Table of contents

The 5th International Conferences on Geological,Geographical, Aerospaces and Earth Sciences 2017 (The 5th AeroEarth 2017) was held at Kuta Paradiso Hotel - Kuta, Bali, Indonesia during 20 - 21 May 2017.

The 4th International Conferences on Geological, Geographical, Aerospaces and Earth Sciences 2016 (the 4th AeroEarth 2016), was held at Four Points by Sheraton Bali, Kuta, Bali, Indonesia during 04 – 05 June 2016.

The 1st AeoroEarth 2013, 2nd AeroEarth 2014, 3rd AeroEarth 2015 and 4th AeroEarth 2016 already held succefully in Jakarta on 2013, Kuta Bali on 2014, Jakarta on 2015 and Kuta Bali on 2016 respectively.

List of figures are available in this PDF.

1. Professor Dr Ah-Hwee Tan

Professor of Computer Science Associate Chair (Research) School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University - Singapore

Title: Biologically-inspired Machine Learning Theory for Knowledge Discovery

Abstract:

Machine learning and knowledge discovery are two critical intertwined functions in next generation intelligent information systems. This talk will present a family of self-organizing neural networks, collectively known as fusion Adaptive Resonance Theory (fusion ART), for building intelligent knowledge-based systems with real-time learning capabilities. By extending the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) models, consisting of a single input pattern field, into a multi-channel architecture, fusion ART unifies a number of important neural network designs developed over the past decades. Based on a universal set of neural encoding and adaptation principles, fusion AT supports a myriad of machine learning paradigms, notably unsupervised learning, supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. In addition, domain knowledge in the form of symbolic rules can be inserted into fusion ART and subsequently refined as part of the network's dynamics, which maximizes exploitation of the existing knowledge while retaining the plasticity of exploring new solutions. Case studies will be presented, illustrating how such self-adaptive intelligent systems may be used as autonomous Non-Player Characters (NPC) in first-person shooting games, Computer Generated Forces (CGF) in air combat simulation, and human-like avatars in 3D virtual environment.

Biography:

Dr Ah-Hwee Tan received Ph.D. in Cognitive and Neural Systems from Boston University, Master of Science and Bachelor of Science (First Class Honors) in Computer and Information Science from the National University of Singapore. He is currently a Professor of Computer Science and the Associate Chair (Research) at the School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCE), Nanyang Technological University. Prior to joining NTU, he was a Research Manager at the A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), heading the Text Mining and Intelligent Agents research programmes. His current research interests include cognitive and neural systems, brain-inspired intelligent agents, machine learning, and text mining. Dr. Tan has published ten edited books/proceeding volumes and over 200 technical papers in major international journals and conferences of his fields. He holds two US patents, five Singapore patents, and has spearheaded several A*STAR projects in commercializing a suite of knowledge management and text mining software. He serves as Associate Editor/Editorial Board Member of several journals, including IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning, and IEEE Transactions on SMC Systems. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, a Member of Web Intelligence (WI) Technical Committee and Web Intelligence (WI) Conference Steering Committee, and Vice Chair of IEEE CIS Task Force on Towards Human-Like Intelligence.

2. Professor Dr. Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari

Title: The role of Geothermal Energy in Indonesia

Abstract: Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface.

In the 20th century, demand for electricity led to the consideration of geothermal power as a generating source. Indonesia Power Electricity tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1978, at the same dry steam field where geothermal acid extraction began. It successfully lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1990, the Indonesia's first commercial geothermal power plant was built.

Short Bio:

Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari is Professor in Electrical Engineering Udayana University. She hold PhD from The University of New South Wales in 2003. Her research areas are in Power Plant, Renewable Energy and Power Transformers.

She is Head of Magister Program of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Numerous effort have been made to build relationship between geology and geophysics using different techniques throughout the years. The integration of these two most important data in oil and gas industry can be used to reduce uncertainty in exploration and production especially for reservoir productivity enhancement and stratigraphic identification. This paper is focusing on seismic waveform classification to different classes using neural network and to link them according to the geological facies which are established using the knowledge on lithology and log motif of well data. Seismic inversion is used as the input for the neural network to act as the direct lithology indicator reducing dependency on well calibration. The interpretation of seismic facies classification map provides a better understanding towards the lithology distribution, depositional environment and help to identify significant reservoir rock

Seismic resolution is of interest in exploration and production of hydrocarbon area as it may hinder geological understanding. A frequency study-spectral decomposition was implemented in order to enhance geological understanding in the study area as it is related to the seismic resolution. Spectral Decomposition based on Fourier Transform analysis was conducted in the study area which is located in the Malay Basin. Four geological features were determined in the analysis 1 and three geological features were determined during analysis 2. The thickness and appearance of the geological features such as sharp edges, discontinuity were detected based on this analysis. The abandoned channel can be identified in the southeast part of the study area and was detected based on the modulation of the spectral decomposition analysis.

The main objective of well logging is to estimate the petrophysical properties of reservoirs which includes porosity and hydrocarbon saturation for hydrocarbon exploration and production purposes. This paper portrays the result of a wireline log study on the E5 sand group of Sokor Formation of the Paleogene in Termit Basin. The objectives of this research are to differentiate the log characteristics of the sediment in the Sokor Formation and provide a preliminary result of the porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation of the study area. A total number of 3 wells were fully evaluated for this research. A compilation of wirelines data sets availability which includes calliper log, gamma ray log (GR), neutron log (NPHI), density log (RHOB) and resistivity logs (RD and RS) were carefully analysed during this study. Petrophysical analysis reveals that the E5 sand group of Sokor Formation has a very high porosity of up to 28.7% and high hydrocarbon saturation up to 88.7%. The suggests future work should include the integration of well log analysis with core analysis.

The application of lithology and fluid indicators has helped the geophysicists to discriminate reservoirs to non-reservoirs from a field. This analysis is conducted to select the most suitable lithology and fluid indicator for the Malaysian basins that could lead to better eliminate pitfalls of amplitude. This paper uses different rock physics analysis such as elastic impedance, Lambda-Mu-Rho, and SQp-SQs attribute. Litho-elastic impedance log is generated by correlating the gamma ray log with extended elastic impedance log. The same application is used for fluid-elastic impedance by correlation of EEI log with water saturation or resistivity. The work is done on several well logging data collected from different fields in Malay basin and its neighbouring basin. There's an excellent separation between hydrocarbon sand and background shale for Well-1 from different cross-plot analysis. Meanwhile, the Well-2 shows good separation in LMR plot. The similar method is done on the Well-3 shows fair separation of silty sand and gas sand using SQp-SQs attribute which can be correlated with well log. Based on the point distribution histogram plot, different lithology and fluid can be separated clearly. Simultaneous seismic inversion results in acoustic impedance, Vp/Vs, SQp, and SQs volumes. There are many attributes available in the industry used to separate the lithology and fluid, however some of the methods are not suitable for the application to the basins in Malaysia.

The contribution of lacustrine environment as the hydrocarbon reservoir has been widely known. However, despite its growing importance, the lacustrine petroleum geology has received far less attention than marine due to its sedimentological complexity. This study therefore aims in developing an understanding of the unique aspects of lacustrine reservoirs which eventually impacts the future exploration decisions. Hydrocarbon production in Doba Basin, particularly the northern boundary, for instance, has not yet succeeded due to the unawareness of its depositional environment. The drilling results show that the problems were due to the: radioactive sand and waxy oil/formation damage, which all are related to the lacustrine depositional environment. Detailed study of geological and petrophysical integration on wireline logs and petrographic thin sections analysis of this environment helps in distinguishing reservoir and non-reservoir areas and determining the possible mechanism causing the failed DST results. The interpretations show that the correlation of all types> of logs and rho matrix analysis are capable in identifying sand and shale bed despite of the radioactive sand present. The failure of DST results were due to the presence of arkose in sand and waxy oil in reservoir bed. This had been confirmed by the petrographic thin section analysis where the arkose has mineral twinning effect indicate feldspar and waxy oil showing bright colour under fluorescent light. Understanding these special lacustrine environment characteristics and features will lead to a better interpretation of hydrocarbon prospectivity for future exploration.

It is essential in petroleum exploration to have high resolution subsurface images, both vertically and horizontally, in uncovering new geological and geophysical aspects of our subsurface. The lack of success may have been from the poor imaging quality which led to inaccurate analysis and interpretation. In this work, we re-processed the existing seismic dataset with an emphasis on two objectives. Firstly, to produce a better 3D seismic data quality with full retention of relative amplitudes and significantly reduce seismic and structural uncertainty. Secondly, to facilitate further prospect delineation through enhanced data resolution, fault definitions and events continuity, particularly in syn-rift section and basement cover contacts and in turn, better understand the geology of the subsurface especially in regard to the distribution of the fluvial and channel sands. By adding recent, state-of-the-art broadband processing techniques such as source and receiver de-ghosting, high density velocity analysis and shallow water de-multiple, the final results produced a better overall reflection detail and frequency in specific target zones, particularly in the deeper section.

The use of diffraction imaging is important and rapidly gaining momentum in the oil and gas industry as the need of the industry moves toward exploiting smaller and more complex structures to find hydrocarbon. Illumination of these small scale discrete transmissivity structures such as faults or fracture zones prior to exploration offers substantial benefits for all phases of field development. We have established a new way of seismic imaging through diffractions study using reflection seismology. A subsurface geological model is developed from one of highly productive field located in the southern part of the Malay Basin. To study the seismic component in reflection seismology, a Finite difference modelling is used to generate synthetic seismic data. Both velocity and density models are used for the explanation of wave propagation, intimating the subsurface from side to side in both one-way and two-wave wave propagation. One–way wave equation migration methods are tested to image the faults in the synthetic seismic section of the Malay basin and we demonstrated the need of diffraction imaging for highly dipping faults and complex structure.

Understanding shear zone characteristics of deformation are a crucial part in the oil and gas industry as it might increase the knowledge of the fracture characteristics and lead to the prediction of the location of fracture zones or fracture swarms. This zone might give high influence on reservoir performance. There are four general types of shear zones which are brittle, ductile, semibrittle and brittle-ductile transition zones. The objective of this study is to study and observe the structural geometry of the shear zones and its implication as there is a lack of understanding, especially in the subsurface area because of the limitation of seismic resolution. A field study was conducted on the metasedimentary rocks (shear zone) which are exposed along the coastal part of the Peninsular Malaysia as this type of rock resembles the types of rock in the subsurface. The analysis in this area shows three main types of rock which are non-foliated metaquartzite and foliated rock which can be divided into slate and phyllite. Two different fold classification can be determined in this study. Layer 1 with phyllite as the main type of rock can be classified in class 1C and layer 2 with slate as the main type of rock can be classified in class 1A. This study will benefit in predicting the characteristics of the fracture and fracture zones.

Elastic moduli are known to discriminate fluid and lithology for effective reservoir characterization. However, in some cases, the elastic modulus can also show the same response for different type of fluid and lithology. In our study area, a few elastic moduli were used to evaluate the hydrocarbon sands, water sand and shale as identified based on well log response. Seismic attributes such as Relative Acoustic Impedance attribute and RMS amplitude attribute are also applied to confirm the well log analysis and investigate the seismic response. Based on the results, the effective elastic moduli for our study area is the Lambda-Mu-Rho, Velocity Ratio (Vp/Vs), Poisson's ratio and Scaled Inverse Quality (Q) Ratio. The seismic attributes such as the Relative Acoustic Impedance highlights the impedance difference between the formations while RMS amplitude shows the hydrocarbon presence. The workflow of this study is applicable for other areas for effective fluid and lithology delineation.

The use of seismic reflection to study earth subsurface is commonly troubled by the presence of the coherent noise in the seismic data. This unwanted signal were generated by various sources and therefore had their own noise characteristic. The acquisition of the shallow marine seismic survey were done using a sparker source to obtain a high frequency seismic data. This however results in a stronger noise level in the recorded data. The application of FK filter were used to eliminate this unwanted noise using the data obtained from the Malacca Strait and Terengganu Bay. The result obtained prove to be successful in reducing the coherent noise while preserving the frequency content of the seismic data.

Imaging of carbonate rocks in the subsurface through seismic method is always challenging due to its heterogeneity and fast velocity compared to the other rock types. Existence of karsts features on the carbonate rocks make it more complicated to interpret the reflectors. Utilization of modern interpretation software such as PETREL and GeoTeric® to image the karsts morphology make it possible to model the karst network within the buried carbonate platform used in this study. Using combination of different seismic attributes such as Variance, Conformance, Continuity, Amplitude, Frequency and Edge attributes, we are able to image the karsts features that are available in the proven gas-field in Central Luconia Province, Malaysia. The mentioned attributes are excellent in visualize and image the stratigraphic features based on the difference in their acoustic impedance as well as structural features, which include karst. 2D & 3D Karst Models were developed to give a better understanding on the characteristics of the identified karsts. From the models, it is found that the karsts are concentrated in the top part of the carbonate reservoir (epikarst) and the middle layer with some of them becomes extensive and create karst networks, either laterally or vertically. Most of the vertical network karst are related to the existence of faults that displaced all the horizons in the carbonate platform.

This research is conducted to understand the sedimentology and morphological change before and during the northeast monsoon at the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. The increase in wind speed, wave energy and rainfall during the northeast monsoon are believed to causes the coastal erosion to increase during the season. Rapid development along the east coast area might disrupt the sediments distribution which can increase the coastal erosion rate every year. The understanding on the sediments distribution, erosion and deposition as well as the morphological change can help to figure out if the coastal erosion can affect the infrastructure in the future. The result of the study can show the necessity to perform mitigation or any required action toward the problem that might happen

To investigate the fate of drilling waste and their impacts towards surrounding environment, numerical models were generated using an environmental software; MIKE by DHI. These numerical models were used to study the transportation of suspended drill waste plumes in the water column and its deposition on seabed in South China Sea (SCS). A random disposal site with the model area of 50 km × 25 km was selected near the Madalene Shoal in SCS and the ambient currents as well as other meteorological conditions were simulated in details at the proposed location. This paper was focusing on sensitivity study of different drill waste particle characteristics on impacts towards marine receiving environment. The drilling scenarios were obtained and adapted from the oil producer well at offshore Sabah (Case 1) and data from actual exploration drilling case at Pumbaa location (PL 469) in the Norwegian Sea (Case 2). The two cases were compared to study the effect of different drilling particle characteristics and their behavior in marine receiving environment after discharged. Using the Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport models simulated in MIKE by DHI, the variation of currents and the behavior of the drilling waste particles can be analyzed and evaluated in terms of multiple degree zones of impacts.

This study aims to investigate the relation of oil seepage at Sikuati area with the structural and petroleum system of Kudat Peninsula. The abundance of highly carbonaceous rocks with presence of lamination in the Sikuati Member outcrop at Kudat Peninsula may give an idea on the presence of oil seepage in this area. A detailed geochemical analysis of source rock sample and oil seepage from Sikuati area was carried out for their characterization and correlation. Hydrocarbon propectivity of Sikuati Member source rock is poor to good with Total Organic Carbon (TOC) value of 0.11% to 1.48%. and also categorized as immature to early mature oil window with Vitrinite Reflectance (VRo) value of 0.43% to 0.50 %Ro. Based on biomarker distribution, from Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, source rock sample shows Pr/Ph, CPI and WI of 2.22 to 2.68, 2.17 to 2.19 and 2.46 to 2.74 respectively indicates the source rock is immature and coming from terrestrial environment. The source rock might be rich in carbonaceous material organic matter resulting from planktonic/bacterial activity which occurs at fluvial to fluvio-deltaic environment. Overall, the source rock from outcrop level of Kudat Peninsula is moderately prolific in term of prospectivity and maturity. However, as go far deeper beneath the surface, we can expect more activity of mature source rock that generate and expulse hydrocarbon from the subsurface then migrating through deep-seated fault beneath the Sikuati area.

Determining the pore pressure data and overpressure zone is a compulsory part of oil and gas exploration in which the data can enhance the safety with profit and preventing the drilling hazards. Investigation of thermophysical parameters such as temperature and thermal conductivity can enhance the pore pressure estimation for overpressure mechanism determination. Since those parameters are dependent on rock properties, it may reflect the changes on the column of thermophysical parameters when there is abnormally in pore pressure. The study was conducted in "MRI 1" well offshore Sarawak, where a new approach method designed to determine the overpressure generation. The study was insisted the contribution of thermophysical parameters for supporting the velocity analysis method, petrophysical analysis were done in these studies. Four thermal facies were identified along the well. The overpressure developed below the thermal facies 4, where the pressure reached 38 Mpa and temperature was increasing significantly. The velocity and the thermal conductivity cross plots shows a linear relationship since the both parameters mainly are the function of the rock compaction. When the rock more compact, the particles were brought closer into contact and making the sound wave going faster while the thermal conductivity were increasing. In addition, the increment of temperature and high heat flow indicated the presence of fluid expansion mechanism. Since the shale sonic velocity and density analysis were the common methods in overpressure mechanism and pore pressure estimation. As the addition parameters for determining overpressure zone, the presence of thermophysical analysis was enhancing the current method, where the current method was the single function of velocity analysis. The presence of thermophysical analysis will improve the understanding in overpressure mechanism determination as the new input parameters. Thus, integrated of thermophysical technique and velocity analysis are important parameters in investigating the overpressure mechanisms and pore pressure estimation during oil and gas exploitation in the future.

Limestones are particularly susceptible to drastic early diagenesis modifications, mainly cementation and dissolution. During the early Miocene, a major tectonic deformation has caused a widespread of uplift in Sabah. This has resulted change in depositional environment from deep to shallow marine, which favours the deposition of Gomantong Limestone. This study aims to investigate the diagenetic history of Gomantong Limestone in East Sabah. Thorough understanding of the diagenetic processes may provide data to unravel the tectonic activities which affected the reservoir quality of the carbonates. Combining the data from comprehensive petrographic analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of 30 samples, two main cements type were identified. These are microcrystalline cement and Mg-calcite cement of granular and blocky mosaics which are dominantly seen in all samples. The sequence of diagenesis events are determined as (1) micritization; (2) grain scale compaction; (3) cementation (pore-filling); (4) mechanical compaction and cementation infilling fractures and (5) chemical compaction. These diagenetic events are interpreted as reflection of changes in diagenetic environment from shallow marine to deep burial. The massive cementation in the Gomantong Limestone has resulted into a poor reservoir quality.

Imaging the subsurface with complex structures and steeply dipping salt boundaries is a challenging task in seismic exploration. Between two main categories of seismic migration, wavefield-continuation methods have been more successful than ray-based ones. Wavefield-continuation migration constructs source and reflection wavefields as a function of depth or time by directly solving one-way or two-way wave equations. Consequently, this technique has two benefits. First, compared to Kirchhoff migration, it does not use high-frequency approximation and can more accurately propagate wavefields in shallow depths. Secondly, it can naturally handle multi-paths or multi-arrivals. Reverse time migration (RTM) is a wavefield-continuation method which is accepted as the best migration method currently available for imaging complicated geology. The main objective of this research is to improve imaging of complex structures by utilizing the RTM technique. Two models, involving anticlines, faults, etc., are employed to test the technique. The imaging results demonstrated that the RTM method succeeded to image the flanks, remove noises and improve the resolution.

Overpressure studies in oil and gas exploration and production are carried out in order to mitigate any losses that could happen while drilling. These concerns can be addressed by enhancing the understanding of overpressure characterization in the fields. This research emphasizes in determining the pore pressure trend in Miri area to assist pore pressure prediction for future hydrocarbon exploration and production. Generally, pore pressure trends are related to mechanisms that contribute to the overpressure generation. In the region predominant overpressure are disequilibrium compaction within the prodelta shales meanwhile in outer shelf overpressure generation controlled by fluid expansion in deltaic sequence of inner shelf area. The objective of this research is to analyze the pore pressure profile of wells for determining vertical trends of pore pressure for various depositional environment facies of Miri area. Integration of rock physics and pore pressure analysis and relating the trends to environment depositional environment facies within shale underlying sand interval. Analysis done shows that overpressure top is characterize by depositional environment facies within shale underlying sand interval.

The field of seismic imaging has made a recent breakthrough in migration technique with the introduction of Joint Migration Inversion to aid the imaging process by incorporating multiple scattering into the algorithm. Initially, seismic multiples have been regarded as noise and should be removed prior to migration, but today these multiples could be used to enhance the final seismic images since they carry a vast percentage of energy that was generated from the source during acquisition phase. This new technique could be used to improve the final image of complex structures such as the steeply fractured basement reservoir in Anding Utara Field in Malay Basin. As of now, the efforts of improving the steeply-fractured basement image have been done without the incorporation of multiple scattering. Thus, the application of JMI might shed some light on the potential of this technique. Joint Migration Inversion make use of a Closed-Loop imaging process which means that less wave energy is wasted during processing making the final image more consistent with the input data. In conventional migration process, multiple scattering is removed thus vast amount of energy is wasted that leads to a poor final subsurface image. The two main elements in Joint Migration Inversion are Full-Wavefield Migration and Full-Wavefield Inversion. Apart from including seismic multiples in the imaging process, Joint Migration Inversion also allows the user to automatically update the velocity model of the area under investigation while maintaining very little user intervention.

The late Carboniferous-Middle Triassic, intracratonic Cooper basin in northeastern South Australia and southwestern Queensland is Australia's foremost onshore hydrocarbon producing region. The basin compromises Permian carbonaceous shale like lacustrine Roseneath and Murteree shale formation which is acting as source and reservoir rock.

The source rock can be distinguished from non-source intervals by lower density, higher transit time, higher gamma ray values, higher porosity and resistivity with increasing organic content. In current dissertation we have attempted to compare the different empirical approaches based on density relation and Δ LogR method through three overlays of sonic/resistivity, neutron/resistivity and density/resistivity to quantify Total organic content (TOC) of Permian lacustrine Roseneath shale formation using open hole wireline log data (DEN, GR, CNL, LLD) of Encounter 1 well. The TOC calculated from fourteen density relations at depth interval between 3174.5–3369 meters is averaged 0.56% while TOC from sonic/resistivity, neutron/resistivity and density/resistivity yielded an average value of 3.84%, 3.68%, 4.40%. The TOC from average of three overlay method is yielded to 3.98%.

According to geochemical report in PIRSA the Roseneath shale formation has TOC from 1 – 5 wt %.There is unpromising correlations observed for calculated TOC from fourteen density relations and measured TOC on samples. The TOC from average value of three overlays using Δ LogR method showed good correlation with measured TOC on samples.

DEM as a representation of the earth's surface has many functions for spatial analysis. DEM can be produced from several kinds of techniques such as satellite technology stereo optical or radar technology. Problems when using the optical stereo data is at the high point density level that is not distributed evenly. In regions with homogeneous character, the height point is becoming sparse. This will affect to DEM accuracy. In order to solve the problem, performing fusion techniques using interpolation method cokriging involving data points ALOS PRISM and SRTM height point was conducted. The sparse height point derived from ALOS PRISM on some object is expected to be enhanced by using SRTM data. There were several aspects to enhance the accuracy of DEM-derived from this process: the character of topography, land cover types, density in height point of the data and the precise type of interpolation method used.

X field located between the East Baram Delta and Southern Inboard Belt, which is elongated northwest to southeast direction in Middle Miocene Sabah Basin. Previous studies were unable to differentiate the lithology and fluid distribution in the field by using conventional reservoir characterization approaches for example amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis and post-stack deterministic inversion due to the low contrast in P-impedance between gas sand and shale. Thus, the goal of this approach is to obtain a reliable estimation of P wave velocity (V_P). S-wave velocity (V_s), and density (ƿ). From these parameters, we predict the fluid and lithology properties for better reservoir characterization. A feasibility analysis was conducted and the results show that prediction of the hydrocarbon reservoir in X field is feasible using P-impedance and Vp/Vs. Consequently, the simultaneous inversion is carried out to derive the rock properties such as density, P-impedance, S-impedance, Lambda-rho (λƿ) (Incompressibility), and Mu-rho (µƿ) (Rigidity). The results from this study demonstrate the effectiveness of simultaneous inversion and the best parameters for enhancing the resolution and characterizing the hydrocarbon sand layer of the prospect.

Newly exposed outcrop of Miocene shallow marine sandstone in Sandakan Formation, allows characterization of the facies distribution and petrophysical properties of shoreface to offshore transition environment. Six facies are defined: (1) Poorly bioturbated Hummocky Cross Stratified (HCS) sandstone (F1), (2) Moderately bioturbated HCS sandstone (F2), (3) Well bioturbated HCS sandstone (F3), (4) Poorly bioturbated Swaley Cross Stratified (SCS) sandstone (F4), (5) Interbedded HCS sandstone with sand-silt mudstone, (6) Heterolithic mudstone. The sedimentary successions were deposited in upper to lower shoreface, and offshore transition environment. Facies F3, F4 and F5 shows good reservoir quality with good porosity and fair permeability values from 20% to 21% and 14 mD to 33 mD respectively. While Facies F1 exhibits poor reservoir quality with low permeability values 3.13 mD.

City sustainable development indicators and indices have become a hot issue in academic research and practical application, alongside the high-speed worldwide urbanization and driven by the actual managing demand. This article is aimed at a clear understanding of the progress in relevant research and practice. This is done by collecting common indicators and indices for city sustainable development and making comparison of the assessment process and contents, so as to find out main obstacles for the development of this research field and explore the direction for efforts to be made next step. The article divides these indicators and indices into two categories: ① indicators serving as single index which can provide an explicit description on the relationship between economic activities and environmental carrying capacity, but have a narrow scope of assessment and use complicated methods to collect and calculate data; ② indices based on indicator systems which can represent multiple processes, could reflect the view of strong sustainability and are easy to use, but can hardly depict the responding relationship between social, environmental and economic changes for city sustainable development or assure the scientific rigor of weight setting. Practices on indicators and indices for city sustainable development was summarized, and its problems were reviewed with China being representative of transitioning countries. According to the review, great progress has been achieved in the research and practice of indicators and indices for city sustainable development, but consistency of theories, rationality of indicators and scientific rigor of methodology are to be improved significantly.

The seismoelectric coupling phenomenon in porous medium saturated with gas and water was studied numerically. The numerical model was formulated based on Pride's theoretically developed seismoelectric coupling coefficient that describes conversion of seismic energy into electromagnetic radiation. The conversion is complex function of physical, electrical and poroelastic properties of the porous medium and the saturant. In this study, a porous medium that is partially saturated with water is considered. Pore spaces that are not saturated with water are considered to be filled with gas. The gas phase is methane. The water saturation was varied from 0.2 to 0.9. The physical and electrical properties of both phases are determined at a temperature of 325 °K. The porosity and permeability of the porous medium is 0.2 and 500 mD, respectively. The porous medium in this study is isotropic. Zeta potential was estimated using an empirically derived correlation. At 0.001 mol/lit salinity, zeta potential is 66.7 mv. The numerical study result shows that at a fixed seismic wave frequency, lower water saturation results in higher seismoelectric coupling coefficient. When water saturation increases, the seismoelectric coupling coefficient decreases. However, the rate of decline is lower at higher seismic frequency. The rate of decline at 10 kHz is 1.38 nV/Pa compared to 4.35 nV/Pa at 100 kHz. Higher frequencies result in stronger nonlinearities, which causes higher mechanical energy dissipation. As such, the result obtained in this study is consistent with what is normally expected when mechanical wave propagates through a porous media.

The purpose of the current study is to analyze the characteristics of Indonesian industrial sectors from 2005 through 2010. The study employs the analysis instruments from the Input-Output (IO) analysis, namely the indices of the power of dispersion, and the sensitivity of dispersion. For 2005 and 2010, the study focuses on nine and seventeen industries, respectively. The results show that industry 3, manufacturing, placed the quadrant I on the analysis period. The fact shows that, from 2005 through 2010, the industry had a strong influence on the Indonesian economic activities, and received high impacts from the external aspects. In other words, the industry has great potency for the Indonesian economy. From the results one can also see that sector 4, electricity and gas, included in the quadrant I in 2010. This fact explains that the sector has also great potency for the economic activities of Indonesia. Thus, the Indonesian government should prioritize the industries development.

The purpose of the current study is to analyze the characteristics of Japanese industrial sectors from 2005 through 2011. The study employs the analysis tools from the Input-Output (IO) analysis, namely the indices of the power of dispersion, and the sensitivity of dispersion. The study focuses on the thirteen industries. The characteristics are described by the quadrants of analyzed charts. The results show that industries 3 and 9, manufacturing, and transport and postal services, respectively, placed the quadrant I on the analysis period. The fact shows that, from 2005 through 2011, these industries had strong influences on the Japanese economic activities, and received high impacts from the external aspects. In other words, the industries have great potency for the Japanese economy. Thus, the Japanese government should prioritize the industries development. From the results one can also view that, from 2005 through 2011, almost all Japanese industries had no the quadrant change. The fact describes that the characteristics of almost all Japanese industrial sectors on the period of analysis did not change.

The current development of fossil energy, which is the driving force of the economy in Indonesia, is a non-renewable energy and is in need to know when it will be exhausted so it may be replaced with renewable energy. Many powerplant systems in Indonesia are still using conventional system that utilizes fossil energy as the primary energy in the process of electricity generation. The occurrence of electrical energy crisis is marked by several electricity blackout phenomenon in some areas in South Sumatera province rotately, which is the proof that the installed power capacity has exceeded the capacity of generation power. Interconnection among several islands, namely Java Island, Sumatera Island, and Bali Island which has been interconnected with closed loop system through transmission network has not been able to overcome the electrical energy crisis. This paper aims to create alternative energy potential scenarios in the province of South Sumatera in sequence/ranking by using quantitative methods with sequential explanatory model formulated in the determination of alternative energy strategies then analyzed by using Analitycal Hierarchy Process(AHP) method. The simulation results from this research indicate that geothermal energy potentials get the highest value so that it becomes the priority of alternative energy strategy in South Sumatera Province.

The needs of energy are increasing every year. The unavailability of energy will cause economic losses and weaken energy security. To overcome the availability of gas supply in the future, planning are cruacially needed. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the system, so that the process of gas distribution is running properly. In this research, system dynamic method will be used to measure how much supply capacity planning is needed until 2050, with parameters of demand in industrial, household and commercial sectors. From the model obtained PT.X Cirebon area in 2031 was not able to meet the needs of gas customers in the Cirebon region, as well as with Businnes as usual scenario, the ratio of gas fulfillment only until 2027. The implementation of the national energy policy that is the use of NRE as government intervention in the model is produced up to 2035 PT.X Cirebon area is still able to supply the gas needs of its customers.

One of the factor that influenced the development of science is the existence of the library, which in this case is the college libraries. Library, which is located in the college environment, aims to supply collections of literatures to support research activities as well as educational for students of the college. Conceptually, every library now starts to practice environmental principles. For example, "X" library as a central library claims to be an environmental friendly library for practicing environmental friendly management, but the X library has not inserted the satisfaction and service aspect to the users, including whether it is true that environmental friendly process is perceived by library users. Satisfaction can be seen from the comparison between expectations and reality of library users. This paper analyzes the level of library user satisfaction with library services in the campus area and the gap between expectations and reality felt by the library users. The result of the research shows that there is a disparity between the hope of library management, which is sustainable and environmentally friendly with the reality in the management of the library, so that it has not given satisfaction to the users yet. The gap value of satisfaction that has the biggest difference is in the library collection with the value of 1.57; while for the smallest gap value is in the same service to all students with a value of 0.67.

The development of human's population is having effect on the increase of facilities and transportation needs. One of the primary problems is the availability of parking area. This has occurred in Universitas Indonesia (UI), mainly in Salemba Campus. The availability of land is not as equal as the number of vehicles, which are to be parked, that is why the convenience of students, lecturers and employees at UI is unsatisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to know the level of parking convenience that is affected by the capacity of parking lots and the volume of vehicles in UI Salemba Campus. The results of this research indicate Salemba campus's parking index. The motor index is still in the category of medium (index 0.945) and the car parking index has less category with a parking index 0.485. While with the location of research object being behind the UI Salemba campus, the results obtained were both the motor and the car are still in the category of "enough" with the parking index of, that is 0.657 for the motor and 0.777 for the car. So theoretically, the parking management at Salemba Campus is in an unsustainable parking degree because, if there is no long-term solution, it will increase congestion in the surrounding area and intensify the dissatisfaction of existing parking users.