Abstract
High-precision, high-cadence radial velocity monitoring over the past 8 yr at the W. M. Keck Observatory reveals evidence for a third planet orbiting the nearby (4.69 pc) dM4 star GJ 876. The residuals of three-body Newtonian fits, which include GJ 876 and Jupiter-mass companions b and c, show significant power at a periodicity of 1.9379 days. Self-consistently fitting the radial velocity data with a model that includes an additional body with this period significantly improves the quality of the fit. These four-body (three-planet) Newtonian fits find that the minimum mass of companion "d" is m sin i = 5.89 ± 0.54 M⊕ and that its orbital period is 1.93776 (±7 × 10-5) days. Assuming coplanar orbits, an inclination of the GJ 876 planetary system to the plane of the sky of ~50° gives the best fit. This inclination yields a mass for companion d of m = 7.53 ± 0.70 M⊕, making it by far the lowest mass companion yet found around a main-sequence star other than our Sun. Precise photometric observations at Fairborn Observatory confirm low-level brightness variability in GJ 876 and provide the first explicit determination of the star's 96.7 day rotation period. Even higher precision short-term photometric measurements obtained at Las Campanas imply that planet d does not transit GJ 876.
Export citation and abstract BibTeX RIS
Footnotes
- *
Based on observations obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated jointly by the University of California and the California Institute of Technology.
References
- Benedict, G. F., et al. 2002, ApJL, 581, 115
- Butler, R. P., Marcy, G. W., Williams, E., McCarthy, C., Dosanjh, P., & Vogt, S. S. 1996, PASP, 108, 500
- Butler, R. P., Vogt, S. S., Marcy, G. W., Fischer, D. A., Wright, J. T., Henry, G. W., Laughlin, G., & Lissauer, J. J. 2004, ApJ, 617, 580
- Delfosse, X., Forveille, T., Mayor, M., Perrier, C., Naef, D., & Queloz, D. 1998, A&A, 338, L67
- Ford, E. 2005, AJ, 129, 1706
- Gilliland, R. L., & Brown, T. M. 1992, PASP, 104, 582
- Henry, G. W. 1999, PASP, 111, 845
- Ji, J., Li, G., & Liu, L. 2002, ApJ, 572, 1041
- Kazarovets, E. V., & Samus, N. N. 1997, Inf. Bull. Variable Stars, 4471, 1
- Konacki, M., & Wolszczan, A. 2003, ApJL, 591, 147
- Laughlin, G., Butler, R. P., Fischer, D. A., Marcy, G. W., Vogt, S. S., & Wolf, A. S. 2005, ApJ, 622, 1182
- Laughlin, G., & Chambers, J. E. 2001, ApJL, 551, 109
- Lee, M. H., & Peale, S. J. 2003, ApJ, 592, 1201
- Lissauer, J. J., & Rivera, E. 2001, ApJ, 554, 1141
- Marcy, G. W., & Butler, R. P. 1992, PASP, 104, 270
- Marcy, G. W., Butler, R. P., Fischer, D. A., Laughlin, G., Vogt, S. S., Henry, G. W., & Pourbaix, D. 2002, ApJ, 581, 1375
- Marcy, G. W., Butler, R. P., Fischer, D. A., Vogt, S. S., Lissauer, J. J., & Rivera, E. J. 2001, ApJ, 556, 296
- Marcy, G. W., Butler, R. P., Vogt, S. S., Fischer, D. A., & Lissauer, J. J. 1998, ApJL, 505, 147
- Nauenberg, M. 2002, ApJ, 568, 369
- Perryman, M. A. C., et al. 1997, A&A, 323, L49
- Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., & Flannery, B. P. 1992, Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
- Rivera, E. J., & Lissauer, J. J. 2001, ApJ, 558, 392
- Trilling, D. E., Benz, W., Guillot, T., Lunine, J. I., Hubbard, W. B., & Burrows, A. 1998, ApJ, 500, 428
Citations
-
Chaotic Excitation and Tidal Damping in the GJ 876 System
Abhijit Puranam and Konstantin Batygin 2018 The Astronomical Journal 155 157 -
New Constraints on Gliese 876—Exemplar of Mean-motion Resonance
Sarah Millholland et al. 2018 The Astronomical Journal 155 106 -
Chemo-kinematic Ages of Eccentric-planet-hosting M Dwarf Stars
Mark J. Veyette and Philip S. Muirhead 2018 The Astrophysical Journal 863 166 -
The LCES HIRES/Keck Precision Radial Velocity Exoplanet Survey
R. Paul Butler et al. 2017 The Astronomical Journal 153 208 -
Studies of the Core Conditions of the Earth and Super-Earths Using Intense Ion Beams at FAIR
N. A. Tahir et al. 2017 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 232 1 -
An Advanced N-body Model for Interacting Multiple Stellar Systems
Miroslav Brož 2017 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 230 19 -
The MUSCLES Treasury Survey. IV. Scaling Relations for Ultraviolet, Ca ii K, and Energetic Particle Fluxes from M Dwarfs
Allison Youngblood et al. 2017 The Astrophysical Journal 843 31 -
The Impact of Stellar Rotation on the Detectability of Habitable Planets around M Dwarfs
Elisabeth R. Newton et al. 2016 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 821 L19 -
Three Planets Orbiting Wolf 1061
D. J. Wright et al. 2016 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 817 L20 -
Very Low-mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-like Stars from MARVELS. VI. A Giant Planet and a Brown Dwarf Candidate in a Close Binary System HD 87646
Bo Ma(馬波) et al. 2016 The Astronomical Journal 152 112 -
Retrieval of Precise Radial Velocities from Near-infrared High-resolution Spectra of Low-mass Stars
Peter Gao et al. 2016 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 128 104501 -
A High-precision Near-infrared Survey for Radial Velocity Variable Low-mass Stars Using CSHELL and a Methane Gas Cell
Jonathan Gagné et al. 2016 The Astrophysical Journal 822 40 -
The MUSCLES Treasury Survey. I. Motivation and Overview
Kevin France et al. 2016 The Astrophysical Journal 820 89 -
HATS-8b: A Low-density Transiting Super-Neptune
D. Bayliss et al. 2015 The Astronomical Journal 150 49 -
Dynamical Evolution of Multi-resonant Systems: The Case of GJ876
Konstantin Batygin et al. 2015 The Astronomical Journal 149 167 -
The AU Mic Debris Disk: Far-infrared and Submillimeter Resolved Imaging
Brenda C. Matthews et al. 2015 The Astrophysical Journal 811 100 -
Fluctuations and Flares in the Ultraviolet Line Emission of Cool Stars: Implications for Exoplanet Transit Observations
R. O. Parke Loyd and Kevin France 2014 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 211 9 -
The Twenty-five Year Lick Planet Search
Debra A. Fischer et al. 2014 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 210 5 -
A Statistical Analysis of SEEDS and Other High-contrast Exoplanet Surveys: Massive Planets or Low-mass Brown Dwarfs?
Timothy D. Brandt et al. 2014 The Astrophysical Journal 794 159 -
Tidal Heating in Multilayered Terrestrial Exoplanets
Wade G. Henning and Terry Hurford 2014 The Astrophysical Journal 789 30 -
A Four-planet System Orbiting The K0V Star HD 141399
Steven S. Vogt et al. 2014 The Astrophysical Journal 787 97 -
Photochemistry in Terrestrial Exoplanet Atmospheres. III. Photochemistry and Thermochemistry in Thick Atmospheres on Super Earths and Mini Neptunes
Renyu Hu and Sara Seager 2014 The Astrophysical Journal 784 63 -
A Spitzer Search for Transits of Radial Velocity Detected Super-Earths
J. A. Kammer et al. 2014 The Astrophysical Journal 781 103 -
The TRENDS High-contrast Imaging Survey. IV. The Occurrence Rate of Giant Planets around M Dwarfs
Benjamin T. Montet et al. 2014 The Astrophysical Journal 781 28 -
Coagulation Calculations of Icy Planet Formation around 0.1-0.5 M ☉ Stars: Super-Earths from Large Planetestimals
Scott J. Kenyon and Benjamin C. Bromley 2014 The Astrophysical Journal 780 4 -
A Spectroscopic Catalog of the Brightest (J < 9) M Dwarfs in the Northern Sky
Sébastien Lépine et al. 2013 The Astronomical Journal 145 102 -
A Posteriori Transit Probabilities
Daniel J. Stevens and B. Scott Gaudi 2013 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 125 933 -
Optimizing Doppler Surveys for Planet Yield
Michael Bottom et al. 2013 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 125 240 -
Testing in Situ Assembly with the Kepler Planet Candidate Sample
Brad M. S. Hansen and Norm Murray 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 775 53 -
Using High-resolution Optical Spectra to Measure Intrinsic Properties of Low-mass Stars: New Properties for KOI-314 and GJ 3470
J. Sebastian Pineda et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 767 28 -
Precise Doppler Monitoring of Barnard's Star
Jieun Choi et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 764 131 -
The Ultraviolet Radiation Environment around M dwarf Exoplanet Host Stars
Kevin France et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 763 149 -
Time-resolved Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the M-dwarf GJ 876 Exoplanetary System
Kevin France et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 750 L32 -
Intermediate Resolution Near-infrared Spectroscopy of 36 Late M Dwarfs
R. Deshpande et al. 2012 The Astronomical Journal 144 99 -
Photochemistry in Terrestrial Exoplanet Atmospheres. I. Photochemistry Model and Benchmark Cases
Renyu Hu et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 761 166 -
Can Planetary Instability Explain the Kepler Dichotomy?
Anders Johansen et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 758 39 -
The Lick-Carnegie Survey: A New Two-planet System around the Star HD 207832
Nader Haghighipour et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 756 91 -
Outcomes and Duration of Tidal Evolution in a Star-Planet-Moon System
Takashi Sasaki et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 754 51 -
The Anglo-Australian Planet Search. XXII. Two New Multi-planet Systems
Robert A. Wittenmyer et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 753 169 -
Forming Close-in Earth-like Planets Via a Collision-merger Mechanism in Late-stage Planet Formation
Jianghui Ji et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 727 L5 -
Retired A Stars and Their Companions. VI. A Pair of Interacting Exoplanet Pairs Around the Subgiants 24 Sextanis and HD 200964
John Asher Johnson et al. 2011 The Astronomical Journal 141 16 -
Search for exoplanets using gravitational microlensing
Aleksandr F Zakharov 2011 Physics-Uspekhi 54 1077 -
Abundances of Refractory Elements for G-type Stars with Extrasolar Planets
Wonseok Kang et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 736 87 -
Resolving the sin(I) Degeneracy in Low-mass Multi-planet Systems
Konstantin Batygin and Gregory Laughlin 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 730 95 -
The California Planet Survey. III. A Possible 2:1 Resonance in the Exoplanetary Triple System HD 37124
J. T. Wright et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 730 93 -
The Lick-Carnegie Survey: Four New Exoplanet Candidates
Stefano Meschiari et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 727 117 -
The Anglo-Australian Planet Search. XX. A Solitary Ice-giant Planet Orbiting HD 102365
C. G. Tinney et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 727 103 -
Disk Evolution in W5: Intermediate-mass Stars at 2-5 Myr
Xavier P. Koenig and Lori E. Allen 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 726 18 -
On the Likelihood of Plate Tectonics on Super-Earths: Does Size Matter?
Jun Korenaga 2010 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 725 L43 -
Analysis of Radial Velocity Data by a Novel Adaptive Approach
P. Babu et al. 2010 The Astronomical Journal 139 783 -
The California Planet Survey. II. A Saturn-Mass Planet Orbiting the M Dwarf Gl 649
John Asher Johnson et al. 2010 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 122 149 -
On the Fundamental Mass-Period Functions of Extrasolar Planets
Ing-Guey Jiang et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 186 48 -
Radial Velocity Planets De-aliased: A New, Short Period for Super-Earth 55 Cnc e
Rebekah I. Dawson and Daniel C. Fabrycky 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 722 937 -
The California Planet Survey. I. Four New Giant Exoplanets
Andrew W. Howard et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 721 1467 -
The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: a Uranus-Mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration
Eugenio J. Rivera et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 719 890 -
Systemic: A Testbed for Characterizing the Detection of Extrasolar Planets. II. Numerical Approaches to the Transit Timing Inverse Problem
Stefano Meschiari and Gregory P. Laughlin 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 718 543 -
The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A Saturn-Mass Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M4V Star HIP 57050
Nader Haghighipour et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 715 271 -
Five Long-period Extrasolar Planets in Eccentric Orbits from the Magellan Planet Search Program
Pamela Arriagada et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 711 1229 -
HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field
G. Á. Bakos et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 710 1724 -
Stability of the Directly Imaged Multiplanet System HR 8799: Resonance and Masses
Daniel C. Fabrycky and Ruth A. Murray-Clay 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 710 1408 -
How Eccentric Orbital Solutions Can Hide Planetary Systems in 2:1 Resonant Orbits
Guillem Anglada-Escudé et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 709 168 -
A Super-Earth Orbiting the Nearby Sun-like Star HD 1461
Eugenio J. Rivera et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 708 1492 -
A Super-Earth and Two Neptunes Orbiting the Nearby Sun-like Star 61 Virginis
Steven S. Vogt et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 708 1366 -
A Third Giant Planet Orbiting HIP 14810
J. T. Wright et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 699 L97 -
The Carnegie Astrometric Planet Search Program
Alan P. Boss et al. 2009 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121 1218 -
Systemic: A Testbed for Characterizing the Detection of Extrasolar Planets. I. The Systemic Console Package
Stefano Meschiari et al. 2009 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121 1016 -
International Year of Astronomy Invited Review on Exoplanets
John Asher Johnson 2009 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121 309 -
A Search for Multi-Planet Systems Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
Robert A. Wittenmyer et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 182 97 -
Rotational Velocities for M Dwarfs
J. S. Jenkins et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 704 975 -
On the Method to Infer an Atmosphere on a Tidally Locked Super Earth Exoplanet and Upper Limits to GJ 876d
S. Seager and D. Deming 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 703 1884 -
Two Exoplanets Discovered at Keck Observatory
Jeff A. Valenti et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 702 989 -
Planetary Migration and Eccentricity and Inclination Resonances in Extrasolar Planetary Systems
Man Hoi Lee and Edward W. Thommes 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 702 1662 -
Radio Interferometric Planet Search. I. First Constraints On Planetary Companions For Nearby, Low-Mass Stars From Radio Astrometry
Geoffrey C. Bower et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 701 1922 -
The Frequency of Low-Mass Exoplanets
S. J. O'Toole et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 701 1732 -
Geodynamics and Rate of Volcanism on Massive Earth-like Planets
E. S. Kite et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 700 1732 -
Transits of Earth-like Planets
Lisa Kaltenegger and Wesley A. Traub 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 698 519 -
A Neptune-mass Planet Orbiting the Nearby G Dwarf HD 16417
Simon O'Toole et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 697 1263 -
A Keck HIRES Doppler Search for Planets Orbiting Metal-Poor Dwarfs. II. On the Frequency of Giant Planets in the Metal-Poor Regime
Alessandro Sozzetti et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 697 544 -
The NASA-UC Eta-Earth Program. I. A Super-Earth Orbiting HD 7924
Andrew W. Howard et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 696 75 -
OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb, the Most Massive M Dwarf Planetary Companion?
Subo Dong et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 695 970 -
Stellar Mass Dependent Disk Dispersal
Grant M. Kennedy and Scott J. Kenyon 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 695 1210 -
The HD 40307 Planetary System: Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes?
Rory Barnes et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 695 1006 -
Deep MMT Transit Survey of the Open Cluster M37 IV: Limit on the Fraction of Stars with Planets as Small as 0.3RJ
J. D. Hartman et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 695 336 -
Ten New and Updated Multiplanet Systems and a Survey of Exoplanetary Systems
J. T. Wright et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 693 1084 -
Mean Motion Resonances in Extrasolar Planetary Systems With Turbulence, Interactions, and Damping
Daniel Lecoanet et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 692 659 -
The Pulsar Planets: A Test Case of Terrestrial Planet Assembly
Brad M. S. Hansen et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 691 382 -
The Atmospheric Signatures of Super-Earths: How to Distinguish Between Hydrogen-Rich and Hydrogen-Poor Atmospheres
Eliza Miller-Ricci et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 690 1056 -
A Jupiter-Like Planet Orbiting the Nearby M dwarf GJ 832
Jeremy Bailey et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 690 743 -
Systematics of compression of hard materials
W J Nellis 2008 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 121 062005 -
A ~5 M⊕ Super-Earth Orbiting GJ 436? The Power of Near-Grazing Transits
Ignasi Ribas et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 677 L59 -
Two Jupiter-Mass Planets Orbiting HD 154672 and HD 205739
Mercedes López-Morales et al. 2008 The Astronomical Journal 136 1901 -
Further Constraints on the Presence of A Debris Disk in the Multiplanet System Gliese 876
P. D. Shankland et al. 2008 The Astronomical Journal 135 2194 -
An Inexpensive Field-Widened Monolithic Michelson Interferometer for Precision Radial Velocity Measurements
Suvrath Mahadevan et al. 2008 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 120 1001 -
Near-Infrared Monitoring of Ultracool Dwarfs: Prospects for Searching for Transiting Companions
Cullen H. Blake et al. 2008 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 120 860 -
Taking the Measure of the Universe: Precision Astrometry with SIM PlanetQuest
Stephen C. Unwin et al. 2008 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 120 38 -
Rapid formation of gas giants, ice giants and super-Earths
A P Boss 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014020 -
The quest for very low-mass planets
M Mayor and S Udry 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014010 -
Planetary transits from CoRoT—Europe and exoplanets
C V M Fridlund 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014009 -
Near-Infrared Variability in the 2MASS Calibration Fields: A Search for Planetary Transit Candidates
Peter Plavchan et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 175 191 -
Turbulence Implies that Mean Motion Resonances are Rare
Fred C. Adams et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 683 1117 -
Tidal Heating of Extrasolar Planets
Brian Jackson et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 681 1631 -
Composition of Ices in Low-Mass Extrasolar Planets
U. Marboeuf et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 681 1624 -
Tidal Evolution of Close-in Extrasolar Planets
Brian Jackson et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 678 1396 -
Five Planets Orbiting 55 Cancri
Debra A. Fischer et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 675 790 -
An m sin i = 24 M⊕ Planetary Companion to the Nearby M Dwarf GJ 176
Michael Endl et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 673 1165 -
Planet Formation around Stars of Various Masses: The Snow Line and the Frequency of Giant Planets
Grant M. Kennedy and Scott J. Kenyon 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 673 502 -
Detection of a Third Planet in the HD 74156 System Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
Jacob L. Bean et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 672 1202 -
Inevitability of Plate Tectonics on Super-Earths
Diana Valencia et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 670 L45 -
Dynamical and Observational Constraints on Additional Planets in Highly Eccentric Planetary Systems
Robert A. Wittenmyer et al. 2007 The Astronomical Journal 134 1276 -
The Mass of the Candidate Exoplanet Companion to HD 33636 from Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry and High-Precision Radial Velocities
Jacob L. Bean et al. 2007 The Astronomical Journal 134 749 -
The M Dwarf GJ 436 and its Neptune‐Mass Planet
H. L. Maness et al. 2007 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119 90 -
A New Planet around an M Dwarf: Revealing a Correlation between Exoplanets and Stellar Mass
John Asher Johnson et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 670 833 -
Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets
S. Seager et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 669 1279 -
Multiepoch Radial Velocity Observations of L Dwarfs
Cullen H. Blake et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 666 1198 -
Detailed Models of Super-Earths: How Well Can We Infer Bulk Properties?
Diana Valencia et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 665 1413 -
New Planets around Three G Dwarfs
Simon J. O'Toole et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 660 1636 -
Formation of Earth-like Planets During and After Giant Planet Migration
Avi M. Mandell et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 660 823 -
Characterization of Gravitational Microlensing Planetary Host Stars
David P. Bennett et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 660 781 -
Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
J. J. Fortney et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 1661 -
The Secular Evolution and Dynamical Architecture of the Neptunian Triplet Planetary System HD 69830
Jianghui Ji et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 1092 -
On the Extrasolar Multiplanet System around HD 160691
Krzysztof Goździewski et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 546 -
Four New Exoplanets and Hints of Additional Substellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars
J. T. Wright et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 533 -
Radius and Structure Models of the First Super-Earth Planet
Diana Valencia et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 656 545 -
Migration and the Formation of Systems of Hot Super-Earths and Neptunes
Caroline Terquem and John C. B. Papaloizou 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 654 1110 -
Metallicities of M Dwarf Planet Hosts from Spectral Synthesis
Jacob L. Bean et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 653 L65 -
Rapid Formation of Super-Earths around M Dwarf Stars
Alan P. Boss 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 644 L79 -
Detection Limits from the McDonald Observatory Planet Search Program
Robert A. Wittenmyer et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 132 177 -
Determination of the Orbit of the Planetary Companion to the Metal-Rich Star HD 45350
Michael Endl et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 131 3131 -
A Long‐Period Jupiter‐Mass Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ 849
R. Paul Butler et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1685 -
Limits to Transits of the Neptune‐Mass Planet Orbiting GJ 581
Mercedes López‐Morales et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1506 -
Astrometric Detection of Terrestrial Planets in the Habitable Zones of Nearby Stars with SIM PlanetQuest
Joseph Catanzarite et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1319 -
Stellar Abundance and Galactic Chemical Evolution through LAMOST Spectroscopic Survey
Gang Zhao et al 2006 Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 6 265 -
On the Search for Transits of the Planets Orbiting Gliese 876
P. D. Shankland et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 653 700 -
Accurate M Dwarf Metallicities from Spectral Synthesis: A Critical Test of Model Atmospheres
Jacob L. Bean et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 652 1604 -
On the Possible Properties of Small and Cold Extrasolar Planets: Is OGLE 2005-BLG-390Lb Entirely Frozen?
David Ehrenreich et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 651 535 -
Effects of Secular Interactions in Extrasolar Planetary Systems
Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 992 -
Exploring the Frequency of Close-in Jovian Planets around M Dwarfs
Michael Endl et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 436 -
The 2:1 Resonant Exoplanetary System Orbiting HD 73526
C. G. Tinney et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 647 594 -
Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets
R. P. Butler et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 646 505 -
Predicting Planets in Known Extrasolar Planetary Systems. III. Forming Terrestrial Planets
Sean N. Raymond et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 644 1223 -
Strong Infrared Emission from the Extrasolar Planet HD 189733b
Drake Deming et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 644 560 -
Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf Stars
Alan P. Boss 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 643 501 -
Improving the Efficiency of Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Analyzing the Orbits of Extrasolar Planets
Eric B. Ford 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 642 505 -
On the 2:1 Orbital Resonance in the HD 82943 Planetary System
Man Hoi Lee et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 641 1178 -
The N2K Consortium. III. Short-Period Planets Orbiting HD 149143 and HD 109749
Debra A. Fischer et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 637 1094