Table of contents

Preface

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to 2017 The 6th International Conference on Manufacturing Engineering and Process (ICMEP 2017) which will be held in University Lisbon, Portugal, May 27-29, 2017. ICMEP 2017 is dedicated to issues related to Manufacturing Engineering and Process.

The major goal and feature of the conference is to bring academic scientists, engineers, industry researchers together to exchange and share their experiences and research results, and discuss the practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted. Professors from Portugal, and Turkey are invited to deliver keynote speeches regarding latest information in their respective expertise areas. It will be a golden opportunity for the students, researchers and engineers to interact with the experts and specialists to get their advice or consultation on technical matters, sales and marketing strategies.

This proceedings present a selection from papers submitted to the conference from universities, research institutes and industries. All of the papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers selected depended on their quality and their relevancy to the conference. The volume tends to present to the readers the recent advances in the field of Manufacturing Engineering and Process and various related areas, such as Biological materials and processing technology, Analysis and application of material properties, Mechanical engineering and computer aided design, Manufacturing systems and production management, Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of functional materials, etc.

We would like to thank all the authors who have contributed to this volume and also to the organizing committee, reviewers, speakers, chairpersons, sponsors and all the conference participants for their support to ICMEP 2017.

Prof. Mário S. Ming Kong

University Lisbon, Portugal

June 1, 2017.

List of committee members are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

In this study, was investigated the optimization of the factors that significantly influenced the mechanical property improvement of cassava starch films through complete factorial design 2³. The factors to be analyzed were cassava starch, glycerol and modified clay contents. A regression model was proposed by the factorial analysis, aiming to estimate the condition of the individual factors investigated in the optimum state of the mechanical properties of the biofilm, using the following statistical tool: desirability function and response surface. The response variable that delimits the improvement of the mechanical property of the biofilm is the tensile strength, such improvement is obtained by maximizing the response variable. The factorial analysis showed that the best combination of factor configurations to reach the best response was found to be: with 5g of cassava starch, 10% of glycerol and 5% of modified clay, both percentages in relation to the dry mass of starch used. In addition, the starch biofilm showing the lowest response contained 2g of cassava starch, 0% of modified clay and 30% of glycerol, and was consequently considered the worst biofilm.

In order to obtain cassava starch films with improved mechanical properties in relation to the synthetic polymer in the packaging production, a complete factorial design 2³ was carried out in order to investigate which factor significantly influences the tensile strength of the biofilm. The factors to be investigated were cassava starch, glycerol and modified clay contents. Modified bentonite clay was used as a filling material of the biofilm. Glycerol was the plasticizer used to thermoplastify cassava starch. The factorial analysis suggested a regression model capable of predicting the optimal mechanical property of the cassava starch film from the maximization of the tensile strength. The reliability of the regression model was tested by the correlation established with the experimental data through the following statistical analyse: Pareto graph. The modified clay was the factor of greater statistical significance on the observed response variable, being the factor that contributed most to the improvement of the mechanical property of the starch film. The factorial experiments showed that the interaction of glycerol with both modified clay and cassava starch was significant for the reduction of biofilm ductility. Modified clay and cassava starch contributed to the maximization of biofilm ductility, while glycerol contributed to the minimization.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of material stiffness and load on the biomechanical performance of the monolithic full-coverage posterior aesthetic dental crowns using finite element analysis. Three restorative materials for monolithic dental crowns were selected for the study: zirconia; lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, and resin-based composite. Stresses were calculated in the crowns for all materials and in the teeth structures, under different load values. The experiments show that dental crowns made from all this new aesthetic materials processed by CAD/CAM technologies would be indicated as monolithic dental crowns for posterior areas.

Technological developments have led to the implementation of novel digitalized manufacturing methods for the production of metallic structures in prosthetic dentistry. These technologies can be classified as based on subtractive manufacturing, assisted by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems, or on additive manufacturing (AM), such as the recently developed laser-based methods. The aim of the study was to assess the surface texture and hardness of metallic structures for dental restorations obtained by alternative technologies: conventional casting (CST), computerized milling (MIL), AM power bed fusion methods, respective selective laser melting (SLM) and selective laser sintering (SLS). For the experimental analyses metallic specimens made of Co-Cr dental alloys were prepared as indicated by the manufacturers. The specimen structure at the macro level was observed by an optical microscope and micro-hardness was measured in all substrates. Metallic frameworks obtained by AM are characterized by increased hardness, depending also on the surface processing. The formation of microstructural defects can be better controlled and avoided during SLM and MIL process. Application of power bed fusion techniques, like SLS and SLM, is currently a challenge in dental alloys processing.

The integration of digitalized processing technologies in traditional dental restorations manufacturing is an emerging application. The objective of this study was to identify the different structural and morphological characteristics of Co-Cr dental alloys processed by alternative manufacturing techniques in order to understand the influence of microstructure on restorations properties and their clinical behavior. Metallic specimens made of Co-Cr dental alloys were prepared using traditional casting (CST), and computerized milling (MIL), selective laser sintering (SLS) and selective laser melting (SLM). The structural information of the samples was obtained by X-ray diffraction, the morphology and the topography of the samples were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscope. Given that the microstructure was significantly different, further differences in the clinical behavior of prosthetic restorations manufactured using additive techniques are anticipated.

Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) was immobilized onto Amberlite XAD 7 and was used in carbon dioxide sequestration purposes. The catalytic activities for free and immobilized CA were estimated by using para-Nitrophenyl Acetate (p-NPA) as the substrate in Tris-buffer containing 10% of acetonitrile. Lineweaver-Burk plot was employed to estimate the Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters for both free and immobilized CA. K_m value of free and immobilized CA were 2.92 mM and 5.7 mM respectively. Meanwhile the V_max value of free and immobilized CA were 5.95 μmoles/min/ml and 2.67 μmoles/min/ml respectively. The kinetic value obtained in the present study shown that the immobilized CA has high affinity for its substrate. On the other hand, activity and stability study at various pH and temperature indicates that the optimum pH for free CA was found to be at pH 9 while for immobilized CA was at pH 10. For optimum temperature, a free CA was performed optimally at temperature 25°C and immobilized CA was working effectively at temperature 50°C. The immobilized CA onto Amberlite was tested in the CO₂ sequestration process and the formation of the white CaCO₃ precipitate was observed during the process. CaCO₃ powder obtained during the process was validated with the XRD analysis. The finding indicated that immobilized CA onto Amberlite XAD7 retained it enzymatic activity and stability and thus perform well in the CO₂ sequestration which gave the white CaCO₃ precipitate.

The size of nanoparticles is one of the most important factors for their possible applications. Various techniques for the nanoparticle size characterization are available. In this paper selected techniques will be considered base on the prepared core-shell magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetite is one of the most investigated and developed magnetic material. It shows interesting magnetic properties which can be used for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, hypothermia and also as a contrast agent. To reduce the toxic effects of Fe3O4, magnetic core was covered by dextran and gelatin. Moreover, the shell was doped by fluorescent dye for confocal microscopy investigation. The main investigation focused on the methods for particles size determination of modified magnetite nanoparticles prepared with different techniques. The size distribution were obtained by nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, fluorescent correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and confocal microscopy were used to compare the results for particle size determination of core-shell systems.

The ability of chitosan-starch based coating to extend shelf life of strawberry were studied. The main objectives of this paper is to study the effects of different concentrations (20, 15, 10 and 5 µL) of Curcuma longa L. (CUR) essential oil into chitosan-based edible coating on surface tension in order to increase the effectiveness of the coating. CUR or turmeric is one of the commercially planted herbs in Malaysia for its phytochemical benefits. Application of edible coating using dipping technique has been analysed and evaluated for their effectiveness in extending shelf life of fruits. Surface tension was analysed to investigate the adhesion properties. The best CUR concentration was 15 µL with the optimum surface tension was found to be 31.92 dynes/cm.

Particle processing plants regard the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) as a key quality factor as it influences the bulk and flow properties of the particles. In this work, Acoustic Emission (AE) is used to estimate the PSD of a mixture that comprise of similar sized particles. The experiments involved the use of regular sized particles (glass beads) and with the aid of a time domain based threshold analysis of the particle impacts the PSD of the mixtures could be estimated.

Formability and energy absorption capability of a steel sheet are highly desirable properties in manufacturing components for automotive applications. TWinning Induced Plastisity (TWIP) steels are, new generation high Mn alloyed steels, attractive for the automotive industry due to its outstanding elongation (%40-45) and tensile strength (~1000MPa). So, TWIP steels provide excellent formability and energy absorption capability. Another required property from the steel sheets is suitability for manufacturing methods such as welding. The use of the steel sheets in the automotive applications inevitably involves welding. Considering that there are 3000-5000 welded spots on a vehicle, it can be interpreted that one of the most important manufacturing method is Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) for the automotive industry. In this study; firstly, TWIP steel sheet were cold rolled to 15% reduction in thickness. Then, the cold rolled TWIP steel sheets were welded with RSW method. The welding parameters (welding current, welding time and electrode force) were optimized for maximizing the peak tensile shear load and minimizing the indentation of the joints using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The effect of welding parameters was also evaluated by examining the signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) results.

With a higher operation temperature, the conventional aero-turbine single web disk (SWD) has reached its limits. The twin-web disk (TWD) has been designed as a breakthrough, which has an expected performance in weight loss, strength and heat transfer efficiency. However, the lack of investigation on the position of the cooling air inlet is slowing down further application of TWD. Therefore, for a further study, inlet position optimization with maximum average Nusselt number is conducted for TWD flow structure study. The average Nusselt number result shows that the TWD has a better performance in heat transfer. All the works, including modeling and analyzing, can be referred for engineering design. And the conclusions obtained in this paper could be valuable for the future improvement of the TWD.

The idea of layer-by-layer deposition of materials to obtain three dimensional shapes, known as three dimensional printing, has gained much popularity during the last decade. Investigations related to understanding the effect of process parameters on the output of the accuracy of parts produced by three dimensional printing processes have been performed by various researchers. This study is also aimed at investigating the effect of deposition speed on the accuracy in terms of geometric dimensions and tolerancing such as flatness and cylindricity of the parts produced by open source three dimensional printers. The repeatability of the parts printed were also investigated.

Companies are constantly looking for improvements in productivity to increase their competitiveness. The use of automation technologies is a tool that have been proven to be effective to achieve this. There are companies that are not familiar with the process to acquire automation technologies, therefore, they abstain from investments and thereby miss the opportunity to take advantage of it. The present document proposes a methodology to determine the level of automation appropriate for the production process and thus minimize automation and improve production taking in consideration the ergonomics factor.

As all massive line production, in the production line under study, exist the possibility of produce defective products, so like all companies based in continuous improvement, it wants to know all the facts about these defective products, for example, how many are they? in which areas do they arise? Why do they arise? And among other questions, in order to suggest and implement some solution alternatives

In this paper, we will present a methodology used for the synchronization of two workshops of a sheet metal department. These two workshops have a supplier-customer relationship. The aim of the study is to synchronise the two workshops as a step towards creating a better material flow, reduced inventory and achieving Just in time and lean production. To achieve this, we used a different set of techniques: SMED, Facilities planning...

Manufacturing good parts with additive technologies rely on melt pool dimension and temperature and are controlled by manufacturing strategies often decided on machine side. Strategies are built on beam path and variable energy input. Beam path are often a mix of contour and hatching strategies filling the contours at each slice. Energy input depend on beam intensity and speed and is determined from simple thermal models to control melt pool dimensions and temperature and ensure porosity free material. These models take into account variation in thermal environment such as overhanging surfaces or back and forth hatching path. However not all the situations are correctly handled and precision is limited. This paper proposes new method to determine energy input from full built chamber 3D thermal simulation. Using the results of the simulation, energy is modified to keep melt pool temperature in a predetermined range. The paper present first an experimental method to determine the optimal range of temperature. In a second part the method to optimize the beam speed from the simulation results is presented. Finally, the optimized beam path is tested in the EBM machine and built part are compared with part built with ordinary beam path.

Vacuum far-infrared radiation is an advanced drying technique that has the unique characteristics of energy transfer mechanism. In vacuum drying, the moisture evaporates at lower temperature while in infrared drying, the energy is absorbed directly which save a considerable amount of energy. The combination of the two would results in the time savings and enhancement of product quality. The effects of vacuum far-infrared drying on colour changes, elements and moisture content removal of Aquilaria Malaccensis' leaves were investigated. The parameter of the experiments were set to be temperature of 40, 50 and 60 °C, pressure of 0.6 and 0.8 bar, and a residence time of 120 minutes. The drying process reaches it optimum condition at temperature of 50°C and pressure of 0.6 bar, where the colour changes of the leaves, moisture content removal and elemental analyzer showed the best result of all six runs. The optimum drying conditions are recommended for further researches of the leaves.

In the case of rigid perfectly plastic material the strain rate intensity factor appears in the vicinity of maximum friction surfaces. This factor controls the magnitude of the equivalent strain rate in a narrow region near the surface. On the other hand, the equivalent strain rate controls the evolution of material surfaces. Therefore, the existence of the strain rate intensity factor in theoretical solutions are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations that demonstrate that a narrow layer with drastically modified microstructure is often generated in the vicinity of frictional interfaces in machining and deformation processes. In order to use the strain rate intensity factor for describing such material behaviour, it is necessary to develop an efficient numerical method for calculating the strain rate intensity factor. Since this factor is involved in a singular series expansion, it is evident that commercial finite element packages are not capable of calculating the strain rate intensity factor. In the case of Tresca's solids the theory of characteristics can be used for the development of the method in question. This paper presents a first step in this direction

The research compared the stability of EMF (Electromotive Force) though the same electrode testing method. Oxidation, morphology and composition of Tungsten Rhenium alloy thermocouple wire was characterized by Zeiss scanning electron microscope (EV018)and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). The results showed that a small amount of rare earth elements droping tungsten rhenium alloy Wire can keep stable at a longer period of time in high temperature oxidation environment. Through the analysis of the SEM (Scanning Electric Microscopy) and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), the oxide film dopping rare earth is much denser, as well as lower valence oxide content. In a word, the rare earth droping in the tungsten rhenium alloy wire stabilize the EMF with specific films.

This study made nano particles-dispersing alumina nano fluid to three sized copper tubes in order to identify the differences in its heat transfer coefficient depending on its concentration. In order to evenly disperse nano particles in the fluid, it was treated with the ultrasonic process. And Thermal conductivities of nanofluid are measured via the LAMBDA measuring system by transient hot wire method. And to measure the differences in the nano fluid's dispersion degree depending on its different concentrations that was measured by mean of technique using a UV device. This study found that as the diameter of copper tube size was smaller, the heat transfer coefficient got higher and the fluid's heat transfer coefficient was changed depending on the different Reynolds numbers. Based on the findings of its experiment, this study explained the alumina nano fluid's characteristics in small diameter tubes

In the present paper, developing laminar forced convection flows were numerically investigated by using water-Al2O3 nano-fluid through a circular compact pipe which has 4.5mm diameter. Each model has a steady state and uniform heat flux (UHF) at the wall. The whole numerical experiments were processed under the Re = 1050 and the nano-fluid models were made by the Alumina volume fraction. A single-phase fluid models were defined through nano-fluid physical and thermal properties calculations, Two-phase model(mixture granular model) were processed in 100nm diameter. The results show that Nusselt number and heat transfer rate are improved as the Al2O3 volume fraction increased. All of the numerical flow simulations are processed by the FLUENT. The results show the increment of thermal transfer from the volume fraction concentration.

In this study, we present an insightful investigation on optimal selection of scattering enhancement particles (SEP) to satisfy each specific optical property of white LEDs (WLEDs). The interested contenders include CaCO₃, CaF₂, SiO₂, and TiO₂, each of them is added with YAG:Ce phosphor compounding. The quality improvement on each considered property is demonstrated convincingly by applying Mie-scattering theory together with Monte Carlo simulation on a particular WLEDs which has the color temperature of 8500K. It is observed by simulation results that TiO₂ particles provide the highest color uniformity among the SEP, as increasing TiO₂ concentration. These results of this work can serve as a practical guideline for manufacturing high-quality WLEDs.

Ideal plastic deformations (ideal flows) have been defined as solenoidal smooth deformations in which an eigenvector field associated everywhere with the greatest (major) principal rate of deformation is fixed in the material. In the case of plane strain deformation of rigid perfectly plastic material obeying an arbitrary isotropic yield criterion and its associated flow rule, it is always possible to find an equilibrium stress field which is compatible with an ideal deformation. It is shown in the present paper that an ideal deformation is possible for functionally graded sheets in the process of plane strain bending under tension. In contrast to the general process, the tensile force and bending moment cannot be prescribed arbitrary but should be found from the solution.

In the present paper, developing turbulence forced convection flows were numerically investigated by using water-Al2O3 nano-fluid through a circular compact pipe which has 4.5mm diameter. Each model has a steady state and uniform heat flux(UHF) at the wall. The whole numerical experiments were processed under the RPM 100 to 500 and the nano-fluid models were made by the Alumina volume fraction. A single-phase fluid models were defined through nano-fluid physical and thermal properties calculations, Two-phase models(mixture granular model) were processed in 100nm diameter. The results show that comparison of nusselt number and heat transfer rate are improved as the Al2O3 volume fraction increased. All of the numerical flow simulations are processed by the FLUENT. The results show an increase from volume fraction concentration and an increase in heat transfer coefficient with increasing RPM.