Table of contents

Preface

2018 2nd International Conference on Energy and Environmental Science (ICEES 2018), was successfully held in University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on January 16-18, 2018.

The proceedings are the result of ICEES 2018, which presents 36 accepted articles selected from 115 papers submitted to the conference from 25 countries and districts including USA, Japan, Australia, Poland, Canada, Germany, China, India, Pakistan, Iran, South Korea, Russia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Nigeria, Brazil, Qatar, Egypt, Ecuador, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Turkey, Algeria and Jordan. All of the papers were subjected to peer-review by the program technical committee members and international reviewers. The papers are presented orally or with posters in 8 parallel sessions, and all the presenters have done very well during the presentation.

List of Conference Chairs, Program Chairs, Local Organizing Committee and Technical Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Indonesia is one of the countries on the equator. This geographical position makes the soil of Indonesia become fertile and have high rainfall. It also makes forests and plantations grow well. The main product of forest and plantation products in Indonesia gives positive and economical value to society and country. However, it also gives negative value, one of them is the biomass waste that it produces. If not managed properly, then this will be bad for the cleanliness and aesthetic environment. Through the bioenergy program, it can be done how to utilize biomass waste into Biomass Power Plant (PLTBM). In this research, mapping and development of geographical information distribution system and bioenergy potential by classifying the biomass sources used by the plant and also the analysis of land area to potential energy that can be used.

The provision of heat and electricity in the household is one of the basic human needs. However, many households are experiencing energy poverty, so it is difficult to satisfy basic energy needs. These households have to choose between drastic energy savings, which results in experiencing lack of thermal comfort and energy expenditure at the expense of other basic needs, such as food or health. The main aim of this article is to analyse the state of energy poverty in the European Union countries by comparing the basic characteristics of its measurement such as: income, energy consumption, energy prices in the years 2006-2015. This allowed to indicate the existence of spatial variations between members of the European Union.

In the present paper its Author introduces the taxonomy of energy prosumer in the sustainable development context. This concerns in particular micro-installations of Renewable Energy Sources dedicated directly to final energy customers. The four-layer structure of micro-Smart Grids has been indicated in the paper, which includes: the consumer layer (RES micro-installations and intelligent energy receivers), electricity networks layer, Smart Metering layer and the Decentralized Energy Management Systems. The Author has aggregated the binary associations between prosumer energy diffusion and micro- Smart Grid development – which favour creation of zero-energy micro-regions.

The energy sector in the European Union is currently undergoing very deep transformations from the transition from conventional energy to new technologies and renewable energies. By defining energy policy guidelines, the European Union has followed the principle of sustainable development and has adopted the following targets for the development of the energy sector for the years 2010-2020: 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, 20% increase of renewable energy share in final energy consumption, by 20% and by increasing the share of biofuels in the total consumption of transport fuels by at least 10%. The aim of the article was to analyze the current state of implementation of the basic assumptions of the Community in the field of energy policy. The ambitious energy policy objectives for 2010-2020, as outlined by the European Union, have been demonstrated to a varying extent by the Member States of the Community. This was influenced primarily by the global economic crisis, the diversification of the political and economic interests of individual member states, and the large diversification of strategic energy carriers.

Non-conventional energy sources based on biomass gasification for production of producer gas is a promising technique. However, the presence of unacceptable levels of biogasification tar waste puts the limit of its use. Although investigations are being carried out to study avenues for controlling the amount of tar produced during biomass gasification, the complete removal of this waste still remains a big challenge. Problems are severe when the waste comes to contact with water body leading to the leaching of components (pollutants) from tar into the environment. In this paper, we are reporting the study that has been carried out to investigate and evaluate the leaching properties of bio-gasification tar in water as a function of concentration levels, temperature and pH levels of the solvents.

The recent environmental concerns have raised the need for a green acidizing fluid, which is able to replace diesel oil as an oil phase in emulsion based acidizing fluids. In order to do so it must be able to provide not only retardation in acid reaction against the rock surface, but also provide suitable inhibition characteristic that can reduce the amount of corrosion which occurs due to acidizing. In this paper emulsified acids made from triglyceride oils namely; Jatropha curcas oil and Palm oil have been tested for corrosion inhibition in comparison with Diesel oil based emulsified acid and 15wt.% HCl. The emulsion made with Jatropha curcas oil showed capability to replace diesel oil as a viable and an environmental friendly substitute for oil phase in emulsified acids.

This study investigates the kinetics of depolymerisation reaction of oil palm mesocarp fiber biomass conversion to levulinic acid via Bronsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids catalyst. An eco-friendly catalyst was developed by coupling Lewis acid indium trichloride with a noncorrosive acidic mono-alkylated ionic liquids, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, for the production of levulinic acid in a greener perspective. The kinetic experiments were conducted at mild temperatures ranged from 135 to 175°C at varying time of 1.5 to 5h. A kinetic model based on the pseudo first-order reaction was established to describe the behaviour of catalytic LA production. The activation energy of the depolymerisation reaction was calculated to be 61.8 kJ mol^-1, which is comparatively lower than the previous reported values via various catalytic means of LA production from various biomass feedstock.

This paper presents the evaluation of a numerical biomass burning aerosol transport simulation system developed for northern Thailand. The simulation system is composed of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) employing its best physics options, global gridded analyses from the NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data, global emission data from the REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over the past 40 years (RETRO) and the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), and biomass burning emission data from the Brazilian Biomass Burning Emissions Model (3BEM). The simulated hourly averaged particulate matters with diameters less than 10 micron (PM10) at 5-km resolution covering the 3-month period of February – April of 2015 were evaluated using measurements from 13 ground stations distributed in northern Thailand. Results show that the numerical biomass burning aerosol transport simulation system can predict the times when hourly averaged PM10 dry mass concentrations are high and low well. Simulations are negatively biased for concentrations above 200 µg/m³ and are slightly positively biased otherwise. The simulations have good utility for concentrations above 100 µg/m³ and are useful for all concentration ranges.

This paper presents a study result of the luminous efficacy of diffuse solar irradiance on vertical plans using records from a daylight measurement station located in Bangkok, Thailand. Hourly mean values of the vertical diffuse efficacy are first introduced. Variations of the efficacy are also presented for different sky conditions. Our results indicate that the tropical diffuse efficacy was higher than those in high latitude regions. In this study, the authors proposed a method for the efficacy prediction. The proposed method was evaluated its performance against some selected existing models. The results show that the authors' method predicted well the tropical efficacy value and outperformed other evaluated models with their original coefficients.

Crop drying is the method used to preserve the seasonal food crops during the non-seasonal periods in agricultural sector. In olden days, solar energy was used to dehydrate and preserve the food. Nowadays many new advanced technologies have been introduced. But due to electricity unavailability in rural areas and to utilize the abundantly available solar energy and the waste heat recovery of exhaust gas from the diesel engines used in the agricultural fields for water pumping. Our present work focuses on the CFD and experimental analysis of the solar crop dryer attached with flat plate collector and attached with diesel engine exhaust pipe heat exchanger. A comparison study was made between the crop dryer with and without exhaust pipe heat exchanger and found that when the exhaust pipe was attached there was an improvement in the increase in temperature compared without exhaust pipe. The copper tubes of exhaust pipe were also added with the fins to improve its heat exchanging efficiency.

Distribution system reconfiguration is one of the major approaches to reduce the losses in the distribution system. With the integration of Distributed Generation (DG) in distribution system, there can be further improvement in voltage profile and further loss reduction in the reconfigured system. The main contribution of this paper is: (i). Proposing novel and modified novel power loss sensitivity methods for finding optimal locations for placement of multiple DGs, (ii) obtaining the sizes of distributed sources for reduced losses and better voltage profile, and (iii) Study of variation of multiple DG sizes taking the effect of reconfiguration of the distribution system, (iv) Study of the impact of DG sizes taking into consideration the power factor. The proposed method has been implemented and tested on IEEE 33 bus distribution system.

Demand for electricity increases with economic development. At the same time, it is expected to provide the cleanest energy. This paper attempts to analyze the convergence of electricity consumption in European countries, reduce transmission losses and reduce the pollution associated with it - CO2. In the presented research European states were taken into account. All countries and individual European Union and non-EU unions were analyzed. The study used descriptive statistics and B-Convergence analysis. The aim of the study was to compare changes in these variables in the EU Member States and non-affiliated countries. The results indicate in general terms the convergence of both energy consumption and CO2 emissions reduction. Specific studies indicate that non-EU countries have no convergence in terms of energy consumption and reduction in transmission losses. The only significant convergence of CO2 emissions concerns. This may be due to financial constraints that inhibit the efficiency of the tested energy systems.

This paper evaluates and analyzes the performance of three different types of photovoltaic (PV) arrays connected to utility-grid without any storage system in Malaysia. The three types modules include Poly-Crystalline, Mono-Crystalline and Thin-Film modules, each works separately and are connected to three DC/AC inverters where it monitored and controlled over an IP network system. The system installed and monitored for one-year period and this is the first work describing such systems of different PV types at the same plant in the proposed location. The system continuously collects and stores all data sets of DC/AC current, voltage, frequency and power for a 5-minutes period. Besides, the weather parameters that include ambient temperature, module temperature, solar irradiation and wind speed. The performance of this plant is evaluated by analyzing the collected data sets and then applying performance indices such as final energy output, array yield, final yield, reference yield, system efficiency and performance ratio. The results show that the PV performance is depending directly on the solar irradiation as well as the surrounding environmental conditions. Also, the results show a very-good efficiency of the proposed modules and demonstrate the potential of using such systems in any area with the similar conditions.

An optimized energy management technique to reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness of a photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed in this paper. It is based on the optimum sizing of the energy storage system, to meet the needs of the system in normal conditions, while in the critical cases, the AC residential load will be supplied by the grid itself. In addition, the surplus of the PV power will be injected to the grid. However, to extend the battery life and reduce its size, a supercapacitor has been combined with the batteries, to quickly respond to the short-time peak current demand, while the battery will deliver a smooth current. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm will supervise the battery state of charge (SOC) and satisfy the highest priority load demand under different situation. A simulation work is carried out to evaluate the control of the whole PV system and determine the performance of proposed algorithm. Finally, the obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed management algorithm, including the control techniques of different components of the whole system.

Frequency stability of islanded distribution system is a topic of interest, due to the significant penetration of distributed generation (DG). This paper proposes a new under frequency load shedding technique, which address the over-shedding issue caused by fixed priority. The proposed scheme consists of two units; first, the power imbalance estimation unit (PIEU), which use adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to estimates the power imbalance. Second, the load shed unit (LSU), which is based on binary evolutionary programming (BEP) technique to shed the optimal loads. To validate the performance of the proposed UFLS scheme, different simulation studies have been conducted using PSCAD software. Moreover, the response of the proposed scheme is compared with another UFLS scheme having fixed priority loads. From the simulation results, the proposed scheme can shed the optimal loads, which is not achieved in the existing load shedding schemes.

The scour induced by a propeller wash is experimentally in uniform and non-uniform sand. A series of laboratory experiment with different experimental parameters was conducted in the current research. Moreover, the characteristics of scour hole were studied and compared including depth, length, and width between uniformly and non-uniformly distributed sand. Equations of predicting maximum scour depth, proposed by previous researchers, were evaluated using the current experimental data. Results revealed that there is a need to improve the study in propeller-induced seabed scour in non-uniform sand.

Research has been conducted to improve and enhance existing LBNL infiltration model in order to incorporate wind direction effect on flow rate. Existing wind driven infiltration of LBNL model only consider terrain and shielding parameter as correction factor. Supplemental analytical model considered in this research was Swami-Chandra model, which the calculation was based on average wind pressure coefficient (Cp). It was evident that for same wind direction, Cp value will not change regardless of wind velocity. Process of simulation shows that infiltration modelling has to be performed in three-dimensional environment with transient calculation in order to achieve convergent result. Wind direction strongly affects infiltration flow rate. However, as the infiltration hole has relatively small size compared to wind velocity, flow rate variation is marginal for energy-based design. Nevertheless, for pollutant and particulate matter analysis, wind direction will give significant change in term of concentration and flow direction.

This paper analyses part of green supply chain practices created for fisheries industries to moderate environmental dynamism and to implement role of organizational learning capability adoption as mediating on green distribution and green packaging practices across a supply chain towards sustainability performance. It examines green distribution and green packaging adopted in the supply chain as a result of pressures from primary stakeholders. We derive a conceptual framework with underpinning theory. The resulting hypotheses are tested using fishery industries in Indonesia and Malaysia data of 325 samples utilizing primary and secondary data. Finding reveal, a phenomenon with role of environmental dynamism and organizational learning capability adoption have significant effect to enhancing sustainability performance. We will develop an empirical model that can be applied in other sectors to improve performance. Moreover, our results yield insights to green supply chain management practices in optimizing their supply chain performance.

Indonesia is one of the five largest coffee producing countries in the world during the 2016-2017 planting season. Indonesia itself has various types of famous coffee to foreign countries. With the diversity of existing coffee and also has been known in foreign countries, still the public awareness is still very low on it. This study aims to increase public awareness of Indonesian coffee consumption through electronic service quality (E-service) and e-word of mouth (E-WOM) as has been done by Otten Coffe in Bandung. Otten Coffee is one of the online stores that sell Indonesian coffee products complete with complete coffee maker equipment. With followers in Instragram accounts of 193 thousand and 17,214 youtube subscribed videos, Otten Coffee has sought to raise awareness of Indonesian coffee quality. However, people just look at existing coffee products without making a purchase. This at least shows that the awareness of the community towards the original Coffee of Indonesia is still low. Unlike foreign consumers who also make a visit to Otten Coffee website and immediately make a purchase.

The article presents a structural description of the Krasnoyarsk territory's environmental management system as the territory representing Central Siberia. The study is largely based on key provisions of the "Environmental policy concept of the Krasnoyarsk Territory until the year 2030". Certain structural elements of the region's environmental management are analysed. These are nature protection activities of large industrial enterprises operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (United Company Rusal, Nornickel, The Mining and Chemical Combine of Rosatom, Siberian Generating Company), the transport system, and waste processing and recycling in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Industries in Taiwan have developed for up to 60 years, but many industrial zones, pieces of industrial land or other related resources have gradually shown signs of decline, and manufacturers and factories have even gone bankrupt or transferred their production sites to other countries, which has caused the redundancy and neglect of the industrial land. Most of these sites were originally located in the urban fringe, but are, due to the cities' expansion and alteration, now gradually adjacent to them. Civilians and environmental groups are considerably concerned about the impact of "brownfield" on their sphere of life. Accordingly, the study summarizes the relevant research and data regarding brownfield, and constructs the evaluation indicators of the regeneration of brownfields through empirical research of FORMOSA CHEMICALS & FIBRE CORPORATION. The purpose of the study is to offer indicators, in multiple aspects, for assessment and inspection, in hope of being a reference to the relevant policy and studies of the assessment for activation and regeneration of brownfields, so that the brownfields in cities can play its due value.

The Goal of the research is to introducing the principle of Decision Tree that is being used to forecast river pollution, it provides a new method to evaluate the river pollution based on its water quality. We collected monthly monitoring data of water quality from Dezikou River basin of Yilan County, and the data of fish ecology obtained from ecological survey and report, in which to build a water quality and ecology resources database through an actual field investigation. By using data mining software, IBM SPSS Modeler 14.1's decision tree, conducting the River Pollution Index. Shannon-Weaver diversity, Pielou's Evenness Index, Margalef's Species Richness Index, Fish Tolerant Index and Simpson's Index of Diversity's classification and prediction, to build a model for river pollution prediction, and to compare this with the Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. The results showed that the model for river pollution prediction built under the Decision Tree can obtain a better forecast result. The following are the accurate rates of Decision Tree: 88% for CART, 90% for CHAID, 91.67% for C5.0, and 86.11% for Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. Therefore, the Decision Tree's algorithm shows a better result in forecasting than the Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis.

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are usually found as disinfecting by-products in water supply. This study aims to investigate the concentration of HAA₅ levels and to predict the HAA₅ formation by multiple linear regression equations. HAA₅ in the university water supply and the vicinity were analyzed by the mass detector (GC-MS) method with the use of gas chromatography. It was found that HAAs in 8 of 19 water samples were higher than US.EPA standard of 60 μg/L. The concentration HAA5 were ranged from 60 to 300 μg/L. The residual chlorine in the water samples were found between 1.2 - 1.8 mg/L which was above the standard set of 0.2 - 1.0 mg/L. The HAA₅, pH, DOC, Free Cl₂ variables were used to predict the correlation formation by multiple linear regression analysis at the 0.05 level of significance. It should be noted that correlation coefficient among target variables was high at the 0.91 level of statistically significant.

This research aims to study the possibility of using AERMOD air quality model to estimate the air pollutant levels of a selected city – Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Thailand. Four pollutants were studied: PM₁₀, CO, SO₂, and NO_x. The measurement data were obtained from a PCD automatic pollutant monitoring station for comparison with the model's results. The air pollution sources used were residential, furnace, traffic and industrial sources. Emission factors were used to estimate the concentration of pollutants from the activities of the population in the area. The estimation was based on the Top Down Approach method (TDA). Results shows that the pollutant concentrations obtained from the model were lower than the measurement values in all parameters. The values obtained from the model were 4.14% to 77.88% of the measurement values. The cause may be due to incomplete account of sources. However, the model can be useful for assessing the carrying capacity of the urban area.

A tray biofilter was developed and tested for treatment of high volume, low concentration H₂S and NH₃ from pig farm wastewater. The combination of 2 bed depth values (0.15 m. and 0.30 m.) and 3 EBRT values (0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 s) resulted in 6 systems for the experiment. The filter media used were compost : chopped coconut shell : dried cow manure : dried wastewater treatment plant sludge at 60:20:10:10 ratio. The treatment efficiency for H₂S and NH₃ were in the range of 78% - 89% and 57% - 80%, respectively. Overall, the systems with higher bed depth and/or higher EBRT can treat the two gases with higher efficiency. The mass loading rates, the elimination capacity, and efficiency of this study were comparable to other studies.

This study aimed to examine the effect of profitability and leverage to the carbon emission disclosure on Companies that Registered Consecutively in Sustainability Reporting Award Period 2014-2016. The objects in this research are profitability, leverage and carbon emission disclosure. The dependent variable in this study is the carbon emission disclosure and independent variable is profitability and leverage. Research methods used in this research is explanatory. The research results showed that profitability and leverage significantly influental to the carbon emission disclosure. Profitability variable contributes to the influence of 19.05% againts the carbon emission disclosure. Leverage variable contributes to the influnce of 26,47% againts the carbon emission disclosure, while the rest 54.5% is the magnitude of the influence exerted contribution by other factors that not examined in this research for examples exposure media, operational coverage of the company, and environmental performance.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation (FAO), there is a demand of increasing 70 % of food production to sustain 2.3 billion people by the year of 2050. This shows the need of rapid growth of agriculture applications to improve the food production worldwide. It's an undeniable truth that pesticides induced major role in the economic production. Notwithstanding the beneficial effects of pesticides, the negative impacts on human health, environment quality have well documented worldwide and raise the concerns to the health hazard globally. Pesticides need to be closely regulated for quality control monitoring on fruits, vegetables and water resources for safety purposes. European Regulation 396/2005 and amendments were established on the amount of maximum quantities of pesticide residues permitted in products of animal or vegetable for human or animal consumption. Phytoremediation technology using aquatic plants acts as cost effective alternative over conventional technologies to remove harmful heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants from various water bodies. To best of our knowledge, there is little or no data are available on the effectiveness of aquatic plants for the phytoremediation of pesticides. Therefore, in this review paper, the main focus is to study the effectiveness of aquatic plant factors in removal of pesticides from water sources and to provide insight for the future development.

This research presents an electrochemical corrosion investigation to quantify the corrosiveness of carbon steel in blends of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and arginine (Arg) at two molar concentration and different solvent proportions. The selected temperatures range varied from 20 °C to 50 °C and the CO₂ partial pressure was in the range of 49-100 kPa. The obtained data showed increased corrosion rate with increased CO₂ partial pressure and increased the temperature of the solution. However, when added to MDEA, arginine was found to act as an inhibitor, the higher Arginine proportion in the mixture, the more inhibition effect was observed.

This study is aimed to determine the effects of slope on stormwater retention and peak flow attenuation performances in extensive green roof in Malaysia. One green roof test bed with dimensions of 2.0 m (length) x 1 m (width) x 0.2 m (height) was constructed in Universiti Tenaga Nasional. The substrate layer was fixed as 130 mm depth and placed on top of the filter fabric and drainage layers. The green roof test bed was planted with Portulaca Grandiflora (sedum species) as the native plant in Malaysia. Different slopes (0 º, 2 º, 5 º and 7 º) of green roof test bed were tested in this study for its stormwater retention and peak flow attenuation performances. The results show that stormwater retention percentages are ranged from 56.9% to 52.3%. The stormwater retention percentages are decreased as slope increased in this study. Flat slope showed the longest observed time of peak flow while the 7 º slope has the shortest observed time of peak flow. This finding suggests that slope has a significant impact to the stormwater retention and peak flow attenuation performances in extensive green roof.

In parameterisation step, implementing suitable calibration methods that accurately represents the actual system is crucial in developing a dependable groundwater model in data-scarce areas. In this study, the Head-Guided Zonation (HGZ) method was applied to accommodate the limitation of subsurface data, such as the lack of comprehensive spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield values. This study demonstrated that the spatial distribution of groundwater heads can be used to assume the spatial distribution of sub-surface parameters, hence, hydraulic conductivity zones in the model domain can be established using the distribution of hydraulic gradient. We conclude that the HGZ method is practical and applicable for development of a physically-based groundwater model.

Shale gas has been an important source of natural gas and is expected to contribute 30% towards the global output by 2040. Shale formations also have CO₂ sequestration potential, which could be used to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions. A quarter of Malaysian's sedimentary comprises of black shale formations. In this article, we evaluated the CO₂ sequestration potential of some of Malaysian's formation under sub-critical conditions, and we correlate shale's characteristics to CO₂ storage behaviour under sub-critical conditions. The evaluation is based on total organic carbon (TOC wt. %) contents, mineralogical compositions, particle size distribution PSD of mesopores and micropores. The results show that total organic carbon measured by TOC analyser ranges between 0.5wt. % to 12.1wt%. Bulk mineralogical composition was semi-quantified using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Non-clay composition varies between ∼35 wt.% to ∼75 wt. %, which is dominated by quartz. All samples also contain clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite at different range. The CO₂ adsorption isotherm results show that KH sample adsorb the most while in contrast the KL samples adsorb the least of CO₂. Positive correlation between organic content and CO₂ adsorption was observed in most samples, indicating that formations with high organic content has higher CO₂ sequestration potential. Mineralogical composition also influence the CO2 adsorption, for instance, illite has lower surface area and pore volume compare with some other clays, subsequently, its presence reduced the CO2 storage potential on KL sample. However, the application of this observation may not fit to other formations due to the high degree of heterogeneity of shale formations.

The carbon emission amount of the Republic of Korea ranks 8^th in the world including China and the US and accordingly, the government announced its emission reduction plan by 37% compared to BAU (8.51 million tons) by 2030. As a result of the emission trading scheme that has been implemented since 2015, efforts are being made to reduce environmental load. Accordingly, this study analyzed the material-specific environmental load distribution and environmental impact category for 60 IPC girder bridges of national road constructions in Korea by utilizing the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The analysis result was found to be in the order of ready-mixed concrete (RMC) (64.00%), rebar (9.1%), timber (7.8%) and plywood (5.6%). As for environmental impact category-specific result, it was found to be in the order of global warming (50.60%), abiotic resource depletion (32.20%), photochemical oxidant creation (POC) (10.10%) and human toxicity (HT) (7.10%), thereby considered to be helpful when selecting the form of bridge while considering environmental load during the planning and design phases.

In accordance with the Paris Agreement that was signed to cope with recent climate change, the Republic of Korea has presented its greenhouse gas reduction goal as 37% compared to BAU. Accordingly, construction industry that occupies 40% of total industrial energy consumption also needs to make efforts to reduce greenhouse gas. In particular, studies are needed on the effort to reduce emission amount of environmental pollutants that occur during road constructions. In the case of road construction project, which is the subject of this study, large amounts of environmental pollutants are discharged during not only construction process but also operation and maintenance & management process. For analyzing the characteristics of environmental load occurring during the road maintenance & management phase, this study conducted life cycle assessment (LCA) for 10 cases of maintenance & repair projects for local roads that have been constructed in Korea to analyze environmental load characteristics according to construction types. As for the distribution of weighted values, TET and GW showed significant results with respectively 42.45% and 27.65%, followed by ARD (13.67%) and HT (11.00%).

Highly developed cities dating from 1970s of Taiwan have recently encountered a set of problems commonly known as urban decay, resulting in the relocation of urban business districts and high levels of out-migration. This study examines the impact of the various urban-renewal policies, laws and decrees that have been enacted to remedy this situation, as well as the effects of these measures on urban disaster prevention. Based on historical data, textual analysis and field research, it concludes that these governmental strategies, while important to the goal of urban renewal, have also been the cause of new urban-development problems such as traffic congestion, extreme population density, and deficiencies in the amount open space. This is traced to a lack of integration of large-scale development goals and strategies with specific urban-renewal areas' plans Part of the problem appears to be that the Taiwanese government usually adopts only a floor area incentive strategy to promote public participation. The authors recommend that it deploy a more diverse array of strategies, including but not limited to tax incentives, accelerated renewal processes, and regional rewards. The authors also highlight how real-estate development enterprises' design strategies and quality-control processes for residential construction can serve the goals of urban disaster prevention as well as urban renewal.

Generally speaking, the estimate of casualty, economic loss and damage of building or structures after earthquakes is modelled through the evaluating seismic influence field and the data which is administrative units for census and statistics. Thus, the evaluating results have good application in large scale, but are not accurate enough in the case of post-earthquake disaster assessments. The data based on kilometre grid can better embody the spatial heterogeneity of elements. And then it would improve the accuracy of the assessments. The paper introduces the design and implementation of earthquake emergency response system based on the kilometre grid data in Shanxi province of population, economy, and housing from several facets, such as system architecture, technology implementation, database design, functional modules and algorithms, system workflows and product details. Taking the 2010 M4.8 Hejin earthquake as an example, the evaluation is fast, precise, and spatial heterogeneity of the disaster pre-assessment is obvious.

In order to achieve sustainable goals within urban context, IoT based smart city is a popular concept to endeavor. The utilization of IoT technology is the backbone of this concept. This paper explores the current development of IoT based smart city ecosystem and suggests some issues to be followed up. In this ecosystem, stakeholders are basically categorized into Users, Devices Producer, Middleware Developer and Apps Developer. It is found that the future challenges of IoT based smart city are circling around coordination activity among these stakeholders.