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Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere*

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© 2002. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
, ,

0004-637X/568/1/377

Abstract

We report high-precision spectrophotometric observations of four planetary transits of HD 209458, in the region of the sodium resonance doublet at 589.3 nm. We find that the photometric dimming during transit in a bandpass centered on the sodium feature is deeper by (2.32 ± 0.57) × 10-4 relative to simultaneous observations of the transit in adjacent bands. We interpret this additional dimming as absorption from sodium in the planetary atmosphere, as recently predicted from several theoretical modeling efforts. Our model for a cloudless planetary atmosphere with a solar abundance of sodium in atomic form predicts more sodium absorption than we observe. There are several possibilities that may account for this reduced amplitude, including reaction of atomic sodium into molecular gases and/or condensates, photoionization of sodium by the stellar flux, a low primordial abundance of sodium, and the presence of clouds high in the atmosphere.

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Footnotes

  • Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (HST), obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

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  100. A Ground-based Optical Transmission Spectrum of WASP-6b
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    IOPscience

  101. A Near-infrared Transmission Spectrum for the Warm Saturn HAT-P-12b
    Michael R. Line et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 778 183

    IOPscience

  102. A Transmission Spectrum of Titan's North Polar Atmosphere from a Specular Reflection of the Sun
    Jason W. Barnes et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 777 161

    IOPscience

  103. A Framework for Characterizing the Atmospheres of Low-mass Low-density Transiting Planets
    Jonathan J. Fortney et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 775 80

    IOPscience

  104. Quantitatively Assessing the Role of Clouds in the Transmission Spectrum of GJ 1214b
    Caroline V. Morley et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 775 33

    IOPscience

  105. Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanets HD 209458b and XO-1b Using the Wide Field Camera-3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
    Drake Deming et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 774 95

    IOPscience

  106. Examining the Broadband Emission Spectrum of WASP-19b: A New z-band Eclipse Detection
    George Zhou et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 774 118

    IOPscience

  107. Transit Observations of the Hot Jupiter HD 189733b at X-Ray Wavelengths
    K. Poppenhaeger et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 773 62

    IOPscience

  108. Optical-to-near-infrared Simultaneous Observations for the Hot Uranus GJ3470b: A Hint of a Cloud-free Atmosphere
    Akihiko Fukui et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 770 95

    IOPscience

  109. Detection of Molecular Absorption in the Dayside of Exoplanet 51 Pegasi b?
    M. Brogi et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 767 27

    IOPscience

  110. Blind Extraction of an Exoplanetary Spectrum through Independent Component Analysis
    I. P. Waldmann et al. 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 766 7

    IOPscience

  111. Objects in Kepler's Mirror May be Larger Than They Appear: Bias and Selection Effects in Transiting Planet Surveys
    Eric Gaidos and Andrew W. Mann 2013 The Astrophysical Journal 762 41

    IOPscience

  112. The Implications of M Dwarf Flares on the Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets at Infrared Wavelengths
    Benjamin M. Tofflemire et al. 2012 The Astronomical Journal 143 12

    IOPscience

  113. KELT-1b: A Strongly Irradiated, Highly Inflated, Short Period, 27 Jupiter-mass Companion Transiting a Mid-F Star
    Robert J. Siverd et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 761 123

    IOPscience

  114. C/O Ratio as a Dimension for Characterizing Exoplanetary Atmospheres
    Nikku Madhusudhan 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 758 36

    IOPscience

  115. Hot Methane Line Lists for Exoplanet and Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
    Robert J. Hargreaves et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 757 46

    IOPscience

  116. Theoretical Transit Spectra for GJ 1214b and Other "Super-Earths"
    Alex R. Howe and Adam S. Burrows 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 756 176

    IOPscience

  117. Glancing Views of the Earth: From a Lunar Eclipse to an Exoplanetary Transit
    A. García Muñoz et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 755 103

    IOPscience

  118. Atmospheric Retrieval for Super-Earths: Uniquely Constraining the Atmospheric Composition with Transmission Spectroscopy
    Bjoern Benneke and Sara Seager 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 753 100

    IOPscience

  119. Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm Observations of HD 209458b: Three Eclipses, Two and a Half Transits, and a Phase Curve Corrupted by Instrumental Sensitivity Variations
    Ian J. M. Crossfield et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 752 81

    IOPscience

  120. The Impact of Circumplantary Jets on Transit Spectra and Timing Offsets for Hot Jupiters
    Ian Dobbs-Dixon et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 751 87

    IOPscience

  121. A Detection of Hα in an Exoplanetary Exosphere
    Adam G. Jensen et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 751 86

    IOPscience

  122. A General Circulation Model for Gaseous Exoplanets with Double-gray Radiative Transfer
    Emily Rauscher and Kristen Menou 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 750 96

    IOPscience

  123. Kepler-20: A Sun-like Star with Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets and Two Earth-size Candidates
    Thomas N. Gautier III et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 749 15

    IOPscience

  124. The Properties of the 500 K Dwarf UGPS J072227.51–054031.2 and a Study of the Far-red Flux of Cold Brown Dwarfs
    S. K. Leggett et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 748 74

    IOPscience

  125. The Flat Transmission Spectrum of the Super-Earth GJ1214b from Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
    Zachory K. Berta et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 747 35

    IOPscience

  126. Of "Cocktail Parties" and Exoplanets
    I. P. Waldmann 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 747 12

    IOPscience

  127. Ground-based, Near-infrared Exospectroscopy. II. Tentative Detection of Emission from the Extremely Hot Jupiter WASP-12b
    Ian J. M. Crossfield et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 746 46

    IOPscience

  128. Characterizing the Atmospheres of Transiting Planets with a Dedicated Space Telescope
    M. Tessenyi et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 746 45

    IOPscience

  129. A Photochemical Model for the Carbon-rich Planet WASP-12b
    Ravi kumar Kopparapu et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 745 77

    IOPscience

  130. Mass-Radius Relationships for Exoplanets
    D. C. Swift et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 744 59

    IOPscience

  131. Ground-based Near-infrared Emission Spectroscopy of HD 189733b
    I. P. Waldmann et al. 2012 The Astrophysical Journal 744 35

    IOPscience

  132. Observational Evidence for a Metal-rich Atmosphere on the Super-Earth GJ1214b
    Jean-Michel Désert et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 731 L40

    IOPscience

  133. WASP-35b, WASP-48b, and HAT-P-30b/WASP-51b: Two New Planets and an Independent Discovery of a Hat Planet
    B. Enoch et al. 2011 The Astronomical Journal 142 86

    IOPscience

  134. A Survey of Alkali Line Absorption in Exoplanetary Atmospheres
    Adam G. Jensen et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 743 203

    IOPscience

  135. Disequilibrium Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Chemistry in the Atmospheres of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
    Julianne I. Moses et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 737 15

    IOPscience

  136. The GJ1214 Super-Earth System: Stellar Variability, New Transits, and a Search for Additional Planets
    Zachory K. Berta et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 736 12

    IOPscience

  137. Effects of Stellar Flux on Tidally Locked Terrestrial Planets: Degree-1 Mantle Convection and Local Magma Ponds
    S. E. Gelman et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 735 72

    IOPscience

  138. Hot NH3 Spectra for Astrophysical Applications
    Robert J. Hargreaves et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 735 111

    IOPscience

  139. A Spitzer Transmission Spectrum for the Exoplanet GJ 436b, Evidence for Stellar Variability, and Constraints on Dayside Flux Variations
    Heather A. Knutson et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 735 27

    IOPscience

  140. High Metallicity and Non-equilibrium Chemistry in the Dayside Atmosphere of hot-Neptune GJ 436b
    N. Madhusudhan and S. Seager 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 729 41

    IOPscience

  141. Hot Jupiter Magnetospheres
    George B. Trammell et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 728 152

    IOPscience

  142. HAT-P-26b: A Low-density Neptune-mass Planet Transiting a K Star
    J. D. Hartman et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 728 138

    IOPscience

  143. Characterizing the Atmospheres of Transiting Rocky Planets Around Late-type Dwarfs
    E. Pallé et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 728 19

    IOPscience

  144. Non-detection of L-band Line Emission from the Exoplanet HD189733b
    Avi M. Mandell et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 728 18

    IOPscience

  145. Transmission Spectra of Transiting Planet Atmospheres: Model Validation and Simulations of the Hot Neptune GJ 436b for the James Webb Space Telescope
    Megan Shabram et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 727 65

    IOPscience

  146. Precise Estimates of the Physical Parameters for the Exoplanet System HD 17156 Enabled by Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor Transit and Asteroseismic Observations
    Philip Nutzman et al. 2011 The Astrophysical Journal 726 3

    IOPscience

  147. The Nature of the Atmosphere of the Transiting Super-Earth GJ 1214b
    Eliza Miller-Ricci and Jonathan J. Fortney 2010 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 716 L74

    IOPscience

  148. Metals in the Exosphere of the Highly Irradiated Planet WASP-12b
    L. Fossati et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 714 L222

    IOPscience

  149. Observing Exoplanets with SOFIA
    D. Angerhausen et al. 2010 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 122 1020

    IOPscience

  150. The physical properties of extra-solar planets
    I Baraffe et al 2010 Reports on Progress in Physics 73 016901

    IOPscience

  151. Characterizing the Thermosphere of HD209458b with UV Transit Observations
    T. T. Koskinen et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 723 116

    IOPscience

  152. Global Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets From Scattered Light Curves
    Hajime Kawahara and Yuka Fujii 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 720 1333

    IOPscience

  153. Photometric and Spectral Signatures of Three-dimensional Models of Transiting Giant Exoplanets
    A. Burrows et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 719 341

    IOPscience

  154. Observations of Mass Loss from the Transiting Exoplanet HD 209458b
    Jeffrey L. Linsky et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 717 1291

    IOPscience

  155. High-temperature Photochemistry in the Atmosphere of HD 189733b
    M. R. Line et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 717 496

    IOPscience

  156. Colors of a Second Earth: Estimating the Fractional Areas of Ocean, Land, and Vegetation of Earth-like Exoplanets
    Yuka Fujii et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 715 866

    IOPscience

  157. Three-dimensional Modeling of Hot Jupiter Atmospheric Flows
    Emily Rauscher and Kristen Menou 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 714 1334

    IOPscience

  158. Radiation Hydrodynamics of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
    Kristen Menou and Emily Rauscher 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 713 1174

    IOPscience

  159. Searching for Far-ultraviolet Auroral/Dayglow Emission from HD 209458b
    Kevin France et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 712 1277

    IOPscience

  160. An a Priori Investigation of Astrophysical False Positives in Ground-Based Transiting Planet Surveys
    Tom M. Evans and Penny D. Sackett 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 712 38

    IOPscience

  161. HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field
    G. Á. Bakos et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 710 1724

    IOPscience

  162. Transmission Spectra of Three-Dimensional Hot Jupiter Model Atmospheres
    J. J. Fortney et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 709 1396

    IOPscience

  163. Wasp-17b: An Ultra-Low Density Planet in a Probable Retrograde Orbit
    D. R. Anderson et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 709 159

    IOPscience

  164. Models of Neptune-Mass Exoplanets: Emergent Fluxes and Albedos
    David S. Spiegel et al. 2010 The Astrophysical Journal 709 149

    IOPscience

  165. Chemistry of Silicate Atmospheres of Evaporating Super-Earths
    Laura Schaefer and Bruce Fegley 2009 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 703 L113

    IOPscience

  166. Discovery and Characterization of Transiting Super Earths Using an All-Sky Transit Survey and Follow-up by the James Webb Space Telescope
    D. Deming et al. 2009 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121 952

    IOPscience

  167. Ks-Band Detection of Thermal Emission and Color Constraints to CoRoT-1b: A Low-Albedo Planet with Inefficient Atmospheric Energy Redistribution and a Temperature Inversion
    Justin C. Rogers et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 707 1707

    IOPscience

  168. A Temperature and Abundance Retrieval Method for Exoplanet Atmospheres
    N. Madhusudhan and S. Seager 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 707 24

    IOPscience

  169. HAT-P-12b: A Low-Density Sub-Saturn Mass Planet Transiting a Metal-Poor K Dwarf
    J. D. Hartman et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 706 785

    IOPscience

  170. Water, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide Present in the Dayside Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 209458b
    M. R. Swain et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 704 1616

    IOPscience

  171. Massive Satellites of Close-In Gas Giant Exoplanets
    Timothy A. Cassidy et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 704 1341

    IOPscience

  172. Can TiO Explain Thermal Inversions in the Upper Atmospheres of Irradiated Giant Planets?
    David S. Spiegel et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 699 1487

    IOPscience

  173. Search for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere of the Transiting Exoplanet HD 189733b
    Jean-Michel Désert et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 699 478

    IOPscience

  174. Transits of Earth-like Planets
    Lisa Kaltenegger and Wesley A. Traub 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 698 519

    IOPscience

  175. A HIRES/Keck Spectroscopic Investigation of the Measurement of Sodium in the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
    Laura E. Langland-Shula et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 696 1355

    IOPscience

  176. Nondetection of Polarized, Scattered Light from the HD 189733b Hot Jupiter
    Sloane J. Wiktorowicz 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 696 1116

    IOPscience

  177. Near-Infrared Transit Photometry of the Exoplanet HD 149026b
    Joshua A. Carter et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 696 241

    IOPscience

  178. Mid-Infrared Properties of Disk Averaged Observations of Earth with AIRS
    Thomas Hearty et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 693 1763

    IOPscience

  179. A New Spectroscopic and Photometric Analysis of the Transiting Planet Systems TrES-3 and TrES-4
    Alessandro Sozzetti et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 691 1145

    IOPscience

  180. The Atmospheric Signatures of Super-Earths: How to Distinguish Between Hydrogen-Rich and Hydrogen-Poor Atmospheres
    Eliza Miller-Ricci et al. 2009 The Astrophysical Journal 690 1056

    IOPscience

  181. Exoplanet HD 209458b (Osiris): Evaporation Strengthened
    A. Vidal-Madjar et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 676 L57

    IOPscience

  182. Sodium Absorption from the Exoplanetary Atmosphere of HD 189733b Detected in the Optical Transmission Spectrum
    Seth Redfield et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 673 L87

    IOPscience

  183. First Detection of Polarized Scattered Light from an Exoplanetary Atmosphere
    S. V. Berdyugina et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 673 L83

    IOPscience

  184. A Photometric Survey for Variables and Transits in the Field of Praesepe with the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope
    Joshua Pepper et al. 2008 The Astronomical Journal 135 907

    IOPscience

  185. Design Considerations for a Ground-Based Transit Search for Habitable Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs
    Philip Nutzman and David Charbonneau 2008 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 120 317

    IOPscience

  186. Characterization of terrestrial planets identified by the Kepler mission
    David W Latham 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014034

    IOPscience

  187. Terrestrial exoplanets: diversity, habitability and characterization
    Franck Selsis et al 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014032

    IOPscience

  188. Characterizing Earth-like planets: from CoRoT to DARWIN/TPF and beyond
    M Ollivier et al 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014031

    IOPscience

  189. Mapping the realm of hot Jupiters
    D A Fischer 2008 Physica Scripta 2008 014002

    IOPscience

  190. On the Absorption and Redistribution of Energy in Irradiated Planets
    Brad M. S. Hansen 2008 The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 179 484

    IOPscience

  191. Spectral, Spatial, and Time Properties of the Hydrogen Nebula around Exoplanet HD 209458b
    Lotfi Ben-Jaffel 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 688 1352

    IOPscience

  192. Characterizing Long-Period Transiting Planets Observed by Kepler
    Jennifer C. Yee and B. Scott Gaudi 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 688 616

    IOPscience

  193. The Broadband Infrared Emission Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 189733b
    David Charbonneau et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 686 1341

    IOPscience

  194. Determining Atmospheric Conditions at the Terminator of the Hot Jupiter HD 209458b
    David K. Sing et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 686 667

    IOPscience

  195. Hubble Space Telescope STIS Optical Transit Transmission Spectra of the Hot Jupiter HD 209458b
    David K. Sing et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 686 658

    IOPscience

  196. Thermal Emission of Exoplanet XO-1b
    Pavel Machalek et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 684 1427

    IOPscience

  197. Detecting Life-bearing Extrasolar Planets with Space Telescopes
    Steven V. W. Beckwith 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 684 1404

    IOPscience

  198. Optical Albedo Theory of Strongly Irradiated Giant Planets: The Case of HD 209458b
    A. Burrows et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 682 1277

    IOPscience

  199. Atmospheric Circulation of Hot Jupiters: Three-dimensional Circulation Models of HD 209458b and HD 189733b with Simplified Forcing
    Adam P. Showman et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 682 559

    IOPscience

  200. Theoretical Spectra and Light Curves of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets and Comparison with Data
    A. Burrows et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 678 1436

    IOPscience

  201. A Unified Theory for the Atmospheres of the Hot and Very Hot Jupiters: Two Classes of Irradiated Atmospheres
    J. J. Fortney et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 678 1419

    IOPscience

  202. Primary Transit of the Planet HD 189733b at 3.6 and 5.8 μm
    J. P. Beaulieu et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 677 1343

    IOPscience

  203. Improved Parameters for Extrasolar Transiting Planets
    Guillermo Torres et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 677 1324

    IOPscience

  204. Five New Transits of the Super-Neptune HD 149026b
    Joshua N. Winn et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 675 1531

    IOPscience

  205. The 3.6-8.0 μm Broadband Emission Spectrum of HD 209458b: Evidence for an Atmospheric Temperature Inversion
    Heather A. Knutson et al. 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 673 526

    IOPscience

  206. Atmospheric Dynamics of Short-Period Extrasolar Gas Giant Planets. I. Dependence of Nightside Temperature on Opacity
    Ian Dobbs-Dixon and D. N. C. Lin 2008 The Astrophysical Journal 673 513

    IOPscience

  207. Three-dimensional Hydrodynamical Simulation of the Exoplanet HD 209458b
    E. Matias Schneiter et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 671 L57

    IOPscience

  208. A Spitzer Search for Water in the Transiting Exoplanet HD 189733b
    David Ehrenreich et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 668 L179

    IOPscience

  209. Theoretical Spectral Models of the Planet HD 209458b with a Thermal Inversion and Water Emission Bands
    A. Burrows et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 668 L171

    IOPscience

  210. Thermal Emission from Transiting Very Hot Jupiters: Prospects for Ground-based Detection at Optical Wavelengths
    Mercedes López-Morales and Sara Seager 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 667 L191

    IOPscience

  211. Using Transit Timing Observations to Search for Trojans of Transiting Extrasolar Planets
    Eric B. Ford and Matthew J. Holman 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 664 L51

    IOPscience

  212. Identification of Absorption Features in an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere
    T. Barman 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 661 L191

    IOPscience

  213. Infrared Transmission Spectra for Extrasolar Giant Planets
    Giovanna Tinetti et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 654 L99

    IOPscience

  214. The Transit Light Curve Project. II. Two Transits of the Exoplanet OGLE-TR-111b
    Joshua N. Winn et al. 2007 The Astronomical Journal 133 11

    IOPscience

  215. The Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT): A Small Robotic Telescope for Large‐Area Synoptic Surveys
    Joshua Pepper et al. 2007 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119 923

    IOPscience

  216. On Constraining a Transiting Exoplanet's Rotation Rate with Its Transit Spectrum
    David S. Spiegel et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 669 1324

    IOPscience

  217. The Transit Light Curve (TLC) Project. VI. Three Transits of the Exoplanet TrES-2
    Matthew J. Holman et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 664 1185

    IOPscience

  218. Outcome of Six Candidate Transiting Planets from a TrES Field in Andromeda
    Francis T. O'Donovan et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 662 658

    IOPscience

  219. Exoplanet Transit Parallax
    Caleb A. Scharf 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 1218

    IOPscience

  220. A Thermospheric Circulation Model for Extrasolar Giant Planets
    T. T. Koskinen et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 515

    IOPscience

  221. Possible Solutions to the Radius Anomalies of Transiting Giant Planets
    A. Burrows et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 661 502

    IOPscience

  222. Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
    J. J. Fortney et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 659 1661

    IOPscience

  223. Analysis of Pupil Replication
    F. H. P. Spaan and A. H. Greenaway 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 658 1380

    IOPscience

  224. Spectral Evolution of an Earth-like Planet
    Lisa Kaltenegger et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 658 598

    IOPscience

  225. The Transit Light Curve Project. III. Tres Transits of TrES-1
    Joshua N. Winn et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 657 1098

    IOPscience

  226. Using Stellar Limb-Darkening to Refine the Properties of HD 209458b
    Heather A. Knutson et al. 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 655 564

    IOPscience

  227. Prospects for the Characterization and Confirmation of Transiting Exoplanets via the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect
    B. Scott Gaudi and Joshua N. Winn 2007 The Astrophysical Journal 655 550

    IOPscience

  228. TrES-2: The First Transiting Planet in the Kepler Field
    Francis T. O'Donovan et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 651 L61

    IOPscience

  229. No Detectable H3+ Emission from the Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters
    Evgenya Shkolnik et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 132 1267

    IOPscience

  230. Survey for Transiting Extrasolar Planets in Stellar Systems. III. A Limit on the Fraction of Stars with Planets in the Open Cluster NGC 1245
    Christopher J. Burke et al. 2006 The Astronomical Journal 132 210

    IOPscience

  231. The Search for an Atmospheric Signature of the Transiting Exoplanet HD 149026b
    Nassim Bozorgnia et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1249

    IOPscience

  232. Toroidal Atmospheres around Extrasolar Planets
    R. E. Johnson and P. J. Huggins 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 1136

    IOPscience

  233. Exploring the Potential of Integral Field Spectroscopy for Observing Extrasolar Planet Transits: Ground‐based Observations of the Atmospheric Na in HD 209458b
    Santiago Arribas et al. 2006 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118 21

    IOPscience

  234. Planet formation and migration
    John C B Papaloizou and Caroline Terquem 2006 Reports on Progress in Physics 69 119

    IOPscience

  235. The Influence of Atmospheric Dynamics on the Infrared Spectra and Light Curves of Hot Jupiters
    J. J. Fortney et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 652 746

    IOPscience

  236. Theory for the Secondary Eclipse Fluxes, Spectra, Atmospheres, and Light Curves of Transiting Extrasolar Giant Planets
    A. Burrows et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 650 1140

    IOPscience

  237. Thermal Structure and Radius Evolution of Irradiated Gas Giant Planets
    Phil Arras and Lars Bildsten 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 650 394

    IOPscience

  238. Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, with Application to HD 209458b
    Curtis S. Cooper and Adam P. Showman 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 1048

    IOPscience

  239. A Spitzer Infrared Radius for the Transiting Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
    L. Jeremy Richardson et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 1043

    IOPscience

  240. Resolving the Surfaces of Extrasolar Planets with Secondary Eclipse Light Curves
    Peter K. G. Williams et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 649 1020

    IOPscience

  241. A Transiting Planet of a Sun-like Star
    P. R. McCullough et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 648 1228

    IOPscience

  242. Atmospheric Chemistry in Giant Planets, Brown Dwarfs, and Low-Mass Dwarf Stars. II. Sulfur and Phosphorus
    Channon Visscher et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 648 1181

    IOPscience

  243. An Upper Limit on the Albedo of HD 209458b: Direct Imaging Photometry with the MOST Satellite
    Jason F. Rowe et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 646 1241

    IOPscience

  244. Rejecting Astrophysical False Positives from the TrES Transiting Planet Survey: The Example of GSC 03885–00829
    Francis T. O'Donovan et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 644 1237

    IOPscience

  245. The Effect of the Transit of Venus on ACRIM's Total Solar Irradiance Measurements: Implications for Transit Studies of Extrasolar Planets
    G. Schneider et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 641 565

    IOPscience

  246. The N2K Consortium. III. Short-Period Planets Orbiting HD 149143 and HD 109749
    Debra A. Fischer et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 637 1094

    IOPscience

  247. Transit Photometry of the Core-dominated Planet HD 149026b
    David Charbonneau et al. 2006 The Astrophysical Journal 636 445

    IOPscience

  248. Dynamic Meteorology at the Photosphere of HD 209458b
    Curtis S. Cooper and Adam P. Showman 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 629 L45

    IOPscience

  249. Comparative Planetary Atmospheres: Models of TrES-1 and HD 209458b
    J. J. Fortney et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 627 L69

    IOPscience

  250. A Theoretical Interpretation of the Measurements of the Secondary Eclipses of TrES-1 and HD 209458b
    A. Burrows et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 625 L135

    IOPscience

  251. Astrometric Methods and Instrumentation to Identify and Characterize Extrasolar Planets: A Review
    Alessandro Sozzetti 2005 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 117 1021

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  252. The XO Project: Searching for Transiting Extrasolar Planet Candidates
    P. R. McCullough et al. 2005 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 117 783

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  253. Searching for Planetary Transits in Galactic Open Clusters: EXPLORE/OC
    Kaspar von Braun et al. 2005 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 117 141

    IOPscience

  254. Phase-dependent Properties of Extrasolar Planet Atmospheres
    Travis S. Barman et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 632 1132

    IOPscience

  255. On the Dayside Thermal Emission of Hot Jupiters
    S. Seager et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 632 1122

    IOPscience

  256. Searching for Transiting Planets in Stellar Systems
    Joshua Pepper and B. Scott Gaudi 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 631 581

    IOPscience

  257. Can We Probe the Atmospheric Composition of an Extrasolar Planet from Its Reflection Spectrum in a High-Magnification Microlensing Event?
    David S. Spiegel et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 628 478

    IOPscience

  258. Detection of Thermal Emission from an Extrasolar Planet
    David Charbonneau et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 626 523

    IOPscience

  259. A New Search for Carbon Monoxide Absorption in the Transmission Spectrum of the Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
    Drake Deming et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 622 1149

    IOPscience

  260. Hot Jupiters and Hot Spots: The Short- and Long-Term Chromospheric Activity on Stars with Giant Planets
    E. Shkolnik et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 622 1075

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  261. The N2K Consortium. I. A Hot Saturn Planet Orbiting HD 88133
    Debra A. Fischer et al. 2005 The Astrophysical Journal 620 481

    IOPscience

  262. An Observational Signature of Evolved Oceans on Extrasolar Terrestrial Planets
    M. Jura 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 605 L65

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  263. Detection of Oxygen and Carbon in the Hydrodynamically Escaping Atmosphere of the Extrasolar Planet HD 209458b
    A. Vidal-Madjar et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 604 L69

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  264. PSST: The Planet Search Survey Telescope
    Edward W. Dunham et al. 2004 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 116 1072

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  265. PASS: An All Sky Survey for the Detection of Transiting Extrasolar Planets and for Permanent Variable Star Tracking
    H. J. Deeg et al. 2004 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 116 985

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  266. Wide‐Field Millimagnitude Photometry with the HAT: A Tool for Extrasolar Planet Detection
    G. Bakos et al. 2004 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 116 266

    IOPscience

  267. Multiple Companions to HD 154857 and HD 160691
    Chris McCarthy et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 617 575

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  268. Transit Detectability of Ring Systems around Extrasolar Giant Planets
    Jason W. Barnes and Jonathan J. Fortney 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 616 1193

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  269. Testing Blend Scenarios for Extrasolar Transiting Planet Candidates. I. OGLE-TR-33: A False Positive
    Guillermo Torres et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 614 979

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  270. The Radiometric Bode's Law and Extrasolar Planets
    T. Joseph, W. Lazio et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 612 511

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  271. Measuring Fundamental Parameters of Substellar Objects. II. Masses and Radii
    Subhanjoy Mohanty et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 885

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  272. Measuring Fundamental Parameters of Substellar Objects. I. Surface Gravities
    Subhanjoy Mohanty et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 854

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  273. New Data and Improved Parameters for the Extrasolar Transiting Planet OGLE-TR-56b
    Guillermo Torres et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 1071

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  274. Spectra and Diagnostics for the Direct Detection of Wide-Separation Extrasolar Giant Planets
    Adam Burrows et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 609 407

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  275. Photometric Transits from the MACHO Project Database
    A. J. Drake and K. H. Cook 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 604 379

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  276. A Search for Sodium Absorption from Comets around HD 209458
    Caylin Mendelowitz et al. 2004 The Astrophysical Journal 601 1120

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  277. Detection of Close-In Extrasolar Giant Planets Using the Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer
    William C. Danchi et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 597 L57

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  278. Source of Atomic Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
    Mao-Chang Liang et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 596 L247

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  279. Periodic Flux Variability of Stars due to the Reflex Doppler Effect Induced by Planetary Companions
    Abraham Loeb and B. Scott Gaudi 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 588 L117

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  280. The Changing Face of the Extrasolar Giant Planet HD 209458b
    James Y-K. Cho et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 587 L117

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  281. "Weather" Variability of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets
    Kristen Menou et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 587 L113

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  282. Detection of Intermediate‐Period Transiting Planets with a Network of Small Telescopes: transitsearch.org
    Scott Seagroves et al. 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 1355

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  283. Narrow‐Angle Astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission: The Search for Extrasolar Planets. II. Detection and Characterization of Planetary Systems
    A. Sozzetti et al. 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 1072

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  284. Astrophysics in 2002
    Virginia Trimble and Markus J. Aschwanden 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 514

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  285. Spectrophotometry with a Transmission Grating for Detecting Faint Occultations
    M. A. Kenworthy and P. M. Hinz 2003 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115 322

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  286. The extrasolar planet-finder group study at the University of Birmingham
    Ian R Stevens 2003 European Journal of Physics 24 S33

    IOPscience

  287. Evidence for Planet-induced Chromospheric Activity on HD 179949
    E. Shkolnik et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 1092

    IOPscience

  288. High-Resolution Spectroscopic Follow-up of OGLE Planetary Transit Candidates in the Galactic Bulge: Two Possible Jupiter-Mass Planets and Two Blends
    Maciej Konacki et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 1076

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  289. Scattered Light from Close-in Extrasolar Planets: Prospects of Detection with the MOST Satellite
    Daniel Green et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 590

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  290. Infrared Observations during the Secondary Eclipse of HD 209458b. II. Strong Limits on the Infrared Spectrum Near 2.2 μm
    L. Jeremy Richardson et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 597 581

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  291. Detecting Reflected Light from Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets with the Kepler Photometer
    Jon M. Jenkins and Laurance R. Doyle 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 595 429

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  292. A Theory for the Radius of the Transiting Giant Planet HD 209458b
    Adam Burrows et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 594 545

    IOPscience

  293. On the Radii of Extrasolar Giant Planets
    Peter Bodenheimer et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 592 555

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  294. On the Selection of Photometric Planetary Transits
    A. J. Drake 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 589 1020

    IOPscience

  295. On the Indirect Detection of Sodium in the Atmosphere of the Planetary Companion to HD 209458
    J. J. Fortney et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 589 615

    IOPscience

  296. Theoretical Spectra and Atmospheres of Extrasolar Giant Planets
    David Sudarsky et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 588 1121

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  297. Probing Structures of Distant Extrasolar Planets with Microlensing
    B. Scott Gaudi et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 586 527

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  298. Transit Target Selection Using Reduced Proper Motions
    Andrew Gould and Christopher W. Morgan 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 585 1056

    IOPscience

  299. A Unique Solution of Planet and Star Parameters from an Extrasolar Planet Transit Light Curve
    S. Seager and G. Mallén-Ornelas 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 585 1038

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  300. Infrared Observations during the Secondary Eclipse of HD 209458b. I. 3.6 Micron Occultation Spectroscopy Using the Very Large Telescope
    L. Jeremy Richardson et al. 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 584 1053

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  301. Calculations of the Far-Wing Line Profiles of Sodium and Potassium in the Atmospheres of Substellar-Mass Objects
    Adam Burrows and Maxim Volobuyev 2003 The Astrophysical Journal 583 985

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  302. Non-LTE Effects of Na I in the Atmosphere of HD 209458b
    Travis S. Barman et al. 2002 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 569 L51

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  303. Narrow‐Angle Astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission: The Search for Extrasolar Planets. I. Detection and Characterization of Single Planets
    A. Sozzetti et al. 2002 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 114 1173

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  304. A Search for CO Absorption in the Transmission Spectrum of HD 209458b
    Timothy M. Brown et al. 2002 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 114 826

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  305. Imaging Spectroscopy for Extrasolar Planet Detection
    William B. Sparks and Holland C. Ford 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 578 543

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  306. Constraining the Rotation Rate of Transiting Extrasolar Planets by Oblateness Measurements
    S. Seager and Lam Hui 2002 The Astrophysical Journal 574 1004

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