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A ~7.5 M Planet Orbiting the Nearby Star, GJ 876*

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© 2005. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
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0004-637X/634/1/625

Abstract

High-precision, high-cadence radial velocity monitoring over the past 8 yr at the W. M. Keck Observatory reveals evidence for a third planet orbiting the nearby (4.69 pc) dM4 star GJ 876. The residuals of three-body Newtonian fits, which include GJ 876 and Jupiter-mass companions b and c, show significant power at a periodicity of 1.9379 days. Self-consistently fitting the radial velocity data with a model that includes an additional body with this period significantly improves the quality of the fit. These four-body (three-planet) Newtonian fits find that the minimum mass of companion "d" is m sin i = 5.89 ± 0.54 M and that its orbital period is 1.93776 (±7 × 10-5) days. Assuming coplanar orbits, an inclination of the GJ 876 planetary system to the plane of the sky of ~50° gives the best fit. This inclination yields a mass for companion d of m = 7.53 ± 0.70 M, making it by far the lowest mass companion yet found around a main-sequence star other than our Sun. Precise photometric observations at Fairborn Observatory confirm low-level brightness variability in GJ 876 and provide the first explicit determination of the star's 96.7 day rotation period. Even higher precision short-term photometric measurements obtained at Las Campanas imply that planet d does not transit GJ 876.

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Footnotes

  • Based on observations obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated jointly by the University of California and the California Institute of Technology.

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    Jacob L. Bean et al. 2007 The Astronomical Journal 134 749

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  111. The M Dwarf GJ 436 and its Neptune‐Mass Planet
    H. L. Maness et al. 2007 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119 90

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  112. A New Planet around an M Dwarf: Revealing a Correlation between Exoplanets and Stellar Mass
    John Asher Johnson et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 670 833

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  113. Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets
    S. Seager et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 669 1279

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  114. Multiepoch Radial Velocity Observations of L Dwarfs
    Cullen H. Blake et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 666 1198

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  115. Detailed Models of Super-Earths: How Well Can We Infer Bulk Properties?
    Diana Valencia et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 665 1413

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  116. New Planets around Three G Dwarfs
    Simon J. O'Toole et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 660 1636

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  117. Formation of Earth-like Planets During and After Giant Planet Migration
    Avi M. Mandell et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 660 823

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  118. Characterization of Gravitational Microlensing Planetary Host Stars
    David P. Bennett et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 660 781

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  119. Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
    J. J. Fortney et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 1661

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  120. The Secular Evolution and Dynamical Architecture of the Neptunian Triplet Planetary System HD 69830
    Jianghui Ji et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 1092

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  121. On the Extrasolar Multiplanet System around HD 160691
    Krzysztof Goździewski et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 546

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  122. Four New Exoplanets and Hints of Additional Substellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars
    J. T. Wright et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 533

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  123. Radius and Structure Models of the First Super-Earth Planet
    Diana Valencia et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 656 545

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  124. Migration and the Formation of Systems of Hot Super-Earths and Neptunes
    Caroline Terquem and John C. B. Papaloizou 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 654 1110

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  125. Metallicities of M Dwarf Planet Hosts from Spectral Synthesis
    Jacob L. Bean et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 653 L65

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  126. Rapid Formation of Super-Earths around M Dwarf Stars
    Alan P. Boss 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 644 L79

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  127. Detection Limits from the McDonald Observatory Planet Search Program
    Robert A. Wittenmyer et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 132 177

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  128. Determination of the Orbit of the Planetary Companion to the Metal-Rich Star HD 45350
    Michael Endl et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 131 3131

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  129. A Long‐Period Jupiter‐Mass Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ 849
    R. Paul Butler et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1685

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  130. Limits to Transits of the Neptune‐Mass Planet Orbiting GJ 581
    Mercedes López‐Morales et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1506

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  131. Astrometric Detection of Terrestrial Planets in the Habitable Zones of Nearby Stars with SIM PlanetQuest
    Joseph Catanzarite et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1319

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  132. Stellar Abundance and Galactic Chemical Evolution through LAMOST Spectroscopic Survey
    Gang Zhao et al 2006 Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 6 265

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  133. On the Search for Transits of the Planets Orbiting Gliese 876
    P. D. Shankland et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 653 700

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  134. Accurate M Dwarf Metallicities from Spectral Synthesis: A Critical Test of Model Atmospheres
    Jacob L. Bean et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 652 1604

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  135. On the Possible Properties of Small and Cold Extrasolar Planets: Is OGLE 2005-BLG-390Lb Entirely Frozen?
    David Ehrenreich et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 651 535

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  136. Effects of Secular Interactions in Extrasolar Planetary Systems
    Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 992

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  137. Exploring the Frequency of Close-in Jovian Planets around M Dwarfs
    Michael Endl et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 436

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  138. The 2:1 Resonant Exoplanetary System Orbiting HD 73526
    C. G. Tinney et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 647 594

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  139. Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets
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  140. Predicting Planets in Known Extrasolar Planetary Systems. III. Forming Terrestrial Planets
    Sean N. Raymond et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 644 1223

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  141. Strong Infrared Emission from the Extrasolar Planet HD 189733b
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  142. Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf Stars
    Alan P. Boss 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 643 501

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  143. Improving the Efficiency of Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Analyzing the Orbits of Extrasolar Planets
    Eric B. Ford 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 642 505

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  144. On the 2:1 Orbital Resonance in the HD 82943 Planetary System
    Man Hoi Lee et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 641 1178

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  145. The N2K Consortium. III. Short-Period Planets Orbiting HD 149143 and HD 109749
    Debra A. Fischer et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 637 1094

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