Abstract
We report high-precision spectrophotometric observations of four planetary transits of HD 209458, in the region of the sodium resonance doublet at 589.3 nm. We find that the photometric dimming during transit in a bandpass centered on the sodium feature is deeper by (2.32 ± 0.57) × 10-4 relative to simultaneous observations of the transit in adjacent bands. We interpret this additional dimming as absorption from sodium in the planetary atmosphere, as recently predicted from several theoretical modeling efforts. Our model for a cloudless planetary atmosphere with a solar abundance of sodium in atomic form predicts more sodium absorption than we observe. There are several possibilities that may account for this reduced amplitude, including reaction of atomic sodium into molecular gases and/or condensates, photoionization of sodium by the stellar flux, a low primordial abundance of sodium, and the presence of clouds high in the atmosphere.
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Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (HST), obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.
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The physical properties of extra-solar planets
I Baraffe et al 2010 Reports on Progress in Physics 73 016901 -
Characterizing the Thermosphere of HD209458b with UV Transit Observations
T. T. Koskinen et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 723 116 -
Global Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets From Scattered Light Curves
Hajime Kawahara and Yuka Fujii 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 720 1333 -
Photometric and Spectral Signatures of Three-dimensional Models of Transiting Giant Exoplanets
A. Burrows et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 719 341 -
Observations of Mass Loss from the Transiting Exoplanet HD 209458b
Jeffrey L. Linsky et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 717 1291 -
High-temperature Photochemistry in the Atmosphere of HD 189733b
M. R. Line et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 717 496 -
Colors of a Second Earth: Estimating the Fractional Areas of Ocean, Land, and Vegetation of Earth-like Exoplanets
Yuka Fujii et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 715 866 -
Three-dimensional Modeling of Hot Jupiter Atmospheric Flows
Emily Rauscher and Kristen Menou 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 714 1334 -
Radiation Hydrodynamics of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
Kristen Menou and Emily Rauscher 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 713 1174 -
Searching for Far-ultraviolet Auroral/Dayglow Emission from HD 209458b
Kevin France et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 712 1277 -
An a Priori Investigation of Astrophysical False Positives in Ground-Based Transiting Planet Surveys
Tom M. Evans and Penny D. Sackett 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 712 38 -
HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field
G. Á. Bakos et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 710 1724 -
Transmission Spectra of Three-Dimensional Hot Jupiter Model Atmospheres
J. J. Fortney et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 709 1396 -
Wasp-17b: An Ultra-Low Density Planet in a Probable Retrograde Orbit
D. R. Anderson et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 709 159 -
Models of Neptune-Mass Exoplanets: Emergent Fluxes and Albedos
David S. Spiegel et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 709 149 -
Chemistry of Silicate Atmospheres of Evaporating Super-Earths
Laura Schaefer and Bruce Fegley 2009 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 703 L113 -
Discovery and Characterization of Transiting Super Earths Using an All-Sky Transit Survey and Follow-up by the James Webb Space Telescope
D. Deming et al. 2009 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121 952 -
Ks-Band Detection of Thermal Emission and Color Constraints to CoRoT-1b: A Low-Albedo Planet with Inefficient Atmospheric Energy Redistribution and a Temperature Inversion
Justin C. Rogers et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 707 1707 -
A Temperature and Abundance Retrieval Method for Exoplanet Atmospheres
N. Madhusudhan and S. Seager 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 707 24 -
HAT-P-12b: A Low-Density Sub-Saturn Mass Planet Transiting a Metal-Poor K Dwarf
J. D. Hartman et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 706 785 -
Water, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide Present in the Dayside Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 209458b
M. R. Swain et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 704 1616 -
Massive Satellites of Close-In Gas Giant Exoplanets
Timothy A. Cassidy et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 704 1341 -
Can TiO Explain Thermal Inversions in the Upper Atmospheres of Irradiated Giant Planets?
David S. Spiegel et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 699 1487 -
Search for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere of the Transiting Exoplanet HD 189733b
Jean-Michel Désert et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 699 478 -
Transits of Earth-like Planets
Lisa Kaltenegger and Wesley A. Traub 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 698 519 -
A HIRES/Keck Spectroscopic Investigation of the Measurement of Sodium in the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
Laura E. Langland-Shula et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 696 1355 -
Nondetection of Polarized, Scattered Light from the HD 189733b Hot Jupiter
Sloane J. Wiktorowicz 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 696 1116 -
Near-Infrared Transit Photometry of the Exoplanet HD 149026b
Joshua A. Carter et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 696 241 -
Mid-Infrared Properties of Disk Averaged Observations of Earth with AIRS
Thomas Hearty et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 693 1763 -
A New Spectroscopic and Photometric Analysis of the Transiting Planet Systems TrES-3 and TrES-4
Alessandro Sozzetti et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 691 1145 -
The Atmospheric Signatures of Super-Earths: How to Distinguish Between Hydrogen-Rich and Hydrogen-Poor Atmospheres
Eliza Miller-Ricci et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 690 1056 -
Exoplanet HD 209458b (Osiris): Evaporation Strengthened
A. Vidal-Madjar et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 676 L57 -
Sodium Absorption from the Exoplanetary Atmosphere of HD 189733b Detected in the Optical Transmission Spectrum
Seth Redfield et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 673 L87 -
First Detection of Polarized Scattered Light from an Exoplanetary Atmosphere
S. V. Berdyugina et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 673 L83 -
A Photometric Survey for Variables and Transits in the Field of Praesepe with the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope
Joshua Pepper et al. 2008 The Astronomical Journal 135 907 -
Design Considerations for a Ground-Based Transit Search for Habitable Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs
Philip Nutzman and David Charbonneau 2008 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 120 317 -
Characterization of terrestrial planets identified by the Kepler mission
David W Latham 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014034 -
Terrestrial exoplanets: diversity, habitability and characterization
Franck Selsis et al 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014032 -
Characterizing Earth-like planets: from CoRoT to DARWIN/TPF and beyond
M Ollivier et al 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014031 -
Mapping the realm of hot Jupiters
D A Fischer 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014002 -
On the Absorption and Redistribution of Energy in Irradiated Planets
Brad M. S. Hansen 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 179 484 -
Spectral, Spatial, and Time Properties of the Hydrogen Nebula around Exoplanet HD 209458b
Lotfi Ben-Jaffel 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 688 1352 -
Characterizing Long-Period Transiting Planets Observed by Kepler
Jennifer C. Yee and B. Scott Gaudi 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 688 616 -
The Broadband Infrared Emission Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 189733b
David Charbonneau et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 686 1341 -
Determining Atmospheric Conditions at the Terminator of the Hot Jupiter HD 209458b
David K. Sing et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 686 667 -
Hubble Space Telescope STIS Optical Transit Transmission Spectra of the Hot Jupiter HD 209458b
David K. Sing et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 686 658 -
Thermal Emission of Exoplanet XO-1b
Pavel Machalek et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 684 1427 -
Detecting Life-bearing Extrasolar Planets with Space Telescopes
Steven V. W. Beckwith 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 684 1404 -
Optical Albedo Theory of Strongly Irradiated Giant Planets: The Case of HD 209458b
A. Burrows et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 682 1277 -
Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Three-dimensional Circulation Models of HD 209458b and HD 189733b with Simplified Forcing
Adam P. Showman et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 682 559 -
Theoretical Spectra and Light Curves of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets and Comparison with Data
A. Burrows et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 678 1436 -
A Unified Theory for the Atmospheres of the Hot and Very Hot Jupiters: Two Classes of Irradiated Atmospheres
J. J. Fortney et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 678 1419 -
Primary Transit of the Planet HD 189733b at 3.6 and 5.8 μm
J. P. Beaulieu et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 677 1343 -
Improved Parameters for Extrasolar Transiting Planets
Guillermo Torres et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 677 1324 -
Five New Transits of the Super-Neptune HD 149026b
Joshua N. Winn et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 675 1531 -
The 3.6-8.0 μm Broadband Emission Spectrum of HD 209458b: Evidence for an Atmospheric Temperature Inversion
Heather A. Knutson et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 673 526 -
Atmospheric Dynamics of Short-Period Extrasolar Gas Giant Planets. I. Dependence of Nightside Temperature on Opacity
Ian Dobbs-Dixon and D. N. C. Lin 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 673 513 -
Three-dimensional Hydrodynamical Simulation of the Exoplanet HD 209458b
E. Matias Schneiter et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 671 L57 -
A Spitzer Search for Water in the Transiting Exoplanet HD 189733b
David Ehrenreich et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 668 L179 -
Theoretical Spectral Models of the Planet HD 209458b with a Thermal Inversion and Water Emission Bands
A. Burrows et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 668 L171 -
Thermal Emission from Transiting Very Hot Jupiters: Prospects for Ground-based Detection at Optical Wavelengths
Mercedes López-Morales and Sara Seager 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 667 L191 -
Using Transit Timing Observations to Search for Trojans of Transiting Extrasolar Planets
Eric B. Ford and Matthew J. Holman 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 664 L51 -
Identification of Absorption Features in an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere
T. Barman 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 661 L191 -
Infrared Transmission Spectra for Extrasolar Giant Planets
Giovanna Tinetti et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 654 L99 -
The Transit Light Curve Project. II. Two Transits of the Exoplanet OGLE-TR-111b
Joshua N. Winn et al. 2007 The Astronomical Journal 133 11 -
The Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT): A Small Robotic Telescope for Large‐Area Synoptic Surveys
Joshua Pepper et al. 2007 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119 923 -
On Constraining a Transiting Exoplanet's Rotation Rate with Its Transit Spectrum
David S. Spiegel et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 669 1324 -
The Transit Light Curve (TLC) Project. VI. Three Transits of the Exoplanet TrES-2
Matthew J. Holman et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 664 1185 -
Outcome of Six Candidate Transiting Planets from a TrES Field in Andromeda
Francis T. O'Donovan et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 662 658 -
Exoplanet Transit Parallax
Caleb A. Scharf 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 1218 -
A Thermospheric Circulation Model for Extrasolar Giant Planets
T. T. Koskinen et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 515 -
Possible Solutions to the Radius Anomalies of Transiting Giant Planets
A. Burrows et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 502 -
Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
J. J. Fortney et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 1661 -
Analysis of Pupil Replication
F. H. P. Spaan and A. H. Greenaway 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 658 1380 -
Spectral Evolution of an Earth-like Planet
Lisa Kaltenegger et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 658 598 -
The Transit Light Curve Project. III. Tres Transits of TrES-1
Joshua N. Winn et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 1098 -
Using Stellar Limb-Darkening to Refine the Properties of HD 209458b
Heather A. Knutson et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 655 564 -
Prospects for the Characterization and Confirmation of Transiting Exoplanets via the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect
B. Scott Gaudi and Joshua N. Winn 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 655 550 -
TrES-2: The First Transiting Planet in the Kepler Field
Francis T. O'Donovan et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 651 L61 -
No Detectable H3+ Emission from the Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters
Evgenya Shkolnik et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 132 1267 -
Survey for Transiting Extrasolar Planets in Stellar Systems. III. A Limit on the Fraction of Stars with Planets in the Open Cluster NGC 1245
Christopher J. Burke et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 132 210 -
The Search for an Atmospheric Signature of the Transiting Exoplanet HD 149026b
Nassim Bozorgnia et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1249 -
Toroidal Atmospheres around Extrasolar Planets
R. E. Johnson and P. J. Huggins 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1136 -
Exploring the Potential of Integral Field Spectroscopy for Observing Extrasolar Planet Transits: Ground‐based Observations of the Atmospheric Na in HD 209458b
Santiago Arribas et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 21 -
Planet formation and migration
John C B Papaloizou and Caroline Terquem 2006 Reports on Progress in Physics 69 119 -
The Influence of Atmospheric Dynamics on the Infrared Spectra and Light Curves of Hot Jupiters
J. J. Fortney et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 652 746 -
Theory for the Secondary Eclipse Fluxes, Spectra, Atmospheres, and Light Curves of Transiting Extrasolar Giant Planets
A. Burrows et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 650 1140 -
Thermal Structure and Radius Evolution of Irradiated Gas Giant Planets
Phil Arras and Lars Bildsten 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 650 394 -
Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, with Application to HD 209458b
Curtis S. Cooper and Adam P. Showman 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 1048 -
A Spitzer Infrared Radius for the Transiting Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
L. Jeremy Richardson et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 1043 -
Resolving the Surfaces of Extrasolar Planets with Secondary Eclipse Light Curves
Peter K. G. Williams et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 1020 -
A Transiting Planet of a Sun-like Star
P. R. McCullough et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 648 1228 -
Atmospheric Chemistry in Giant Planets, Brown Dwarfs, and Low-Mass Dwarf Stars. II. Sulfur and Phosphorus
Channon Visscher et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 648 1181 -
An Upper Limit on the Albedo of HD 209458b: Direct Imaging Photometry with the MOST Satellite
Jason F. Rowe et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 646 1241 -
Rejecting Astrophysical False Positives from the TrES Transiting Planet Survey: The Example of GSC 03885–00829
Francis T. O'Donovan et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 644 1237 -
The Effect of the Transit of Venus on ACRIM's Total Solar Irradiance Measurements: Implications for Transit Studies of Extrasolar Planets
G. Schneider et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 641 565 -
The N2K Consortium. III. Short-Period Planets Orbiting HD 149143 and HD 109749
Debra A. Fischer et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 637 1094 -
Transit Photometry of the Core-dominated Planet HD 149026b
David Charbonneau et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 636 445 -
Dynamic Meteorology at the Photosphere of HD 209458b
Curtis S. Cooper and Adam P. Showman 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 629 L45 -
Comparative Planetary Atmospheres: Models of TrES-1 and HD 209458b
J. J. Fortney et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 627 L69 -
A Theoretical Interpretation of the Measurements of the Secondary Eclipses of TrES-1 and HD 209458b
A. Burrows et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 625 L135 -
Astrometric Methods and Instrumentation to Identify and Characterize Extrasolar Planets: A Review
Alessandro Sozzetti 2005 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 117 1021 -
The XO Project: Searching for Transiting Extrasolar Planet Candidates
P. R. McCullough et al. 2005 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 117 783 -
Searching for Planetary Transits in Galactic Open Clusters: EXPLORE/OC
Kaspar von Braun et al. 2005 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 117 141 -
Phase-dependent Properties of Extrasolar Planet Atmospheres
Travis S. Barman et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 632 1132 -
On the Dayside Thermal Emission of Hot Jupiters
S. Seager et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 632 1122 -
Searching for Transiting Planets in Stellar Systems
Joshua Pepper and B. Scott Gaudi 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 631 581 -
Can We Probe the Atmospheric Composition of an Extrasolar Planet from Its Reflection Spectrum in a High-Magnification Microlensing Event?
David S. Spiegel et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 628 478 -
Detection of Thermal Emission from an Extrasolar Planet
David Charbonneau et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 626 523 -
A New Search for Carbon Monoxide Absorption in the Transmission Spectrum of the Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
Drake Deming et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 622 1149 -
Hot Jupiters and Hot Spots: The Short- and Long-Term Chromospheric Activity on Stars with Giant Planets
E. Shkolnik et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 622 1075 -
The N2K Consortium. I. A Hot Saturn Planet Orbiting HD 88133
Debra A. Fischer et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 620 481 -
An Observational Signature of Evolved Oceans on Extrasolar Terrestrial Planets
M. Jura 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 605 L65 -
Detection of Oxygen and Carbon in the Hydrodynamically Escaping Atmosphere of the Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
A. Vidal-Madjar et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 604 L69 -
PSST: The Planet Search Survey Telescope
Edward W. Dunham et al. 2004 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 116 1072 -
PASS: An All Sky Survey for the Detection of Transiting Extrasolar Planets and for Permanent Variable Star Tracking
H. J. Deeg et al. 2004 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 116 985 -
Wide‐Field Millimagnitude Photometry with the HAT: A Tool for Extrasolar Planet Detection
G. Bakos et al. 2004 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 116 266 -
Multiple Companions to HD 154857 and HD 160691
Chris McCarthy et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 617 575 -
Transit Detectability of Ring Systems around Extrasolar Giant Planets
Jason W. Barnes and Jonathan J. Fortney 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 616 1193 -
Testing Blend Scenarios for Extrasolar Transiting Planet Candidates. I. OGLE-TR-33: A False Positive
Guillermo Torres et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 614 979 -
The Radiometric Bode's Law and Extrasolar Planets
T. Joseph, W. Lazio et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 612 511 -
Measuring Fundamental Parameters of Substellar Objects. II. Masses and Radii
Subhanjoy Mohanty et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 885 -
Measuring Fundamental Parameters of Substellar Objects. I. Surface Gravities
Subhanjoy Mohanty et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 854 -
New Data and Improved Parameters for the Extrasolar Transiting Planet OGLE-TR-56b
Guillermo Torres et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 1071 -
Spectra and Diagnostics for the Direct Detection of Wide-Separation Extrasolar Giant Planets
Adam Burrows et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 407 -
Photometric Transits from the MACHO Project Database
A. J. Drake and K. H. Cook 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 604 379 -
A Search for Sodium Absorption from Comets around HD 209458
Caylin Mendelowitz et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 601 1120 -
Detection of Close-In Extrasolar Giant Planets Using the Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer
William C. Danchi et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 597 L57 -
Source of Atomic Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
Mao-Chang Liang et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 596 L247 -
Periodic Flux Variability of Stars due to the Reflex Doppler Effect Induced by Planetary Companions
Abraham Loeb and B. Scott Gaudi 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 588 L117 -
The Changing Face of the Extrasolar Giant Planet HD 209458b
James Y-K. Cho et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 587 L117 -
"Weather" Variability of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets
Kristen Menou et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 587 L113 -
Detection of Intermediate‐Period Transiting Planets with a Network of Small Telescopes: transitsearch.org
Scott Seagroves et al. 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 1355 -
Narrow‐Angle Astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission: The Search for Extrasolar Planets. II. Detection and Characterization of Planetary Systems
A. Sozzetti et al. 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 1072 -
Astrophysics in 2002
Virginia Trimble and Markus J. Aschwanden 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 514 -
Spectrophotometry with a Transmission Grating for Detecting Faint Occultations
M. A. Kenworthy and P. M. Hinz 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 322 -
The extrasolar planet-finder group study at the University of Birmingham
Ian R Stevens 2003 European Journal of Physics 24 S33 -
Evidence for Planet-induced Chromospheric Activity on HD 179949
E. Shkolnik et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 1092 -
High-Resolution Spectroscopic Follow-up of OGLE Planetary Transit Candidates in the Galactic Bulge: Two Possible Jupiter-Mass Planets and Two Blends
Maciej Konacki et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 1076 -
Scattered Light from Close-in Extrasolar Planets: Prospects of Detection with the MOST Satellite
Daniel Green et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 590 -
Infrared Observations during the Secondary Eclipse of HD 209458b. II. Strong Limits on the Infrared Spectrum Near 2.2 μm
L. Jeremy Richardson et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 581 -
Detecting Reflected Light from Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets with the Kepler Photometer
Jon M. Jenkins and Laurance R. Doyle 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 595 429 -
A Theory for the Radius of the Transiting Giant Planet HD 209458b
Adam Burrows et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 594 545 -
On the Radii of Extrasolar Giant Planets
Peter Bodenheimer et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 592 555 -
On the Selection of Photometric Planetary Transits
A. J. Drake 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 589 1020 -
On the Indirect Detection of Sodium in the Atmosphere of the Planetary Companion to HD 209458
J. J. Fortney et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 589 615 -
Theoretical Spectra and Atmospheres of Extrasolar Giant Planets
David Sudarsky et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 588 1121 -
Probing Structures of Distant Extrasolar Planets with Microlensing
B. Scott Gaudi et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 586 527 -
Transit Target Selection Using Reduced Proper Motions
Andrew Gould and Christopher W. Morgan 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 585 1056 -
A Unique Solution of Planet and Star Parameters from an Extrasolar Planet Transit Light Curve
S. Seager and G. Mallén-Ornelas 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 585 1038 -
Infrared Observations during the Secondary Eclipse of HD 209458b. I. 3.6 Micron Occultation Spectroscopy Using the Very Large Telescope
L. Jeremy Richardson et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 584 1053 -
Calculations of the Far-Wing Line Profiles of Sodium and Potassium in the Atmospheres of Substellar-Mass Objects
Adam Burrows and Maxim Volobuyev 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 583 985 -
Non-LTE Effects of Na I in the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
Travis S. Barman et al. 2002 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 569 L51 -
Narrow‐Angle Astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission: The Search for Extrasolar Planets. I. Detection and Characterization of Single Planets
A. Sozzetti et al. 2002 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 114 1173 -
A Search for CO Absorption in the Transmission Spectrum of HD 209458b
Timothy M. Brown et al. 2002 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 114 826 -
Imaging Spectroscopy for Extrasolar Planet Detection
William B. Sparks and Holland C. Ford 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 578 543 -
Constraining the Rotation Rate of Transiting Extrasolar Planets by Oblateness Measurements
S. Seager and Lam Hui 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 574 1004