Abstract
We have developed a physically self-consistent model of the disk around the nearby 10 Myr old star TW Hya that matches the observed spectral energy distribution and 7 mm images of the disk. The model requires both significant dust-size evolution and a partially evacuated inner disk region, as predicted by theories of planet formation. The outer disk, which extends to at least 140 AU in radius, is very optically thick at infrared wavelengths and quite massive (~0.06 M☉) for the relatively advanced age of this T Tauri star. This implies long viscous and dust evolution timescales, although dust must have grown to sizes of the order of ~1 cm to explain the submillimeter and millimeter spectral slopes. In contrast, the negligible near-infrared excess emission of this system requires that the disk be optically thin inside
4 AU. This inner region cannot be completely evacuated; we need ~0.5 lunar mass of ~1 μm particles remaining to produce the observed 10 μm silicate emission. Our model requires a distinct transition in disk properties at ~4 AU separating the inner and outer disks. The inner edge of the optically thick outer disk must be heated almost frontally by the star to account for the excess flux at mid-infrared wavelengths. We speculate that this truncation of the outer disk may be the signpost of a developing gap due to the effects of a growing protoplanet; the gap is still presumably evolving because material still resides in it, as indicated by the silicate emission, the molecular hydrogen emission, and the continued accretion onto the central star (albeit at a much lower rate than typical of younger T Tauri stars). Thus, TW Hya may become the Rosetta stone for our understanding of the evolution and dissipation of protoplanetary disks.
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References
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Cold Disks: Spitzer Spectroscopy of Disks around Young Stars with Large Gaps
J. M. Brown et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 664 L107 -
Molecular Gas in the Inner 1 AU of the TW Hya and GM Aur Transitional Disks
C. Salyk et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 655 L105 -
Spitzer Observations of NGC 2362: Primordial Disks at 5 Myr
S. E. Dahm and L. A. Hillenbrand 2007 The Astronomical Journal 133 2072 -
Spitzer Observations of the Orion OB1 Association: Disk Census in the Low-Mass Stars
Jesús Hernández et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 671 1784 -
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of [Ne II] Emission from TW Hydrae
Gregory J. Herczeg et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 670 509 -
A Combined Spitzer and Chandra Survey of Young Stellar Objects in the Serpens Cloud Core
E. Winston et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 669 493 -
The Spitzer c2d Survey of Weak-Line T Tauri Stars. II. New Constraints on the Timescale for Planet Building
Lucas Cieza et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 667 308 -
Hubble and Spitzer Observations of an Edge-on Circumstellar Disk around a Brown Dwarf
K. L. Luhman et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 666 1219 -
Hall Instability of Thin Weakly Ionized Stratified Keplerian Disks
Yuri M. Shtemler et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 665 1371 -
c2d Spitzer IRS Spectra of Disks around T Tauri Stars. III. [Ne II], [Fe I], and H2 Gas-Phase Lines
Fred Lahuis et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 665 492 -
HD 98800: A 10 Myr Old Transition Disk
E. Furlan et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 664 1176 -
An Inner Hole in the Disk around TW Hydrae Resolved in 7 mm Dust Emission
A. M. Hughes et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 664 536 -
A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of Disks in the Young σ Orionis Cluster
Jesús Hernández et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 662 1067 -
Characterizing the Disk around the TW Hydrae Association Brown Dwarf 2MASSW J1207334–393254
Basmah Riaz and John E. Gizis 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 354 -
Molecular Hydrogen Emission from Protoplanetary Disks. II. Effects of X-Ray Irradiation and Dust Evolution
H. Nomura et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 334 -
Evolution of Brown Dwarf Disks: A Spitzer Survey in Upper Scorpius
Alexander Scholz et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 660 1517 -
Silicate Dust in Evolved Protoplanetary Disks: Growth, Sedimentation, and Accretion
Aurora Sicilia-Aguilar et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 1637 -
High-Resolution Submillimeter Constraints on Circumstellar Disk Structure
Sean M. Andrews and Jonathan P. Williams 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 705 -
Warm Gas in the Inner Disks around Young Intermediate-Mass Stars
Sean D. Brittain et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 685 -
Probing Protoplanetary Disks with Silicate Emission: Where Is the Silicate Emission Zone?
J. E. Kessler-Silacci et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 680 -
The Effect of Internal Dissipation and Surface Irradiation on the Structure of Disks and the Location of the Snow Line around Sun-like Stars
P. Garaud and D. N. C. Lin 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 654 606 -
Spatially Resolving the Inner Disk of TW Hydrae
J. A. Eisner et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 637 L133 -
Observational Properties of Protoplanetary Disk Gaps
Peggy Varnière et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 637 L125 -
CO J = 6-5 Observations of TW Hydrae with the Submillimeter Array
Chunhua Qi et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 636 L157 -
High-Resolution Spectroscopy in Tr 37: Gas Accretion Evolution in Evolved Dusty Disks
Aurora Sicilia-Aguilar et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 132 2135 -
Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. I. A Grid of 200,000 YSO Model SEDs
Thomas P. Robitaille et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 167 256 -
The Origins of Fluorescent H2 Emission From T Tauri Stars
Gregory J. Herczeg et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 165 256 -
Spitzer Observations of the Orion OB1 Association: Second-Generation Dust Disks at 5-10 Myr
Jesús Hernández et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 652 472 -
Accretion Disks around Young Stars: Lifetimes, Disk Locking, and Variability
Ray Jayawardhana et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 648 1206 -
Dust Processing in Disks around T Tauri Stars
B. Sargent et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 645 395 -
24 μm Detections of Circum(sub)stellar Disks in IC 348: Grain Growth and Inner Holes?
James Muzerolle et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 643 1003 -
Gas Flow across Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks
S. H. Lubow and G. D'Angelo 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 641 526 -
Disk Evolution in Cep OB2: Results from the Spitzer Space Telescope
Aurora Sicilia-Aguilar et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 638 897 -
Effects of Dust Growth and Settling in T Tauri Disks
Paola D'Alessio et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 638 314 -
On the Submillimeter Opacity of Protoplanetary Disks
B. T. Draine 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 636 1114 -
Spitzer/IRAC Photometry of the η Chameleontis Association
S. T. Megeath et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 634 L113 -
The Disk Fractions of Brown Dwarfs in IC 348 and Chamaeleon I
K. L. Luhman et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 631 L69 -
Disks in Transition in the Taurus Population: Spitzer IRS Spectra of GM Aurigae and DM Tauri
N. Calvet et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 630 L185 -
The Accretion Disk of the Lithium-depleted Young Binary St 34
Lee Hartmann et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 628 L147 -
X-Ray Diagnostics of Grain Depletion in Matter Accreting onto T Tauri Stars
Jeremy J. Drake et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 627 L149 -
Constraints on Inner Disk Evolution Timescales: A Disk Census of the η Chamaeleontis Young Cluster
Karl E. Haisch, Jr. et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 627 L57 -
Toward Planetesimals in the Disk around TW Hydrae: 3.5 Centimeter Dust Emission
D. J. Wilner et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 626 L109 -
IRAS 16293–2422B: A Compact, Possibly Isolated Protoplanetary Disk in a Class 0 Object
Luis F. Rodríguez et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 621 L133 -
Spitzer Identification of the Least Massive Known Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk
K. L. Luhman et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 620 L51 -
Cepheus OB2: Disk Evolution and Accretion at 3-10 Myr
Aurora Sicilia-Aguilar et al. 2005 The Astronomical Journal 130 188 -
Disk Evolution in the Orion OB1 Association
Nuria Calvet et al. 2005 The Astronomical Journal 129 935 -
An 850 μm Survey for Dust around Solar-Mass Stars
Joan Najita and Jonathan P. Williams 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 635 625 -
Evidence for J- and H-Band Excess in Classical T Tauri Stars and the Implications for Disk Structure and Estimated Ages
Lucas A. Cieza et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 635 422 -
Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
Sean M. Andrews and Jonathan P. Williams 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 631 1134 -
IRAC Observations of Taurus Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
Lee Hartmann et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 629 881 -
The Differential Lifetimes of Protostellar Gas and Dust Disks
Taku Takeuchi et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 627 286 -
Dust Growth and Settling in Protoplanetary Disks and Disk Spectral Energy Distributions. I. Laminar Disks
Hidekazu Tanaka et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 625 414 -
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy and Coronagraphic Imaging of the TW Hydrae Circumstellar Disk
Aki Roberge et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 622 1171 -
The Truncated Disk of CoKu Tau/4
Paola D'Alessio et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 621 461 -
Discovery of CO Gas in the Inner Disk of TW Hydrae
Terrence W. Rettig et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 616 L163 -
Imaging the Disk around TW Hydrae with the Submillimeter Array
Chunhua Qi et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 616 L11 -
A New Probe of the Planet-forming Region in T Tauri Disks
Edwin Bergin et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 614 L133 -
Low-Mass Stars and Accretion at the Ages of Planet Formation in the Cepheus OB2 Region
Aurora Sicilia-Aguilar et al. 2004 The Astronomical Journal 128 805 -
The State of Protoplanetary Material 10 Million years after Stellar Formation: Circumstellar Disks in the TW Hydrae Association
K. I. Uchida et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 154 439 -
The 24 Micron View of Embedded Star Formation in NGC 7129
J. Muzerolle et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 154 379 -
A Survey for Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the η Chamaeleontis and Chamaeleontis Young Associations
K. L. Luhman 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 616 1033 -
Heating Protoplanetary Disk Atmospheres
Alfred E. Glassgold et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 615 972 -
Models of Chemistry, Thermal Balance, and Infrared Spectra from Intermediate-Aged Disks around G and K Stars
U. Gorti and D. Hollenbach 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 613 424 -
The Evolution of Protoplanetary Disk Edges
Peggy Varnière et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 612 1152 -
The Circumbinary Ring of KH 15D
Eugene I. Chiang and Ruth A. Murray-Clay 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 607 913 -
The Far-Ultraviolet Spectra of TW Hydrae. II. Models of H2 Fluorescence in a Disk
Gregory J. Herczeg et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 607 369 -
The Visible and Near-Infrared Dust Opacity Law in the HH 30 Circumstellar Disk
Alan M. Watson and Karl R. Stapelfeldt 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 602 860 -
The First Detailed Look at a Brown Dwarf Disk
I. Pascucci et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 590 L111 -
Thermohydrodynamics of Circumstellar Disks with High-Mass Planets
Gennaro D'Angelo et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 599 548 -
Model Spectral Energy Distributions of Circumstellar Debris Disks. I. Analytic Disk Density Distributions
Sebastian Wolf and Lynne A. Hillenbrand 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 596 603 -
Disks around the Young Stars TW Hydrae and HD 100546 Imaged at 3.4 Millimeters with the Australia Telescope Compact Array
D. J. Wilner et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 596 597 -
Radiative Transfer on Perturbations in Protoplanetary Disks
Hannah Jang-Condell and Dimitar D. Sasselov 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 593 1116 -
The Circumstellar Disk of the Butterfly Star in Taurus
Sebastian Wolf et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 588 373 -
Detections of Rovibrational H2 Emission from the Disks of T Tauri Stars
Jeffrey S. Bary et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 586 1136 -
Efficient Radiative Transfer in Dust Grain Mixtures
S. Wolf 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 582 859 -
Investigation of the Physical Properties of Protoplanetary Disks around T Tauri Stars by a 1 Arcsecond Imaging Survey: Evolution and Diversity of the Disks in Their Accretion Stage
Yoshimi Kitamura et al. 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 581 357 -
On the Interferometric Sizes of Young Stellar Objects
J. D. Monnier and R. Millan-Gabet 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 579 694