Table of contents

PREFACE

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Development (ICESD 2018) which was held in HOTEL NOVOTEL PARIS CRETEIL LE LAC, Paris, France during 7-9 February, 2018. ICESD 2018 was dedicated to issues related to Environmental Science and Development.

I, Prof. Miklas Scholz, from Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden, held the keynote speech with title "Wetland Systems Used for Flood and Diffuse Pollution Control: Integration of Hydro-environment, Energy and Decision Making". Prof. Khalil Hanna from Graduate Engineering School of Chemistry of Rennes, France had a keynote speech with title "Implications of Fe chemistry in environmental processes". Prof. Slav Hermanowicz from University of California at Berkeley, USA, held the keynote speech with title "Will Water Be the 'Oil of the 21st Century'? A quest for sustainable water management?". Prof. Susan Richardson from University of South Carolina, USA performed the keynote speech with title "Emerging Environmental Contaminants in Water: State of the Science".

List of Conference General Co-Chairs, Program Co-Chairs, Contact Chair and Technical Committee are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Analysis of carbon footprint and its environmental impact remains one of the most critical topics in air pollution research. Likewise, the effect of the transportation sector to emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases is a growing concern in developing countries, but, it is more complicated in undeveloped countries because of the lousy quality of fuels, exhaust technology and non-regulations of government control agencies. In the city of Riobamba, Ecuador, the growing population associated with the massive use of public transportation have all resulted in significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, emissions were obtained with the Bacharach ECA 450 analyzer and used to calculate the emission factor of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide in kg/TJ. It was found that value of the emission factor of CO2 was 57690, 13 kg CO₂/TJ. All Riobamba city bus stations contribute significantly to the carbon footprint. The factors that influenced the increase in the generation of greenhouse gases were: technology, the operation of buses and characteristics of fuel (diesel).

Climate change is one of the most critical environmental problems nowadays. This change is caused by greenhouse effect, which is related to anthropogenic activities as gases production by fossil fuels and industrial production. Methane emission was evaluated in five Ecuadorian hydropower dams with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology. The average emission was 168,741 tCO₂eq per year in the five stations. The energy density of the Ecuadorian hydropower dams is higher than Brazilian with similar capacity; this result is due to the Ecuadorian's geography. Despite benefits of the hydropower, to mitigate methane emission is recommended to minimize the environmental impact.

Climate change is a global issue, caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting in many adverse effects. One of the many responses to the climate change impact is to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Al-Qurm Nature Reserve in Muscat city of Oman is a mangrove vegetation protected by law as conservation area. Carbon sequestration was estimated in three distinct zones of this natural mangrove vegetation with Avicennia marina. The mean carbon stock in the middle zone was 7.7±0.3 kg C/m², and for the seaward zone was 5.3±0.7 kg C/m², and for landward 18.8±0.1 kg C/m², which is 3.5 times higher than seaward zone and slightly more than 2 times than middle zone. The 0.82 km² of Al-Qurm Nature Reserve occupied purely by Avicennia marina was estimated to sink about 8692 t C (0.0087 Mt C) equivalent to about 0.032 Mt of CO_2e. These estimates suggest a high carbon storage and carbon sequestration potential of Avicennia marina in Al-Qurm Nature Reserve despite their relatively small area.

Climate change, by its nature, will affect various realms such as society, economy and the environment. In this sense, it is necessary to develop technologies to assess climate change impacts that can pre-emptively consider individual fields including health, water management, forest, agriculture and ecosystems as well as accidents and disasters, and the interaction among the fields in order to analyse climate change impacts. To provide a platform for the integrated assessment models to develop the climate change integrated impacts and vulnerability assessment models and address political issues, MOTIVE (Model of InTegrated Impacts and Vulnerability Evaluation of climate change) has been conducted as a part of a national R&D project since 2014. Under the project, the study built the common DB with 101 integrated items and 1,355 layers that can be commonly used by each field and the DB utilization system, and also developed a tool that displays the results of the climate change impacts and vulnerability assessment models by field. The tool maximized convenience by providing various analysis functions such as visualization, spatial distribution, bias and schematization of the vulnerability assessment results by field. Using the platform of the DB utilization system and the resulting display tool of MOTIVE, it is possible to compare and analyse the results of the climate change impacts and vulnerability assessment models by field, which is likely to be used as an effective means of decision making in the future. This platform will serve as a foundation for building the basis upon which integrated models can be utilized to assess climate change impacts and vulnerability in the future.

Among the problems concerning climate environment, global warming is one of them drawing the highest attention all over the world. The basic assumption is that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is positively correlated with global temperature. Under the premise of assuming that the concentration of carbon dioxide provided by the nature is constant, carbon dioxide generated from human activities is the crime culprit of global warming. In fact, from the scientific research point of view, a high-degree consensus has not yet been reached in respect to the global warming issue. Since the end of 1980s, it has converted from undetermined statistical prediction in various aspects to certain definitive well-recognized international consensus and become an important factor in the international political game through all efforts of political powers. In recent years, China is devoted to adjust energy structure and playing the role as a big power in terms of emission reduction and limitation. As a result, the leadership in renewable energy sources is quietly transferred from US to China. The move allows China to take the moral high ground and intensify its strength and standing in global governance.

Better understanding the surface circulation in the marine environment is pertinent to the preparedness of pollution response and maritime safety. In the spring of 2012, two GPS surface drifters were deployed off the Minjiang River Estuary to study the surface circulation near the southwestern East China Sea. One drifter followed the China Coastal Current and the other one joined the Taiwan Warm Current. Classical harmonic analysis technique was employed to analyse the current velocities derived from the trajectories of these two drifters. M2 tidal component is dominant in the tidal current spectrum. The residual currents obtained from these 2 drifters agree very well with the previous studies.

Water is one of the most important vital types of natural resources used in almost all spheres of life and human activity. It is the availability of water that determines development of industry and agriculture. Its selection and irretrievable losses can have a significant impact on the state of the natural environment. Geology of the earth's surface is arranged in such a way that boundaries of groundwater aquifers and complexes distribution do not coincide with the boundaries of states, and therefore extraction of this priceless resource must be regulated at the international level. The development of a unified universal concept for groundwater production, namely the system of state regulation, monitoring, taxation and planning should be based on the experience of advanced countries such as Russia, Germany, France, etc., where a vast experience of scientific and research activity is accumulated. Many international conflicts can be prevented if one approaches the problems of subsoil use on the basis of a general agreement. The aim of the research is development of an international conceptual model for groundwater production management through regulation of specification systems, monitoring, licensing, control of groundwater extraction. Features of groundwater extraction from transboundary aquifers are considered, international experience of conflict regulation in this sphere is reviewed, recommendations and prerequisites for the development of an international system for the groundwater extraction management are given.

As a result of long-term well mining activities, a large area of coal mining subsidence has formed in the mining area in Peixian County, Jiangsu province, an important energy base in eastern China. This subsidence filled by water made the local water cycle become more complicated and severe geological hazards easy to occur. Oxygen-stable isotope, playing an important role in the study on water-cycle mechanism, is a substantial way to track different sources of water in nature. In this study, we took samples from different water bodies of soil water, the surface waters (river, lake and collapse pit) and the groundwater (well water) seasonally in a year. The analyses of δD and δ¹⁸O were further conducted to trace the transforming relationships between these water bodies. The findings are as follows: (i) precipitation is the main charge source of soil water, along with significant evaporation processes; (ii) with soil depth increasing, δD and δ¹⁸O of soil water showed a trend like that first decreasing to a certain value and then stabilizing and finally increasing to the bottom of soil profile; (iii) when the reclamation soil experienced longer time, the values of soil water δD and δ¹⁸O increased in the whole profile, and this character was more obvious in deeper layers than in shallower and in surface layers; (iv) indicated from the isotopic characters of different water bodies and precipitation that precipitation was the main source of recharge of collapse pit water, and the infiltrated soil water and ground water experienced mixing with river water and precipitation by the water pathways conducted through the entire Cenozoic coal seam by mining.

Mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services, including fisheries production, nutrient cycling, soil formation and carbon storage. However, the forests and their habitat have degraded rapidly due to anthropogenic threats. Consequently, the loss of carbon (C) stored in these ecosystem is inevitable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the species diversity of mangrove forest of Labuhan, Lamongan regency, Indonesia and evaluate its above-ground and below-ground-root biomass and C. Twenty-four plots with a size of 10x10 m were carried out using the quadrat sampling technique to identify, record and measure the DBH of the trees. The Shannon – Wiener's diversity index (H'=1.51) was moderate, having a total of nine true mangrove forests dominated by Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata with an importance value index of 100.40% and 80.46% respectively. The total C stored in above-ground and below-ground-root was 74.70 ± 15.58 Mg C ha^-1, which is equivalent to total CO₂ sequestration of 274.15 ± 57.18 Mg CO₂ ha^-1. This study suggests that the Labuhan mangrove forest has a potential to store and sequester a substantial amount of atmospheric C; therefore, it is needed to protect and sustainably manage this important forest.

Remote sensing-based forest cover change maps are usually elaborated for national level baseline information towards environmental conservation schemes. Community forest management is acknowledged as a key component of sustainable use of natural resources. In this research, we provide a means of technological appropriation for the community of Cherán, state of Michoacán, Mexico, to complement their local forest management initiative since 2012, after severe illegal logging occurred all along the previous decade. Participatory mapping, collaborative online cartography and global forest cover products were shared with the Community Council of the Commons. The environmental effect of the governance change occurred in 2012 was assessed using the Global Forest Cover Change (GFCC) product from 2000 to 2016. We find a significant reduction of deforestation in Cherán, due to local empowerment, which contrasts with overall trend in the region. We discuss the potential benefits of an alliance between communities and the academy through the construction of decentralized spatial data infrastructures in Mexico.

This study aims to select the radiated area for the wild grazing of Crested ibis(Nipponia Nippon) in 2017 and develop a best-fit models for the wild grazing candidate area and dispersed area based on the existing restoration center in Gyeongnam area. According to the restoration policy of the endangered species Crested ibis, the regions that have a high suitability index are selected. In order to increase genetic diversity and prevent massive bird flu outbreaks, designating protection area for Crested ibis is necessary and it is recommended to release them in a geographically dispersed manner. As a result, the data obtained from the Crested ibis releasing could be shared with other restoration centers and also used as a basic data for the conservation of other endangered species in the entire Korea Peninsula.

A robust representation of hydrogeological properties of the examined study area in discretization step is essential in groundwater modelling to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the model. A number of studies have investigated the effect of grid cell size in model discretization using comparison of performances of different models representing different cell sizes. However, although grid size refinement effect on model performances was calculated, the impact of mean slope was not conclusively discussed. In this study, five models distinguished by five spatial discretization schemes; 10 x 10 m, 20 x 20 m, 30 x 30 m, 40 x 40 m and 50 x 50 m were constructed. Using PEST, hydraulic conductivity and specific yield values over a selection of pilot points were estimated. The effect of surface slope is discussed in order to recommend the most appropriate location for observation well placement in terms of topographical characteristic. It is confirmed that the deterioration of model performance is controlled by mean slope of the surface. Results reveal that model performance increases substantially for areas of low slope (< 3 %) and medium slope (3 ~ 10 %) for smaller a grid cell size. Therefore, to improve model performance, it is recommended that the observations wells are placed in areas of low and medium slopes.

Numerical models have more flexibility avoiding the critical limitation in physical ones. The predictive capability of the hydro-morphological model around bridge piers in clear-water conditions have been investigated using mathematical modelling flow 3D 11.2 as there is a lack in using that model. The objective of the study to investigate the effect of cross section of the pier on the predictive capability of the model. Computations has been performed and the results are compared with several sets of experimental data available in the literature. The Van Rijn sediment transport model and (RNG) k-ε model are used. However, this study strongly demonstrates that a 3D hydro-morphological model can effectively predict the scour around piers with different cross section, there is significantly under predicts for the scour depth at the nose of the pier with different pier shapes. It is found that for the circular pier the capability of the model depending on the flow properties not only the geometry of the pier.

The industrialized food system holds considerable power over some of the most important aspects of our societies, such as health, environment, economy, culture and politics, though their main focus is private profit. In response to issues related to the production and distribution of goods alternative initiatives are emerging all over the world related to the creation of a food systems that promotes solidarity, diversity, democracy. This paper looked at an organization emerged from a group of women members of the Landless Movement called Rede Xique-Xique. The study presents data from a recent interview conducted with a community organizer involved with the Network, also includes records from previous unpublished research, consisting of a participant observation conducted in 2011. The study found that the network organization brought improvements to the living conditions of farmers and voice to a rather invisible portion of the population.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a new form of Ecotourism, Tourist Participation Restoration-Ecotourism, based on the system thinking perspective using causal loop analysis. Analysis target area is Dadaepo which is not only ecologically important place but also famous tourist site. Three causal loop diagrams are developed, and a mutuality among variables are found. From these, variables that management harmful effects are elicited. The results are as follows. Release some marine seedlings with tourists and reduce the damaging of environment. The obstacle of ecological tours is the disruption of ecosystem. Give an education to the tourists about the environment in advance and limit the number of seedling that is released through the quiz, thereby preventing secondary damage to the ecosystem. Managing the decline of biodiversity is a establishment of standards. If the diversity falls below the standard, prevent the release of seedlings for maintain the biodiversity. This can be care for ecosystem of tourist site and satisfy the needs of tourists. The conclusion provides some research implications and future research direction.

After the predatory primitive accumulation of development, the world development target is turn to the sustainable development. This paper aims to develop a sustainable development plan to create a sustainable world. A sustainable development model is constructed based on AHP, and the Index System of Sustainable development is designed. In terms of analysis about sustainability of policy, we chose Talent Policy combining with three Sustainable Indexes. When a country's comprehensive evaluation index is greater than 0.60, we define that country is sustainable. Therefore, the model in this question can state when and how a country is sustainable development. By using the model and study to determine the degree of Burmese sustainability development, we consider the Grey Forecast Model to analyse the changes population, natural resources(as water resources), economics, social and political environment. Therefore, the environment factors are negative to Myanmar's sustainable development.

The objective of this research is to study the hotspot occurrence pattern in January to April and Long-range Transport Contribution on Haze Episode in the areas sharing borders between northern Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. Hotspots or active fire detected by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard of Terra and Aqua satellites, provided by NASA's Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) were used to represent open burning locations in the region. The daily backwardtrajectories in March 2014 to 2016, obtained from PM₁₀ measurement station in Chiang Rai province was brought toanalysis using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT4) model. In the result, the hotspot occurrence has similar patterns. Highest number of hotspot was found in March, April, February and January, or 51, 31, 12 and 5 percent of the total number, respectively. The highest hotspot number was found in Myanmar, then Laos and Thailand, or 51, 28 and 21 percent, respectively. Backward trajectoriespatterns mainly moved across the south-western part of the study area, where hotspots were frequently occurred. Consequently, smoke haze problem in the province was influenced by burning at the upwind regions where PM₁₀ was steadily accumulated until reaching the station. Obviously, the smoke problem in northern Thailand and its neighbours is boundless. Therefore, solving this regional problem by reduce burning activities in one country is insufficient. Collaboration between countries is necessary. Active sustainable land use, reduce burning activities after harvesting and maintain the sustainability of the natural resources and environment should be conductedIntroduction.

Quantitative assessment of emissions related to construction projects should be performed during the planning phase of the projects. This is significant to spot the high values of pollution during the construction phase. In this study, a model is developed to estimate pollution resulting from Buildings construction activities. The model calculates the generated pollution for each activity involved in the project as a result of dust, gases and noise emissions. A new index is developed namely Activity Pollution Index (API) which expresses the amount of total pollution for each activity during the project construction phase. Also, the developed model is able to display the resulted total pollution distribution throughout the project life that corresponding to the planned scheduling. An actual case study in an administrative building construction in Egypt is selected to demonstrate the practical use of the proposed model. The results show that the peak and minimum values of total pollution were occurred during the excavation activity and the formwork erections and steel fixing of the second segment of the building with values of API equal to 69 and 2, respectively.

The Association of Young People of Alto Rio Preto (JUAP) and the Association of Children and Friends of São Benedito, Maranhão, Brasil (AFASB) develop the "Avante Camaradas" (Forward Comrades) Project and the "Alonga Vida" (Lenghten Life) Operation, for the maintenance of the Preto River and the Mocambo River, its main tributary. From these actions arose the necessity of technical study of the Preto River. In this research we carried out expeditions in the river, we verified its bed, tributaries, vegetation, number of households and riverside. The study area was from Tutanguira village to ETA CAEMA (Water Treatment Station of the Environmental Sanitation Company of Maranhão). Flora, with identification of 89 species and fauna, with identification of 101 bird species, 28 species of herpetofauna (amphibian and reptiles) and 11 species of mammals were studied. Environmental impacts such as cutting and burning vegetation, extraction of wood for sawmill, coal and fishing, sand extraction and pebble stone are frequent in the river area. A socioeconomic diagnosis of the community of the study area was made, being verified that the majority is farmer and with low schooling. The river runs the risk of being no longer perennial and becoming intermittent due to the degradation caused by population growth and the monoculture of soybean and eucalyptus. One suggests the execution of an urgent maintenance and recovery project in the Preto River.

Road traffic noise is one of the main nuisance factors in a city. This creates the necessity of determining and monitoring not only its level in relation to the existing urban structure, but also precisely determining and monitoring the level of noise over time, accounting for the designed spatial and functional solutions. In Poland, issues connected with noise are taken on in ecophysiographic reports and forecasts of its impact on the environment, which are a component of the local spatial development plan (LSDP) creation processes. Unfortunately, studies carried out on the noise environment are done in a selective manner, while environmental reports assume the consistency of nuisance phenomena over time. In connection with the above, the present article focuses on the problem of noise nuisance derived from a planned road solution while making a planning decision in the process of creating an LSDP. The specific aim is to present an original Road Traffic Noise Forecast (RTNF) understood as an element of the procedure of choosing an optimal spatial and functional solution for noise sensitive areas in terms of maintaining noise-level standards. The above will be illustrated on the example of a selected LSDP of the Polish city of Bydgoszcz.

Spindly bismuth ferrite oxide (BiFeO₃, BFO) nanoparticles were fabricated by Bi(NO₃)₃, Fe(NO₃)₃, NaOH and urea solutions at 125° C. The BFO nanoparticles have a spindle-shaped of ∼120 m in length and ~50 nm in width. Such nanoparticles could be used in the photocatalytic degradation of Malachite Green (MG) dye under irradiation by a 105 W compact fluorescent lamp. They were very stable and could be easily recovered by an applied magnetic field. There was an optimal photocatalyst amount of 1.0 g/L, at which the degradation efficiency of MG was improved to 72.6% under exposure of visible light for 240 min. The active hydroxyl (•OH) radicals formed during the photocatalytic process were tested using a photoluminescence–terephthalic acid (PL–TA) measurement, which were validate to be significantly affected by the photocatalyst amount. Other organic pollutants including phenol, bisphenol A and methylparaben could also be photodecomposed in the presence of similar conditions. These features demonstrated the BFO nanoparticles practical applications in environmental remediation.

Flower-like BiOBr hierarchical structures were successfully prepared via a facile hydrothermal route in the absence of any surfactants. Various characterization tests were carried out to analyze the as-prepared BiOBr samples. By utilizing the flower-like BiOBr as photocatalysts, enhanced photocatalytic performance on the sunset yellow degradation was observed in comparison with the BiOBr nanosheets and commercial TiO₂. The photocatalytic enhancement was ascribed to the unique hierarchical porous surface structure with good crystallinity and optical properties, which could improve the electron-hole pairs separation and led to high yield of reactive oxygen species for photocatalytic reaction. Other organic pollutants such as bisphenol A and methylparaben were also successfully degraded over flower-like BiOBr under similar experimental conditions.

Na-bentonite, non-hazardous material usually uses as a drilling mud in Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) technique. Its alkalinity may reduce severe acidic conditions of acid sulfate soils (ASS) in natural gas transmission pipeline Rights-of-Way in Thailand (RoW). This study focused on the effects of Na-bentonite on pH buffering capacity (pHBC) of ASS. Five major acid sulfate soils in RoW were collected and incubated with incremental amounts of 0.4 M Ca(OH)₂ and 0.4 M HCl to determine their pHBC. Hydroxyl equivalent alkalinity derived from pHBC curves was used to define the appropriate rate of Na-bentonite. The various soil:Na-bentonite ratios of 1:0.1, 1:0.15, 1:0.2, 1:0.3, 1:0.4, 1:0.5, 1:1 were prepared to examine their pH change. The results showed that active acid sulfate soils especially in subsoil had very high pHBC and Na-bentonite can increase soil pH to the optimal pH of 6.0, implying that Na-bentonite was beneficial for acid sulfate soils.

Particle size control is very important in the shield slurry separation. The structural parameters and separation efficiency of desilter separation efficiency were studied using numerical simulations. In this study, slurry treatment process was designed firstly, and then the influence including the diameter of the overflow port, the size of the cone, the length of cylinder and the diameter of the bottom flow on the separation efficiency were studied. In the hydrocyclone, the minimum tangential velocity occurs at the center of the cyclone, which makes it possible to separate materials more efficiently. The pressure distribution is consistent with the pressure characteristics of combined vortex motion. After obtaining the optimal design, the separation ability of the hydrocyclone was greatly improved. The 75 μm and 100 μm particles recycle efficiency increase 8% and 11% respectively. The results of this study provide a numerical basis for the optimization of hydrocyclone system.

This paper discussed a kind of heating storage technology with high voltage and high power furnace. This technique used solid heat storage media, which changed electric power of 10 kV voltage level into thermal energy, to supply heat to the residents. In north of China, it could partly solve the pollution problem of traditional heating system. If the electric power was from the wind energy, solar energy or the valley electric power, the value and effect were much greater. This paper discussed the status, problems and efficiency of this technology and gave some practical and significant suggestion

Water scarcity is one of the main challenges facing water management in Egypt. This in turn will have direct impacts on the agricultural sector which is a key sector for the socio-economic development in Egypt, and plays a significant role in the Egyptian national economy. In Egypt, water resources are limited to the Nile River, rainfall, deep groundwater, and potential desalination of sea. Climate change, rapid population growth, and economic development will significantly affect the future availability of water resources for agriculture sector, which consumes about 85% of total water resources in Egypt. Therefore, continuously monitoring of crop statutes and crop water consumption plays a vital role in water resources management in developing countries such as Egypt. Recently Remote sensing techniques provide decision makers with spatial information about crop statutes and water stress at region scale. Remote sensing techniques also have the ability to monitor large areas with saving time and cost. The main objective of this study is investigating the capabilities of satellite data in monitoring of water stress and crop statues in the central portion of Nile delta by using the water stress index (WSI). The water stress index was used to identify locations of poor irrigation in order to maximize the crop yield. The proposed model was calibrated and validated against the measured data by using 20 points of ground measurements for actual evapotranspiration (ET_C) and wet evapotranspiration (ET_Wet). The performance of the model was measured using various evaluation criteria. Validation results showed that satellite data are capable of estimating WSI since the comparison between WSI_obs and WSI_est resulted in R²=0.5003. Therefore WSI can be considered as a quick, costless and moderate tool to provide farmers and decision makers with spatial information about crop statues and water stress.

The shoreline trajectory of Damietta city, located at the Northern coast of Egypt, is dramatically subjected to significant kinematic changes. Several types of coastal measures have been applied substantially along the coastal stretch of Damietta to protect shoreline (detached breakwaters, Jetties, groins, and seawalls). This study focuses in the assessment of shoreline kinematics response due to the existence of these structures during the period from 1990 to 2015 using satellite images and geo-spatial tools. Three semi-automatic extraction techniques are initially tempted for Landsat ETM 2003 imagery namely; Iso cluster technique, threshold method, and onscreen digitizing. The shoreline variation measurement of is described for three sectors based on the allocation of the coastal measures:(1) the western sector encompassing Damietta port with two jetties; (2) the central sector including detached breakwaters; (3) the eastern portion of Damietta estuary passing through a seawall. The results show that, the shoreline has progressed by +10.0 m/year rate west of Damietta port. Behind the detached breakwaters, the shoreline has advanced by +12.0 m/year from 1999 to 2003 and then has decreased gradually to be near the stable state in 2015. The highly eroded by average rate of - 78 m/year appeared at end of eastern seawall.

The aim of the current paper is to present some methodological aspects of building monitoring information system for landslides. Having regard the importance of data in functioning of the monitoring system a special attention is given to the landslide factors, determining the weights of different factors and methods for making a landslide susceptibility map which is a base for selecting monitoring points and assessment of landslide hazard. The paper is not about the monitoring equipment and technical issues of building monitoring system. It concern landslide factor analysis and characteristics of spatial data in geographic information system (GIS) environment used for assessment of landslide susceptibility as a part of monitoring system. Based on ArcGIS Spatial analyst tools (ESRI Inc.) two overlay techniques – fuzzy logic and weighted sum are suggested for making a landslide susceptibility map. Application of GIS allows processing of a large amount of data and easily updating of information. It helps to better communicating the information about landslide hazards to the public by the relevant visualisation of the spatial data and also facilitate decision makers in case of natural hazard.

The paper propose a fuzzy logic model for level assessment of the negative socio–economical consequences to the household and each of its members in case of power cuts due to natural disasters. The appropriate preventive activities are proposed to help to reduce the vulnerability and to increase the preparedness against the negative impact of power cuts on households. The fuzzy logic model is designed as a three-level hierarchical system with four inputs and one output. The system is designed in Matlab computer environment using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. The designed fuzzy logic model is part of the Cloud Integrated Information System for risk management of natural disasters, which are developed.

This paper presents circuit design considerations of comparator in analog-to-digital converters (ADC) applied for a portable, low-cost and high performance nano-sensor chip which can be applied to detect the airborne magnetite pollution nano particulate matter (PM) for environmental monitoring. High-resolution ADC plays a vital important role in high performance nano-sensor, while high-resolution comparator is a key component in ADC. In this work, some important design issues related to comparators in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are discussed, simulation results show that the resolution of the comparator proposed can achieve 5 µV, and it is appropriate for high-resolution application.

Traffic safety is vital to the socioeconomic wellbeing and sustainable development of any society. This study assesses factors undermining traffic safety in Dammam city of Saudi Arabia. The study utilized expert-based questionnaire survey, and employed Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in developing an experts'-based traffic safety model. Six factors believed to be triggering road traffic accident were analyzed, and weights (W) were assigned to each factor using Saaty's 9-point scale of reference. The weights were further normalized through the AHP. The study found traffic lights violations (W=0.37), over speeding (W=0.18), and wrong turns (W=0.17) to be the most critical factors responsible for road traffic accident in the study area. Speed cameras, speed bumps, and speed limits signage were evaluated by experts as means of minimizing road traffic accidents. Speed cameras (W=0.54) and speed bumps (W=0.30) are perceived to enhance road traffic safety over speed limits signage. The study stresses that benefits attached to speed cameras and speed bumps are yet to be fully implemented within the city and outskirts. The study concludes by highlighting how the model can minimize road traffic accidents in the city.

The problems regarding the necessity for improving the quality of urban passenger transport trips have become especially relevant in recent years due to the fact that an increasingly large portion of Europe's population now lives in major cities. They comprise about 85% of the EU's GDP. They are the engine of European economy, attracting investments and providing new jobs. At the same time, their dynamic development has led to multiple negative consequences regarding urban traffic. Despite the progress of automobile technology, the increased number of personal vehicles, the street traffic, the harmful emissions and noise pollution have become one of the biggest challenges for most cities, including Sofia. This has led to negative economic, social and ecological consequences and the destruction of the natural urban environment. Therefore, the European Commission has composed the Green Paper of Transport which outlines the primary guidelines for ensuring stable urban mobility by facilitating traffic in cities, improving the accessibility, security and safety of public transport and reducing the harmful impact of urban traffic on the environment.

This study aimed at opening discussions concerning new ideas of suggesting sustainable scenario based on the principle of an integrated spatial development ring between urban-rural areas along and between AL-Abrash and AL-Hseen rivers watershed, as an application of the bottom-up planning model, seeking to achieve ruralization in parallel with urbanization. This paper adopted data collections and analysis through using a step-by-step approach. Firstly, investigated the land-cover change (LCC) during 30-years. Therefore, using multi-temporal satellite data from different dates for the same study area to create thematic land cover maps which can be used for land cover change detection. Three Landsat satellite images from1987, 2002 and 2017 were classified separately using the supervised classification method in ArcGIS, to provide an economical way to quantify, map and analyse changes over time in land cover. Then, SWOT analysis for the possibilities and determinants within the two-way flow of the current and futuristic economic activity, besides discussion the opportunities of the land-use (LU) taking into account slop map to achieve conservation priority for natural resources. Finally, evaluate results and establishing a sustainable spatial scenario approachable to upgrade into scaling up/out to covering the coastal region watersheds, can support regional planning and decision-making in the future.

Lean production has emerged in the past decades as one of the most popular topics in business and manufacturing literature and it is the most extended production paradigm currently applied in industry. Lean production is characterized by five principles (value, map the value stream, flow, pull and continuous improvement) and by the importance of reducing waste (muda). Alongside the Lean philosophy, the so-called green strategy has also gained importance in competition between firms. Many companies are trying to develop products that reduce environmental impacts throughout their life cycle. The aim is to reduce resource consumption, to replace hazardous substances, to increase recyclability, to enhance energy efficiency and to bring down CO₂ emissions. Lean and Green production paradigms are both focused on waste reduction and several authors have studied the relationship between Lean and Green practices and the synergic effects of joining these two management approaches. This research carries out a literature review in order to investigate if firms which have applied Lean principles and methods have improved their environmental measures. In particular, the work seeks to highlight which green indicators are more positively affected by Lean practices adoption. The results are synthesized in a final chart which illustrates the main green indicators cited in the literature and shows how these indicators have changed after a Lean transformation program. The research is to be understood as a work in progress and is part of a larger study that the authors are conducting on this topic.

The concept of thermal comfort relies on the knowledge and content of the pedestrians, particularly in an arid climate. This work concentrates on the possible methods to improve the pedestrian thermal comfort. There are inadequate investigations researches carried out on the outdoor thermal comfort in a desert climate. The researches on enhancing outdoor thermal comfort are nearly nonexistent in cities like Baghdad. Baghdad has a sophisticated urban fabric with contemporary buildings, traditional houses. This work aims at investigating possible strategies to verify how pedestrian comfort is influenced by the constructions design choices, and how vegetation contributes to enhancing the outdoor thermal comfort. The evaluation was performed by using ENVI-met on the hottest day in summer. ENVI-met represents buildings design and calculates the impact on the vegetation on outdoor thermal comfort. We adopted PMV indices to evaluate the outdoor thermal comfort. This work aims to design cities in an arid climate and to maintain a convenient level of thermal comfort. Also, how to perform a proper climate of pedestrians during the daytime beneath the burning sun, particularly in cities with an extreme rise in summer temperatures and for numerous months, as in Baghdad. The research exhibits a proposal area design in an arid climate based on the architectural and implementation standards to increase the pedestrians thermal comfort requirements and how the urban factors such as the aspect ratio, symmetrical distribution, and the green strategies are essential factors that urban designer may be taken into account, mostly for design new urban area in an arid climate.

The control of outdoor thermal comfort became a question of extreme importance in hot desert cities, knowing that people of these cities seek to shelter solar rays by all means especially during the hot season. The aim of this research is to study and analyze the effect of urban vegetation and shade on the microclimate and thermal comfort within an open public space in a hot desert city (the city of Ouargla in Algeria). As an element that minimizes and intercepts the sun's rays, it generates solar energy shade and absorbs the fluxes of radiation, modifies the temperature, the relative humidity and minimizes the wind velocity and modifies its directions. For this, we have used Ray Man which is simulation software to calculate the indices of thermal comfort. The work consists in calculating these indices before and after the insertion of two types of vegetation within our case study (the martyr's plaza in the traditional neighborhood of the city of Ouargla). The results obtained show the main role of vegetation by the improvement of thermal comfort.

The pollution of the Chinese inner rivers was more and more seriously in nearly 20~30 years. The people had already pay widespread attention to this status. The researchers had done a great deal of works on the treatment of these rivers and it had obtained much achievement and gained many effective treating methods. At same time the government had done some policy support to this situation. This paper summarized the treatment status of Chinese inner rivers. It included treatment methods and their advantages and disadvantages. It discussed the government's relevant policies and the implementing of the local governments. It also gave some improved directions in the future.

The oil palm industry has been recognized for its contribution towards economic growth and rapid development, it has also contributed to environmental pollution due to the production of huge quantities of by-products from the oil extraction process. Current research reports prediction of optimal CN ratio of different mixture percentages of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and palm pressed fiber (PPF) namely 100% (only POME), 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and 0% (only PPF). Different mixture percentages with varying initial characters results in different C:N ratio which could affect the earthworm growth and the vermicomposting stability. Therefore, the present research aims to predict the optimal mixture by establishing a 3D base model. The models were generated having an average unified formula using mathematical software Matlab. The results obtained in this study indicates that the 3D polynomial graph can explain the relationship between different POME-PPF concentration with respect to earthworm growth and time showing ideal R² value of 0.99. The regression analysis showed positive correlation between different mixture percentages and earthworm growth in 50% (r = 0.412), 60% (r = 0.509) and 70% (r = 0.441). Therefore, from the model it can conclude that 60% mixture of POME-PPF is an optimal mixture for the vermicomposting process.

Large numbers of bacteria and actinomycete strains were isolated from two contaminated soils with high total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) content. From five selective media formulations used, nutrient agar and glucose yeast extract agar showed the best results. Bacterial colony forming units per dry gram soil (ufc/g) ranged from 5.14x10³ to 4.20x10¹¹, whereas for actinomycetes was from 8.99x10⁴ to 9.2x10⁷ ufc/g. Seventy-three bacteria and ninety-three actinomycete isolates were recovered from the two soils. Numerical taxonomy analysis of phenotypic data shows that at 90% similarity, the bacteria could be divided into sixteen multimembered and fifteen single-membered phenetic-groups, while the actinomycetes were separated in twenty multimembered and four single-membered phenetic-groups. Out of the one hundred and sixty-six strains, only ten were unable to use gasoline or oil as sole carbon and nitrogen sources. Most of the isolates could degrade both hydrocarbons. The results of this study show that bacteria and actinomycetes are present in large numbers in high TPH contaminated soils, with an extraordinary degree of diversity and that they can use oil or its derivatives as nutrients.

In this study, the focus will be primarily on antimicrobials extracted from Microalgae Chlorella from stacked water from three different places. The results provide dates for possible applications in the pharmaceutical industry for developing antiseptic and antimicrobial products to guarantee the health of the people. The study initially outlines the isolation of microalgae and secondly was the extraction of chlorellin as an antimicrobial metabolite. To replicate the environmental conditions which are useful for growth colonies of Chlorella it was maintained at room temperature, oscillating between 10 °C to 18 °C in Bold Basal medium enriched with NH4Cl. After that, chlorellin was extracted from aqueous supernatant and sediment with ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and water. The results of this study show that the chlorellin extracted from Chlorella present an essential antimicrobial capacity against bacteria isolated from the hand. The antimicrobial capacity was equal with ampicillin and oxacillin to inhibit Staphylococcus spp.