IOP Expanding Physics

Quantum entanglement (QE) is undoubtedly one of the most, if not the most, mysterious and yet most promising subjects of current physics. With applications in cryptographic space-to-space, space-to-earth, and fibre communications, in addition to teleportation and quantum computing, QE goes beyond fascination and into the pragmatic spheres of commerce and the military. This book is written by Professor Duarte, an expert in the field of quantum optics. He provides the first side-by-side description of the philosophical path and the physical path to quantum entanglement, and does so in a clear and cohesive manner. This is also the first book to describe and explain, in a transparent exposition, the interferometric derivation, à la Dirac, of the ubiquitous probability amplitude for quantum entanglement. The book will be useful for optical engineers working in the field of quantum entanglement and quantum communications as well as graduate students. The book includes 29 succinct, to the point, chapters and utilizes 10 useful appendices to further detail QE.

Nano drug-delivery systems responding to cellular local stimuli, such as pH, temperature, reductive agent's activation, i.e. enzymes, could effectively provide passive-mode desirable release but fail in disease treatment following the biological rhythms of brain tumor. Undoubtedly, physical stimulation of functional hybrid nanostructures can release chemotherapeutic cargos more efficiently and could offer an alternative solution as on-demand breast-cancer theranostics. Moreover, remote physical triggering of these nanostructures is more advantageous in terms of improved therapeutics efficiency, spatial and temporal controllability over the chemically stimulated release, the lack of undesirable adverse effects and minimal cargo detachment during the in vivo delivery, etc. This book is a compilation of research development lead by expert researchers and establishes a single reference module. These novel multimodalities can be extremely potent in understanding cancer through real-time observation of drug delivery, release, and activity for non-conventional breast-cancer therapies. In this scenario, the book directly addresses, for the first time, all translational aspects and clinical perspectives of physically stimulated breast-cancer nanotheranostics from a wide-ranging and multidisciplinary perception providing unrivalled and comprehensive knowledge in the field.

This book introduces the fundamental quantum physics of atoms and molecules. Divided into three parts, the first provides a historical perspective leading to the contemporary view of atomic and molecular physics, outlining the principles of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The second part covers the physical description of atoms and their interaction with radiation, whilst the third part deals with molecular physics.

The book is the first of a series of three aiming to present a broad coverage of atomic, molecular, solid-state and statistical physics. It is well suited accompany a one-semester undergraduate course in quantum physics but will be enjoyed by anyone trying to enter the realm of atoms and molecules and how we understand them.

This book is written for advanced undergraduate or beginning postgraduate student starting data analysis in experimental particle physics, more specifically at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Only assuming basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity, it recaps the current state of affairs in particle physics, before comprehensively introducing all the ingredients that go into an analysis. Including how each we go from electronic signals in the detectors to visualising what particles were produced in a collision, and how we determine if that is consistent with Standard Model predictions or indicate the presence of yet unseen particles. The results are usually represented in what we call plots, and the book ensures students can understand what goes into the making of the plots, and how to interpret them.

Impressively, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) release the same amount of energy in a mere matter of seconds as the sun does in its lifetime. Gamma-ray Burst Correlations presents an overview of the observational correlations; their physical interpretations; their use as redshift estimators; and their potential use as cosmological tools. The author describes the existing correlations as well as breaching the possible meaning and controversy behind the results, and the applicability of several GRB correlations as model discriminators and cosmological indicators. A description of selection bias and the attempts made so far in order to use them as standard candles can help scientists to find the key to solve this puzzling problem. Covering an ever-expanding topic, this book will reach a wide audience, including students and researchers within the astronomical community.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are responsible for a third of all deaths in women and more than a half in men. Despite continuous improvements in treatment devices and imaging, there is still a rise in the morbidity rate from CVDs each year. Compiled by experts in the field, a thorough investigation is given to current topics and problems relating to CVDs and it will enable the scientific and medical community to search for the most effective strategies for atherosclerotic for dealing with these diseases. As one of the most prominent diseases in our society, CVD requires dedicated analysis and investigation in order to reduce the mortality rate worldwide. Scholars, biomedical engineers and medical practitioners will greatly benefit from the detailed information in this book as it will give a better understanding of the causes, diagnosis and treatment of CVD.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are responsible for a third of all deaths in women and more than a half in men. Despite continuous improvements in treatment devices and imaging, there is still a rise in the morbidity rate from CVDs each year. Compiled by experts in the field, a thorough investigation is given to current topics and problems relating to CVDs and it will enable the scientific and medical community to search for the most effective strategies for atherosclerotic for dealing with these diseases. As one of the most prominent diseases in our society, CVD requires dedicated analysis and investigation in order to reduce the mortality rate worldwide. Scholars, biomedical engineers and medical practitioners will greatly benefit from the detailed information in this book as it will give a better understanding of the causes, diagnosis and treatment of CVD.

Containing a summary of the latest experimental and theoretical results on matter at high pressure and temperature, this book provides critical analysis of data and models ranging from matter in extreme states in the laboratory to the influence of laser radiation, relativistic heavy ion collisions, strongly coupled electromagnetic plasma, and extreme matter in astrophysics. The purpose of the book is to give students and young scientists an introduction to the physics of extreme states of matter, to acquaint them with the experimental techniques, new experimental facilities and the main results allowing them to unravel fascinating problems of modern physics of extreme states of matter and acquainting them with the theoretical methods, experimental techniques and results in this exciting new area of research.

Soft Biological Shells in Bioengineering integrates existing experimental data to construct multiscale models of various organs of the human body—the stomach, gravid uterus, urinary bladder, the small and large intestine. These models are used as in silico platforms to study intricate physiological and pathophysiological processes and to assess pharmacological modulations on their dynamics. This book is of value to postgraduate students, researchers and medical doctors interested in computational systems biology.

Soft Biological Shells in Bioengineering integrates existing experimental data to construct multiscale models of various organs of the human body—the stomach, gravid uterus, urinary bladder, the small and large intestine. These models are used as in silico platforms to study intricate physiological and pathophysiological processes and to assess pharmacological modulations on their dynamics. This book is of value to postgraduate students, researchers and medical doctors interested in computational systems biology.

Flexible electronics is a fast-emerging field with the potential for huge industrial importance. Comprising three volumes, this work offers a cohesive, coherent and comprehensive overview of the field. Themes covered include mechanical theory, materials science aspects, fabrication technologies, devices, and applications.

Khanna provides a systematic, step-by-step treatment of each topic and utilizes clear and attractive illustrations throughout. The latest research and developments in the field are included, providing an excellent resource for graduate students, researchers and industry scientists.

This volume covers the mechanical aspects of hard-film/soft-substrate structures and the impacts of stress and strain, including information on the deformation and cycling of ductile films and straining permeation barriers.

Flexible electronics is a fast-emerging field with the potential for huge industrial importance. Comprising three volumes, this work offers a cohesive, coherent and comprehensive overview of the field. Themes covered include mechanical theory, materials science aspects, fabrication technologies, devices, and applications.

Khanna provides a systematic, step-by-step treatment of each topic and utilizes clear and attractive illustrations throughout. The latest research and developments in the field are included, providing an excellent resource for graduate students, researchers and industry scientists.

This volume focuses on thin-film transistors (TFTs) and their properties, as well as covering field effect transistors (FETs), including electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors such as EGOFETs and OECFETs.

Flexible electronics is a fast-emerging field with the potential for huge industrial importance. Comprising three volumes, this work offers a cohesive, coherent and comprehensive overview of the field. Themes covered include mechanical theory, materials science aspects, fabrication technologies, devices, and applications.

Khanna provides a systematic, step-by-step treatment of each topic and utilizes clear and attractive illustrations throughout. The latest research and developments in the field are included, providing an excellent resource for graduate students, researchers and industry scientists.

This volume focuses on energy devices such as supercapacitors, batteries, energy harvesters and solar cells, and the applications of flexible electronics in displays and light-emission devices, CNT field emitters, sensors, memories, antennas and RFID tags.

Essential Advanced Physics is a series comprising four parts: Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics. Each part consists of two volumes, Lecture notes and Problems with solutions, further supplemented by an additional collection of test problems and solutions available to qualifying university instructors. This volume, Statistical Mechanics: Lecture notes, is intended to be the basis for a one-semester graduate-level course on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The structure of the course is mostly traditional, besides that due to the current interest in nanoscale systems and ultrasensitive physical measurements, large attention is given to classical and quantum fluctuations of various physical variables. A brief introduction to physics kinetics is also included.

Essential Advanced Physics is a series comprising four parts: Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics. Each part consists of two volumes, Lecture notes and Problems with solutions, further supplemented by an additional collection of test problems and solutions available to qualifying university instructors. This volume, Statistical Mechanics: Problems with solutions contains detailed model solutions to the exercise problems formulated in the companion Lecture Notes volume. In many cases, the solutions include result discussions that enhance the lecture material. For reader's convenience, the problem assignments are reproduced in this volume.

There have been many recent developments in the physics and materials science of Mott insulators, especially their recognition as emergent materials for important and innovative device applications such as information processing and storage, and the possibilities of even further applications in optical and thermal switches, thermo-chromic devices, gas sensors and even solar cell applications. Aimed at advanced undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, materials science, and electrical and electronics engineering, this book introduces the subject and reviews present knowledge in the field, enabling students and researchers to get acquainted with this very interesting and emerging area of science and technology. Professional researchers in academic institutions and industries already engaged in the programmes of correlated electron materials and devices will also find this title of use.

Laser Safety: Practical Knowledge and Solutions provides an in-depth guide to laser safety for a wide variety of people who work regularly with lasers and similar products. Laser safety basics will be discussed within the book with an explanation of laser safety devices and useful techniques to obtain workable laser safety culture. An expansion of topics not found in the typical laser safety text includes ergonomics, mentoring, performance-based learning, on the job training, laser safety tools and solutions as well as laser disposal guidance. Considering risk analysis approaches and functional methods for laser application, and a look at making presentations more universally readable, this book will be relevant to students, researchers and laser physicists.

Protein–protein associations are fundamental to biological mechanisms, creating a need for a book that covers the basic principles of protein–protein association. This book has been developed from lectures given to graduate students in cell and molecular biology. The general principles are accompanied by guided reading of informative classic papers. This book should be useful for faculties organizing similar classes, and also for students and researchers who wish to learn on their own.

The Lorentz group which is the underlying scientific language for modern optics has been most notably used for understanding Einstein's special relativity. By using a simplified approach of two-by-two matrices and Wigner functions, this book provides a basic and novel approach to classical and quantum optics, making these often-difficult subjects more transparent to the reader. Written by three experts in the field, Professors Sibel Başkal, Young S Kim, and Marilyn E Noz, this book will give the reader a comprehensive overview of how fundamental issues in quantum mechanics can be approached using various optical instruments, Wigner functions, and quantum entanglement.

A Modern Course in Quantum Field Theory provides a self-contained pedagogical and constructive presentation of quantum field theory. Here, constructive is not meant in the sense of axiomatic field theory, but it is merely used in the sense that all results must be obtained by an explicit set of calculations from accepted premises by those who start to learn this subject. Written for advanced students the work provides complete material for a two or three semester course, and includes numerous problem exercises, some with detailed solutions.

A Modern Course in Quantum Field Theory provides a self-contained pedagogical and constructive presentation of quantum field theory. Here, constructive is not meant in the sense of axiomatic field theory, but it is merely used in the sense that all results must be obtained by an explicit set of calculations from accepted premises by those who start to learn this subject. Written for advanced students the work provides complete material for a two or three semester course, and includes numerous problem exercises, some with detailed solutions.

Commencing by defining a set of standards for benchmarking sensors to enable better comparison, this book then proceeds to provide a review of the physics and workings of several optical and super optical biosensors, and introduces two more super optical biosensors, including the most sensitive super optical biosensor 'RMEPA', an abbreviation of three optical technique names: resonant mirroring, ellipsometry and attenuated total reflection. Mathcad is used to analyse these virtual biosensors and these codes and available to readers for use in their own research. It will be a key reference for researchers in academia and industry, particularly those involved in developing next generation optical biosensors.

Modeling has provided not only answers to questions related to normal or pathological function but also predicted multiple adaptations of the total and individual dynamic structures that are included in cardiovascular research. The original idea of this book was to produce a textbook to be used for the course 'Modeling in Biomechanics and Mechaniobiology', which is oriented to Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering at Buenos Aires University, Argentina. The book aims to bring together the challenges and experiences of academic scientists, leading engineers, industry researchers and students and to be able analyze results of all aspects of biomechanics and biomedical engineering and to provide a springboard to discuss the practical challenges and to propose solutions on this complex subject.

This book presents the latest achievements and research works of intraocular pressure measurement by the air-puff method presented by experts in the field. It is about tonometers, in particular using the air-puff method. These methods are used, for example, by the Corvis ST. Owing to the Ultra-High-Speed Scheimpflug camera, which records corneal deformation being the response to an air puff. This book is recommended reading for those involved in the analysis and processing of images and wanting to expand their knowledge of contemporary diagnostic methods and modern methods of image analysis.

As fascinating and unexplainable as the Universe appears to be, there are also an incredible number of similarities between the Universe and the everyday world, and we are constantly evolving to discover more about these incredible parallels, as this book unveils. Important topics such as Rydberg atoms, planet–star and satellite planet systems, star–planet–moon systems, and black holes, and atomic/quantum physics, as well as the explanation of dark matter, are addressed throughout the book. For those with a fascination for the world around us, as well as undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and anyone who wishes to gain better physical insight into the discussed phenomena, this book offers a simplified approach to the beautiful world around us.

The measurement of values is fundamental in science and technology. Not only does this book include the importance of uncertainty, accuracy and precision of measurement, it also explains how laser technology has helped improve measurement and redefine standards. Masatoshi introduces the concept of the measurement uncertainty in both a qualitative and quantitate manner, whilst including key equations and formulae. It discusses the SI units, standards and the importance of using lasers for measurement in modern metrology, including the redefinition of SI units over time; which culminated in the agreement to redefine the Kilogram, which takes effect in May 2019. Real case studies are included, from the implications for measuring times at the Olympics, to the impacts in criminal investigations.

Nuclear new build provides major opportunities for the nuclear supply chain and skilled workforce. The scale of the new build ambitions, coupled with increasing demand throughout the nuclear fuel cycle and high average age of the existing qualified and experienced workforce has heightened concerns of further skills gaps. One of the key 'skills' gaps relates to the field of radiological protection in particular modelling and measuring doses accrued by the public under both normal operational discharges and accident scenarios. This book is an essential introduction to basic principles of radiation protection and aerosol physics. Also discussed are the specific difficulties with the monitoring and the health detriment associated with the more mobile and problematic radionuclides.

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 3: Animal tissue culture and biopharmaceuticals offers background information and knowledge on all aspects of this fascinating subject, including stem cell treatment, in vitro organ systems and cell culture technology. This book and the previous two volumes are a must read for undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy and biotechnology based students, research scholars and academicians.

Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics gives a fascinating overview of the different aspects related to meteoroid atmospheric entry. The book covers meteoroid observations in outer space, the description of the chemical-physical phenomena during atmospheric entry, recovery of the meteor on the Earth's surface, and meteorite chemical analysis. The book, based on the lectures given during the HyMEP course held in Erice in 2017, is addressed to students and researchers with an interest in plasma chemistry, astrophysics and aerospace engineering. It gives a comprehensive overview of the present status of the investigation on meteoroid entry physics while merging the knowledge of astrophysicists and the aerospace engineering communities.

Mechatronics is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field of engineering which encompasses a vast range of disciplines including mechanics, fluidics, electrics and electronics, and computer technologies. The Integrated Electro-Mechanical Drive: A mechatronic approach outlines a practical and systematic approach to applications of dynamical systems and the theory of holors in mechatronics. Aimed at scientists and engineers who specialise in integrated electro-mechanical drives as well as researchers and students, this book will provide a fundamental guide to the practical applications of mechatronics. This textbook offers a multi-disciplinary approach that can be applied to transportation systems, industrial production processes, aerospace, aviation, automotive and many other fields.