantly higher presented in small valleys than in open grasslands, although no significant differences were found in number of flowers between both habitats.

Auxin plays important roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. It is known that auxin binds to auxin-binding protein (Abp57) and activates the plasma membrane H⁺-ATPases. In order to elucidate the biological function of rice Abp57 in plants, overexpression transgenic arabidopsis lines were generated. We found overexpression transgenic arabidopsis harbouring rice Abp57 showed tolerance to osmotic stress. Phenotypic transgenic arabidopsis showed longer roots than the wildtype when grown on ½ MS media supplemented with various concentrations of NaCl or PEG-6000. Besides, transgenic arabidopsis has relatively lower water loss rate, higher chlorophyll content and higher biomass when growing under osmotic stress compared to the wildtype. These results suggested that Abp57 has important roles in giving tolerance to arabidopsis against drought and salt stresses.

The present study describes the bioinformatics analysis of 13 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of salt tolerance genes in mangrove plant, Rhizophora stylosa as well as homology, phylogenetic, sequence analysis, potential peptide, and subcellular localization. The DNA sequence among the ESTs from R. stylosa exhibited 50-97% homology between themselves. The target peptide value of chloroplast and mitochondrial varied from 0.071-0.800, 0.053 to 0.254, respectively, indicated it was possible to exist. Sub-cellular of the fragment genes mostly was in the plasma membrane and endoplasmatic reticulum. On the other hand, a few genes restored in golgi bodies, vacuole, and lysosome. These results suggested the importance of understanding the function of properties of the probably salt tolerance genes in R. stylosa genomic library. To clarify the relationship among the ESTs in R. stylosa, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic tree depicts that there are three branches, the first branch contained one EST, the second cluster consists of 9 genes, in which the majority ESTs resides and the last group comprised of 3 ESTs. The present study, therefore, suggested the diversity of salt tolerance genes form discrete clusters in the phylogenetic tree.

The 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) is a precursor for semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotics. The enzymatic conversion of cephalosporin C (CPC) to 7-ACA is cephalosporin acylase (CA). Fragment DNA of CA gene was inserted in pET21a(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (E. coli). Heterologous expression of foreign genes can produce about 30 % of soluble protein and 70% of insoluble protein as inclusion bodies (IBs) in E. coli. IBs are cytoplasmic aggregates of inactive protein and mostly consist of recombinant protein. The formation of IBs in E. coli is a challenge for recovery of recombinant protein in industrial scale. Solubilization and refolding are crucial process to obtain active recombinant protein from IBs. The purpose of this research was optimization of solubilization process to increase soluble CA from IBs. The cells of E. coli were disrupted by sonication. The pellet of IBs was washed by triton X-100 and solubilized by urea or guanidine HCl (GdnHCl). The transformant of E. coli containing pET21a(+)-acyII expressed CA as soluble and insoluble protein (IBs). Several methods were used for solubilization IBs pellet. The two-step denaturing (2DR) was the best method for solubilization IBs pellet.

More knowledge of genetic parameters could assist plant breeders in determining breeding methods and selection criteria. The aim of this study was to estimate the components of variance, heritability, and genetic advance some agronomic traits in F4 generation populations of soybean resistant to whitefly. The research was conducted at greenhouse of Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute in Malang, Indonesia from April to July 2015. Plant genetic material consists of four soybean populations, each population derived from crosses between soybean genotypes resistant to whitefly with high yielding soybean varieties. All plant genetic material laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results showed that all agronomic traits observed had narrow genetic variability. Broad sense heritability varies between 5% and 81%. Days to flowering, intensity of leaf damage, and seed weight per plant had high broad sense heritability (81%, 80%, and 52%, respectively). Selection on the intensity of leaf damage and seed weight per plant will provide the highest genetic advance, respectively by 41.62% and 20.15%. High heritability accompanied by high genetic advance on the intensity of leaf damage and seed weight per plant indicated an effective selection for these traits in this population.

Routine monitoring of tungro virus on rice field in several regions in Indonesia is necessary as an important part of disease control strategy. Therefore, a fast, accurate, and simple method to detect tungro virus is required. A research was conducted to develop loop-mediated isothermal amplification polymerase chain reaction (LAMP PCR) method as a detection approach for tungro virus. Rice leaf samples infected by tungro virus from Garut (West Java), Sidrap (South Sulawesi), and Pesisir Selatan (West Sumatera) were collected and used for this experiment. Conventional PCR was conducted as comparison to LAMP PCR. Specific DNA fragments of tungro virus (Rice tungro bacilliform virus/RTBV) was successfully amplified by conventional PCR as well as LAMP PCR. Sensitivity of LAMP PCR was higher than those of conventional PCR. Better result for detection of RTBV using LAMP PCR was achieved with sample incubation condition at 63°C for 60 min and termination reaction at 80°C for 10 min. The result of LAMP PCR can be visualized obviously using HNB dye without UV light. LAMP PCR should be recommended for routine rice tungro virus detection method due to its simplicity with accurate and high sensitivity result.

A mosaic and mottle symptom was observed on several cucumber cultivations in Java, Indonesia. The study was aimed to characterize the causal virus of typical Tobamovirus-like symptoms. Symptomatic leaves were collected randomly from each location in Nganjuk, Kediri, Tulungagung (East Java), Brebes and Klaten (Central Java), Kulon Progo (Yogyakarta), and Subang, Indramayu, Bogor (West Java). The diseases frequency was determined by dot blot immuno binding assays (DIBA) test using specific antiserum of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). Furthermore, the Tobamovirus was detected by RT-PCR, then cloned into TA-cloning vector, and the DNA was sequenced. The disease frequency of CGMMV in East Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, and West Java was up to 24.44%, 9.09%, 0%, and 5.49%, respectively. CGMMV was unable to be amplified by specific primer, however it was able to be amplified by universal primer of Tobamovirus with sized ± 800 bp. Nucleotide sequence analysis of samples which gave positive reaction against CGMMV antisera were identified as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The homology of nucleotide and amino acid sequences analysis ranged from 95.0-97.7% and 98.1-99.4%, respectively. This is the first report of TMV infection on cucumber in Indonesia.

Newcastle disease (ND) was first identified in Bogor, Java, Indonesia in 1926 and became major infectious in global commercial poultry which has morbidity and mortality rate up to 100%. Vaccination is one of prevention measures to control Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in layer poultry; however, cases of NDV infection are still reported in well vaccinated farms around the world. Molecular determination was aimed to examine genomic variation that might contribute to better control NDV infection. A Virulent NDV was isolated by egg inoculation of sample originated from a vaccinated layer farm suffering significant irreversible egg drop production. The NDV isolate was detected using rRT-PCR targeting region of matrix (M) and fusion (F) gene. Confirmation of virulence was determined by sequence analysis of partial F and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows the isolate clustered within sub genotype VIIh with Indonesia NDV isolates. Identification of polybasic motif of ¹¹²RRRKR/F¹¹⁷ in the cleavage site of fusion protein confirms its virulence. Analysis of putative amino acid sequence highlighted E347K substitution in HN region, which has been reported to affect the capability of NDV in infecting vaccinated poultry. This finding indicates the urgent need of NDV molecular surveillance in vaccinated farms in larger area.

Infection of Garlic common latent virus (GCLV) and Shallot latent virus (SLV) on shallot and garlic has been reported in Indonesia. Both viruses are known to infect the plants in the field in high incidence and can be transmitted through the bulbs. A research was conducted to determine the potency of infected bulbs as source of disease inoculum by measuring virus titer throughout bulb growing stadia. Two kinds of shallot's and garlic's bulbs was used, i.e. shallot seed bulb (cv. Bima curut), garlic seed bulb (cv. Sembalun), consumption shallot and garlic bulb (unknown cultivar). The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design. Ten samples with three repetition of each stadia, i.e. adventitious shoot, shoot, leaf on 7 days after planting (DAP), and 14 DAP were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using specific antisera to GCLV and SLV. Infection of GCLV and SLV was found higher on garlic than on shallot. Both viruses were detected in high incidence from adventitious shoot and 14 DAP-foliar leaves. Virus titer is higher on consumption bulbs than those on seed bulbs for both shallot and garlic. This study indicated that infected bulbs is very potential as the primary source of disease in the field.

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is a serious disease affecting buffalo and cattle worldwide mainly caused by Pasteurella multocida (PM) serogroup B and E. In Indonesia cases of HS have been reported every year from 2005 to 2017. The bacterial identification was done primarily based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, while the serogroup has never been determined. This research was aimed to implement molecular biological techniques for identification and serogrouping of three archival PM isolates; two isolates were originated from HS cases in South Sulawesi (SulSel) and one isolate from East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications of PM family-specific gene 16SrRNA, species-specific gene kmt and serotype-specific gene bcbD identified all of the isolates were PM, which was substantiated by inoculation of VITEK^® 2 compact. The three PM isolates were belong to capsular serogroup B. Sequence analysis of 690 nucleotides of the capsular gene and the respective hypothetical amino acid was further confirmed their identity. Two isolates of SulSel and NTT were 100% identical to M1404 B: 2 (AF169324.1), meanwhile one silent mutation was noted in the other SulSel isolate. These finding substantiate the application of PCR as a rapid, sensitive and specific method for PM identification and characterization.

Binahong or Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis is a plant with multiple functions for medicine. It was used as anti-hipercholesterolemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, wound healing, antioxidant, analgesic, skin diseases, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic. Binahong origin from Paraguay to Southern Brazil and Northern Argentina but spreads into Africa, Europe, Australia, and Asia, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, binahong distributed to almost in all island that used for traditional medicines. The aim of this research was to amplify DNA from 5 accessions of binahong with 15 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers for the screening of primers. DNA of 5 accessions of Binahong from Tagari-Toraja, Solok-Sumatera Barat, Rante-Langda, Petulu-Bali, and Makale-Toraja were isolated by CTAB modification methods and were amplified by 15 ISSR primers. Amplification was done at PCR machine with the condition: pre-denaturation at 94°C for 5 minutes, denaturation at 94°C for 1 minute, annealing at 45 seconds, elongation at 72°C for 2 minutes, and final elongation at 72°C for 5 minutes for 40 cycles. The results showed that 8 primers were able to amplification of DNA binahong, while 7 primers failed to amplification. The eight of ISSR primers produced polymorphic bands and those are SBLT2, SBLT3, SBLT4, SBLT6, SBLT8, SBLT13, SBLT14 and SBLT15 primers.

Javan gibbons consume different foods to fulfil their nutrient requirement. We analyzed foods eaten by Javan gibbons for their nutrient content in Citalahab area, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park (GHSNP), Indonesia. The goal was to assess amounts of water content, ash, crude fats, crude protein, crude fibers, carbohydrate and gross energy to determine whether there was nutritional variation between foods eaten by females and males. A total 43 food plant parts representing 33 plant species were collected, processed and analyzed. Females and males in Javan gibbons have similar diets with regard to overall composition. Nutrient analyses revealed high water content, ash and crude protein in young leaves; flowers and ripe fruits contained the most carbohydrate; crude fats content was highest in unripe fruits; ripe fruits were rich in crude fibers and gross energy content was high in all the main plant foods. Individual exhibit higher intake of certain nutrients by increasing feeding intake rate seems to be the key to greater nutrient intake in individual. This data adds our knowledge about nutritional composition of foods eaten by Javan gibbons and provides valuable comparative data for optimizing the diets of Javan gibbons ex situ.

Exercise was one of the physical stressors that can disrupt the acid-base balance in the body. One of the ways to prevented the fatigue due to physical activity caused by a buildup of lactate ions and H+ ion was used an alkaline pH 9. Consuming alkaline pH 9 was considered be able to neutralize the low pH conditions during physical activity. Purpose: to tested whether the used of alkaline pH 9 was able to inhibit the increasing of lactic acid, decreasing pH levels after sub maximal activity. Method: Pretest-posttest control group design used a random sample, which was totaling 15 samples of each group. Results: Were significant differences variable lactic acid values after it analyzed using different test (t-test), it was obtained p 0.000 <0.05. The variable the pH, it had significant difference with value p 0.000 <0.05 between the control group and the experimental group after the treatment with sub maximal physical activity. Conclusion: An alkaline fluid with pH 9 before sub maximal exercise inhibits the value of lactic acid and inhibits decreasing pH in the blood. The decreasing pH in was lower and the lactic acid level was higher when it compared with those not given lye.

Driving at night need high levels of concentration for respond any visual stimulation by motoric coordination. Such concentration while driving can be mounted using blue light inside the car's compartment, since it can inhibit the secretion of melatonin hormone, to increase drivers' alertnessand prevent drowsiness at night. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of blue light exposure on µ brain waves while driving at night in the simulator as a response to visual distraction. Brain waves data were recorded using electroencephalograph in brain motor areas from 7 men with predetermined criteria. Data were taken at night (7-9 pm) for 330 seconds in dark condition and blue light exposure, followed by the appearance of visual distraction automatically at 120 and 270 seconds and should be responded by braking. In blue light condition, µ brain waves were fluctuated in both motor areas since the first appearance of blue light exposure and was significantly different when compared to dark condition (p<0.05). It is concluded that blue light exposure at night in a driving simulator may increase drivers' brain activity in the motor areas when responding to visual distraction, especially in the first appearance.

Driving is a complex activity and driver must respond quickly and accurately to any visual distraction. Accidents are high while driving at night, may due to drivers' drowsiness which is caused by the environmental light that affect the circadian rhythm. Blue light is a component of the solar spectrum and inhibit the secretion of melatonin hormone that can prevent drowsiness at night. This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of blue light exposure on β brain waves while driving at night in the simulator as a response to visual distraction. Brain waves data were obtained from electroencephalograph in brain cognition area from 7 men with predetermined criteria. Data were taken from 7–9 pm for 330 seconds in dark condition and blue light exposure followed by the appearance of visual distraction automatically at 120 and 270 seconds and should be responded by braking. The result showed than β brain waves increased under blue light which was associated with area of cognition and was significantly different when compared to dark condition (p<0.05). It is concluded that blue light exposure at night driving in simulator increase drivers' alertness and attention when responding to visual distraction, especially in the first appearance.

Three ethanologenic yeast isolates (E, R and T) capable to use both pentose and hexose sugars as substrate for ethanol fermentation was isolated. Thus, suggesting its potential for 2^nd generation of ethanol production by using lignocellulose hydrolysate. Based on ITS sequence, those three isolates were identified as yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. Prior its utilization as fermentation substrate, lignocellulose is subjected to complex hidrolysis reactions, which results certain toxic compounds (furfural and organic acid). Our results indicate that P. kudriavzevii isolates were sensitive toward 0.15% furfural and 0.375% acetic acid. Interestingly, supplementation of 1.5% L-proline in the medium significantly enhanced the survival rate of all P. kudriavzevii isolates against the particular toxic compounds. Moreover, supplementation of L-proline also enhanced the production of ethanol in glucose as substrate, in a dose dependent manner. Indeed, addition of 1.5% L-proline could increase the ethanol yield of isolate E, R and T for approximately 57%, 53%, and 62%, respectively, as compared to that 0.5% L-proline. The highest ethanol production was exhibited by isolate T (14g/100mL) in 1.5% L-proline treatment. Our data indicate, that L-proline supplementation may potentially be applied to enhance ethanol production by P. kudriavzevii isolates, particularly for its future application in lignocellulose-based ethanol productions.

Previous study revealed that exposure to blue light during postnatal period decrease the function of NIF in mice. However, duration effect of blue light exposure during the developmental period of melanopsin ipRGCs is still unknown. Twenty four Swiss-Webster pregnant mice exposure to 470 nm blue light spectrum of the LED lights and sunlight. As a control group pregnant mice was keep in no light condition. The length of exposure was varies based on the stage of development: (1) from gestation day 9 (E9) up to 18 days of gestation (E18), (2) newborn to 6 days old, (3) from gestation day 9 until aged 6 days old. At 6 days old, selected mice pups were performed for negative phototaxis using cylindrical bore assay. The sunlight mice groups showed that the fastest response occur on longer exposure. However, on blue light mice groups, the longer the exposure actually decreases the activity more compare to only postnatal exposure. These conditions maybe due to interference on synaptogenesis during developmental period of melanopsin ipRGCs. Thus it can be concluded that exposure to blue light since in utero until neonatal is harmful especially to NIF response behavior.

Salinity is one of major problems in agriculture especially in arid and semiarid area that causes the damage of many aspects in plant growth and development. This study observed root, leaf and chloroplast ultrastructure as well as nutrient uptake in maize plants exposed to salinity stress. Maize seedlings were treated with 0, 1, 2 and 3% NaCl for 5 days and placed in the growth chamber. Root, leaf, and chloroplast ultrastructure were observed by using SEM and TEM. Nutrient uptake was estimated from the content of trace elements of leaves that quantified by using ICP-MS, except chlorine by an atomic absorption flame spectrometer. The results showed that salinity slightly damaged roots anatomy. Epidermis and parenchyma cells of cortex and pith were shrinkage in 2 and 3% NaCl-treated plants. Leaf anatomy observation showed mesophyll and bundle sheath cells slightly suppressed. Chloroplasts content inside those cells were dramatically decreased. Ultrastructure observation showed the damage of chloroplasts inside mesophyll cells. Anatomical and ultrastructural damage of roots, leaves, and chloroplasts was accompanied by altering uptake of some trace elements. The contents of aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, in NaCl-treated plants, were higher than control. Otherwise, boron, potassium, and phosphor were lower.