Table of contents

This proceeding includes original and peer-reviewed research papers from 2019 International Conference on Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences (OGEGS 2019). OGEGS 2019 was held in Dalian, China on September 28-29, 2019.

OGEGS aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences. It also provides a platform for academic scientists, researchers and research scholars, doctors, doctoral students and related professionals to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences. All authors and participants are kindly encouraged to contribute to and help shape the conference through submissions of their research abstracts, papers and posters.

OGEGS 2018 received 785 manuscripts, and 234 submissions had been accepted by our reviewers. By submitting a paper to OGEGS 2019, the authors agreed to the review process and understood that papers undergo a peer-review process. Manuscripts were reviewed by appropriately qualified experts in the field selected by the conference committees, who gave detailed comments and-if the submission was accepted the authors would submit a revised version that took into account this feedback. All papers were reviewed using a double-blind review process: authors declared their names and affiliations in the manuscript for the reviewers to see, but reviewers did not know each other's identities, nor did the authors receive information about who had reviewed their manuscript. The Committees of OGEGS 2019 invested great efforts in reviewing the papers submitted to the conference and organizing the sessions to enable the participants to gain maximum benefit.

Hopefully, all participants and other interested readers will benefit scientifically from the proceedings and also find it stimulating in the process.

With our warmest regards,

Zhibin You

Conference Organizing Chair

Wuhan, China

List of Chairmen, Scientific Committiees, Organizing Committees are available in the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The Weixinan sag in Beibuwan basin experienced strong tectonic movement during late Oligocene, which formed a number of fault-block and fault-nose structural traps. The fault sealing ability, especially the fault lateral sealing ability, plays an important role in the process of structural trap accumulation. The fault lateral sealing ability mainly depends on the AFPD between the material in the fault zone and the target plate. This paper considers the contribution of two fault plates to the muddy content of the fault zone and quotes the geological model of R_m, which can quantitatively evaluate the fault sealing ability. Through analysing the shale content (R_m) and mudstone smear factor (SSF) of the drilled wells of the Member 3 of Weizhou formation in A oilfield, the quantitative chart of R_m-SSF is established. A quantitative prediction technology of the fault sealing oil column height is established by using the principle of the equilibrium between the appearance of fault press difference (AFPD) and the parallel stratigraphic phase of the resultant force. This paper applies the quantitative analysis technology of the fault lateral sealing ability to the A oil field in the WeiXinan sag, and solves the problem why the oil-water interface of each fault block is inconsistent in the A oil field.

Based on geospatial analysis, this paper studies the relationship between social systems and ecosystems in Yinchuan Plain through the analysis of environmental and resource indicators. Firstly, the ecosystem system configuration model was optimized based on system dynamics (SD). Secondly, different development strategies were analysed through Vensim PLE combined with scenario simulation. Lastly, the environmental impact factors such as air quality, SO₂, wastewater, solid waste, energy consumption per unit output value, expenditure for environmental protection and green coverage rate in built-up area, etc were studied. In summary, this paper provides a theoretical basis and realistic basis for the sustainable development of the Yinchuan Plain.

The current power grid is found with low visiting efficiency, information integration difficulty and other problems in case of promotion of electric energy substitution. The big data technology is featured by high efficiency, high speed and convenience in terms of information processing, so it can realize the precise localization and differentiated marketing objectives of each enterprise. This paper, based on the analysis of energy consumption status of current power grid user and by means of "industry-field-user" architectural analysis, classifies user as per industry and equipment characteristics and combines with existing data of current power grid to exploit the energy consumption and electricity use characteristics of electric energy substitution user and build discrimination model of electric energy substitution user so as to improve the working efficiency and economic benefit of power grid business.

China's mine water comprehensive utilization rate is low. The main reason for the increase in the utilization rate after 2015 is the reduction in coal production. The shutdown of a large number of coal mines by capacity has objectively led to a reduction in mine water volume. Based on the development and utilization of mine water, this paper clarifies the characteristics of mine water utilization mode, and discusses the classification of mine water utilization mode and suggestions for safeguard measures in terms of mine water utilization targets and treatment difficult. The research undertook in this paper will expand the utilization of mine water and improve the utilization rate of mine water. It will help enterprises realize the transformation of mine water into waste and realize the value-added effect of mine water. It is desirable for the unconventional water resources will be integrated into the water source. It can help ease the contradiction between water supply and demand in water shortage areas and improve the efficiency and utilization efficiency of regional water resources allocation.

Recently, the attention to Prussian Blue has been aroused in the next generation applications in many areas, due to its specific advantages. However, the development of Prussian blue remains significant challenges. For example, nowadays, it can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of ions batteries. Herein, we summarize the recent advances and applications materials on the progress of the study and application of Prussian Blue in several area, including storage, electrochemistry, photochemical, medical. Special attentions were given on the following items: Prussian Blue Sensor, Ionic batteries and Hydrogen storage. The superior chemical nature of Prussian Blue makes Prussian Blue important in many areas.

Lake Yangzong, one of nine lakes in Yunnan Province, has experienced both steady and instantaneous inputs of heavy metals during the past several decades. During this study, the chronology of lead (Pb) pollution was analyzed by extracting a 60 cm long sediment core from the center of the lake, dating the sediments using ¹²⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs methods and analyzing the sediments for lead concentrations. The atmospheric deposition of Pb was predominately related to coal and ore consumption from a nearby aluminum manufacturer and thermal power plant and it may be considered non-point source pollutants. Combining the results of Pb isotopic compositions and Pb concentration and I_geo value, we deduced that the anthropogenic Pb was primarily be attributed to regional emissions from non-ferrous metal production industries.

Since the birth of the subject of artificial intelligence, the long-term goal of this subject is to realize the intelligent system of human level. However, after nearly 60 years of development, no general intelligent system has been able to approach the level of human beings: it has the ability to cooperate with a variety of different cognitive abilities; it has a strong adaptive ability to complex environments; it has the ability of self-learning to new things and new environments. With the development of Brain and Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, it is possible to observe some activities of Brain Neural Networks under various cognitive tasks at different scales and obtain relevant data. Therefore, inspired by brain working mechanism, the development of Brain-like Intelligence has become a hotspot in the field of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Science in recent years. Machine Intelligence Brain-like Intelligence System (MIBS) inspired by cognitive behavior mechanism and realized by hardware and software cooperation is similar to human beings in information processing mechanism, cognitive behavior and intelligence level. The goal is to enable machines to realize various human cognitive abilities and their coordination mechanism, and ultimately reach or surpass the level of human intelligence. In this paper, we will study from the perspective of brain science, cognitive science and artificial intelligence. This paper reviews the history, current situation and research focus of brain-like intelligence research, and looks forward to its development direction, potential application fields and potential far-reaching impact.

Connecting and unloading rod is one of the important processes in the drilling process of DTH drilling rig. The unloading device not only affects the operator's labor intensity and safety, but also affects the efficiency of drilling rig and the service life of drilling rod. Therefore, the research and design of unloading rod structure is of great significance to improve the efficiency of DTH drilling rig. Firstly, the selection of unloading rod hydraulic cylinder is analyzed, including the calculation of main parameters, cylinder design, piston design and calculation, cushioning and exhaust device. Secondly, the clamp rod hydraulic cylinder is designed and calculated, including the structure of the clamp rod cylinder, the clamp force calculation of the clamp rod cylinder and the wall thickness calculation of the clamp rod cylinder. Finally, we set the structure and parameters correctly to increase the efficiency of the hydraulic cylinder of the down-the-hole drill in the field operation.

In view of the public AC bus's frequency stability problem of traditional droop control parallel inverters when load fluctuate frequently, virtual synchronous generator, VSG, is presented in this paper to instead traditional droop control in inverters parallel. The frequency stability of the public AC bus is improved and the output power is divided equally. In view of the VSG parallel preliminary synchronization, a preliminary synchronization method is designed based on phase-locked loop to realize the same phase between the VSG output voltage and public AC bus before paralleling. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Pipeline failure is a serious economic, environmental and safety issue. Risk assessment is an effective method to determine the risk of pipeline failure. This paper proposes an evaluation system. In the evaluation process, the fuzzy concept and method are used to transform the qualitative effect into quantitative fuzzy numbers based on linguistic variables. The weights are calculated by MATLAB software. Calculate the weight result and classify each indicator risk, and finally determine the pipeline failure risk level. Taking a section of the third-line pipeline of the West-East Gas Pipeline as an example, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used for analysis. The two indicators of external corrosion and management system are medium risk grades, and the overall pipeline failure risk level is II (lower). The evaluation results show that the proposed evaluation system and method are effective and objective for evaluating pipeline failure risk. The pipeline failure assessment based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process can not only objectively assess the risk status of pipelines, but also have a positive effect on improving pipeline risk management.

At present, laboratory test and field immersion test are the primary methods to study the collapsibility characteristics of loess foundation. However, the stress state of laboratory test usually does not conform to the actual in-site situation, while the field immersion tests are expensive and difficult to operate. Thus, a new economical and efficient method which can reflect the actual engineering is urgently needed. Centrifugal model test, which is the best physical model test, has been extensively used in various fields of geotechnical engineering. However, centrifugal model test is seldom used in the simulation of collapsibility characteristics of loess foundation. In this paper, centrifugal model tests of natural water content foundation and saturated foundation are carried out for the collapsible loess with strong self-weight collapsibility located in Yili Region in Xinjiang, China. The collapsible deformation of loess foundation based on double-line method is obtained. The results show that the amount of foundation collapsibility simulated by low head saturation method is the closest to that of field immersion test, which verifies the feasibility of using centrifugal model test to simulate collapsible deformation of Loess foundation.

In the process of oilfield development, due to long-term continuous mining and changes in geological conditions, oil-inefficient wells will be gradually produced. This phenomenon is unavoidable. How to optimize the low-efficiency oil wells with comprehensive mining potential according to the actual development situation, so as to achieve effective treatment of low-efficiency oil wells, this approach is of great significance to ensure and improve the overall economic benefits of the oilfield. In this paper, the fuzzy mathematics method and the statistical weighting theory are used for comprehensive analysis. The weight of the evaluation index is predicted by determining the comprehensive adjustment potential of the low-efficiency oil well, and then the low-efficiency oil well comprehensive adjustment potential prediction evaluation model and method are established, and then the practical application is carried out. The method can provide a basis for judging the comprehensive adjustment measures for the development of low-efficiency oil wells in oil fields.

Coalbed methane (CBM) is clean unconventional energy that can be exploited with stimulation treatment to realize commercial value, and hydraulic fracturing is the key technology for increasing CBM production. The simulation of hydraulic fractures is an important research content that can guide the engineering practice to achieve the purpose of increasing production. Based on the distribution characteristic of cleats in coal, the research on the propagation of hydraulic fractures is carried out via Discrete element method (DEM). The simulated results show that: hydraulic fractures mainly propagate along the cleats towards the maximum principal stress. The fracture network can be formed due to the intersection of face cleats and butt cleats that can propagate at certain pressure. During the injection process of fracturing fluid, the pressure at injection point decreases with the fracture propagation until the pressure tends to be stable. With the increase of injection rate and fracturing fluid viscosity at the same condition, the maximum aperture of hydraulic fracture increases, while the length of principal hydraulic fracture shortens. Therefore, to achieve the purpose of forming hydraulic fracture network in coal seams with cleats, low viscosity fracturing fluid and low injection rate need be applied to the fracturing technology. As the cleat density increases, the number of branch fractures increases, but the length of principal hydraulic fracture becomes short. Long and narrow hydraulic fractures are easily formed in coal seams with lower cleat density.

In order to ensure the safety of hydraulic transmission and slitting operation under ultra-high pressure, the composition of ZGF-100(A) ultra-high pressure hydraulic drilling and cutting integrated device, the main technical parameters of the complete set and the main technical indexes are described. ZGF-100 Based on the (A) type of ultra-high pressure hydraulic drilling and cutting integrated device, it is protected from the protection of ultra-high pressure water source, the protection of ultra-high pressure water transmission channel, the connection protection of key components of ultra-high pressure hydraulic transmission and the specification of ultra-high pressure hydraulic cutting operation. Ultra-high pressure hydraulic slitting multi-stage protection technology was studied. The equipment safety laboratory experiment was carried out. Under the experimental conditions of test pressure 120 MPa and pressure retention for 30 min, there was no leakage between the slash shallow spiral integral drill pipe, the ultra-high pressure rotary water tail and the ultra-high pressure hydraulic hose. The ground test of safety performance of complete sets of equipment was carried out. Under the conditions of experimental pressure of 100 MPa and duration of 30 min, no leakage occurred in all parts of the ultra-high pressure pipeline system, which was safe and reliable. After adopting the multi-stage hydraulic secant multi-level protection technology, the safety of the complete set of equipment is effectively improved, the safety of the ultra-high pressure hydraulic slitting operation can be effectively ensured, the occurrence of the accident of the ultra-high pressure water injury is prevented, and the operator's personal life is guaranteed. Safety reflects good social benefits.

The seepage analysis of earth-rock dams is required to define the seepage field as a community of saturated and unsaturated regions. The two complement each other. The motion characteristics of unsaturated seepage are relatively complex, and the influence factors are more than saturated seepage. In this paper, combined with engineering examples, the finite element numerical simulation is used to simulate the variation of the seepage field of the earth-rock dam in saturated and unsaturated seepage, and the wetting line, seepage flow and stress and strain inside the dam are obtained. The data results are reasonable and correct. It has certain reference value in the construction of anti-seepage system of earth-rock dam.

In order to obtain the distribution law of the temperature field of the vertical airflow, a theoretical model of the wind temperature forecasting of the vertical well is established and simplified on the basis of considering the convective heat transfer and the exchange moisture. The measured error of the theoretical model is between -3.1% and 2% by measuring the variation of air and surrounding rock parameters in a shaft. The theoretical model is used to analyse the effects of surface climate on the deep environment in vertical shaft. The temperature of the airflow is affected by the seasonal climate, and the influence is weakened with the increase of the ventilation distance. The greater the relative humidity change in the vertical well, the smaller the variation of the airflow temperature value, and the decrease of the temperature is affected by the enthalpy. When the shaft deep humidity environment is certain, the greater the humidity, the greater the temperature change.

With the development of society and the improvement of economic level, cities have carried out large-scale construction, among which residential buildings are the fastest growing. The research on low energy consumption of residential areas and residential buildings has become the key to achieve low carbon development in China. Taking Weidong new town community in Weinan as the research area, this paper objectively and comprehensively analyzed the climate environment of the project area from the aspects of temperature, humidity, ventilation and solar radiation through Climate Consultant and Ecotect, and discussed the climate adaptability design strategy of the project area. The thermal comfort assessment of the main activity space in residential area has certain reference value for building energy saving and creating comfortable living environment.

Renewable energy with high resource potential and less environmental pollution are receiving more and more attention. Wind power is a relatively mature energy source in renewable energy. As the internal and external uncertainty of the wind power industry chain are various and complex, it is urgent to clarify the uncertainty and relationship. Through big data technique, main uncertainty impacted on the development of the wind power industry chain is identified. And an interpretative structural model is established to analyze the hierarchy structure to the uncertainty. The results can provide valuable reference to identify and solve the key problems in the development roadmap of wind power industry, as well as to make scientific decision.

Based on the engineering background of the belt conveyance roadway in the north wing of Zhuxianzhuang Coal Mine, this paper puts forward and analyses the existing problems in the optimization of the roof roadway location in upstream mining, and studies the movement law of overlying strata under different mining heights by FLAC3D numerical analysis software. On this basis, the orthogonal test is used to analyze the optimization of different location of roadway in overlying strata, determine the weights of three factors affecting the selection of roadway location, and put forward a reasonable roadway location for belt conveyance roadway in the north wing of Zhuxianzhuang Mine. According to the occurrence and use of surrounding rock of belt conveyance roadway in North Wing of Zhuxianzhuang Mine, two schemes of zonal support are put forward. Industrial test shows that the support effect is greatly strengthened and the support condition is improved, which can be used as a reference for the location selection of coal mine roadway and surrounding rock control under similar geological conditions.

With the increasing of urban capacity, the amount of sludge produced rapidly increase, more and more sludge has been disposal to land. Sludge is a solid part of sewage and a common semi-solid waste. It is complex in composition, which need to be effectively treated and utilized. The sludge on soil pollution and the prevention has become an important content of environmental science. The article systematically expounded the basic properties of the sludge, sludge on soil pollution and prevention measures, as well as other related research, which is meaningful to environmental improvement and can provides help for production practice hopefully.

In view of the problem that the turbidity and suspended solids produced by the mineral processing wastewater containing ultrafine mineral particles and residual mineral processing agents in a tungsten-molybdenum concentrator have a high impact on its direct reuse, the exploratory and field test of coagulation and sedimentation reagents is carried out. The BK-A coagulant has better sedimentation performancet. The experimental results show that the optimum reaction conditions of BK-A coagulant are: sedimentation pH 9-10, BK-A dosage 20-25 mL/L, PAM dosage 6 mL/L. The turbidity and suspended solids of the treated tailings pond wastewater can basically meet the water quality index of clean water, and the silicate in the tailings pond wastewater can be stably reduced to about 100 mg/L.

In view of the difficulty in recovering valuable metals and cyanides from cyanide tailings pulp in gold mines, the laboratory exploratory test of recovering gold and silver from the tailings pulp produced by a CIP process was carried out by using the technology of "solid-liquid separation + membrane separation and purification + adsorption and recovery of gold and silver by activated carbon". The results showed that the cyanide tailings slurry was separated by solid-liquid in the laboratory and stabilized by chemicals, and the dry slag was identified as a general solid waste according to the results of the identification standard for hazardous waste leaching toxicity GB5085.3-2007. The screened reverse osmosis membrane test showed that 95% of the permeate water recovery rate were obtained. The concentration of cyanide in membrane concentrate water reached 807.9 mg/L, the concentration of copper, gold and silver reached 0.43 mg/L and 3.91 mg/L respectively after being concentrated from below the detection limit, and the concentration was 19.9, 14.3 and 18.6 times respectively. The adsorption test of membrane concentrate water by activated carbon showed that gold, silver and copper were absorbed in membrane concentrated water, the adsorption rates reached 99.76%, 96.16% and 9.09% respectively, which facilitated the subsequent selective recovery of gold and silver. The recovery of valuable metals and cyanide from cyanide tailings slurry by the process of "solid-liquid separation + membrane separation and purification + adsorption and recovery of gold and silver by activated carbon" had a good effect.

To study the seismic response of rigid-subrigid pile composite foundation, shaking table test was conducted under sandy field condition. The experimental results show that the acceleration response strength of the pile top is greater than that of the pile bottom, and is smaller with the increase of buried depth; seismic wave types will have an impact on the acceleration amplification effect; from pile bottom to pile top, the peak value of Fourier spectrum increases gradually, and the frequency distribution of Fourier spectrum in frequency domain does not change. The frequency range of the peak value of Fourier spectrum under three kinds of seismic waves is different; with the peak acceleration of the input excitation increase, the strain peak of pile body changes more and more significantly along the length direction, and the strain peak of rigid pile appears abnormal, which is the weak part of seismic resistance.

The HTHP (high temperature and high pressure) areas of the Ying-qiong Basin in south China Sea has the characteristics of high temperature, high pressure, many pressure steps and narrow safety density window. The severe geological conditions pose a serious challenge to safe drilling in HTHP environment. Through more than 20 years of technical research and field practice. A set of key drilling technologies suitable for HTHP areas in south China Sea have been formed, including: multi-genesis formation pressure prediction, HTHP drilling fluid system, safe cementing technology, ECD accurate prediction technology, and drilling speed increasing technology. The engineering practice of safe drilling in the HTHP area of the South China Sea improves the efficiency of operation and ensures safe drilling. At the same time, the key technology also provides guidance for offshore drilling in HTHP areas.

In the process of drilling the Halliburton PDC bit in the 311.2mm borehole, the No. A well in Gaoshi experienced a drilling accident first. After drilling the drill, no problem was found and then re-into the well, but the well was unstable. There was a collapse phenomenon, and a stuck drill was encountered. After the treatment, the PDC bit body was found to be neatly broken when the worker lifted the drill. Finally, after several rounds of grinding and wire fishing, the accident was effectively treated.

Based on national hazardous waste production data from 2008 to 2011, GM (1,1) grey model, unit industrial output value model and average annual growth rate model are used for prediction studies of which the prediction results was compared with the actual values of hazardous waste from 2012 to 2016. Under the selected background data, all the three widely-used models have large deviations. The model with the smallest deviation range is the annual growth rate model of which the prediction result is 1.25-2.05 times the actual value. The model with the second small deviation range is the unit output value model of which the prediction result is 1.36-3.63 times the actual value. GM (1,1) has the largest deviation range, of which the prediction result is 1.46-7.58 times the actual value. The causes of deviation are analyzed, and the results show that, due to the influence of different factors, the background data significantly rocketed in 2011 and 2016, resulting in the instability of the model prediction. Based on the application of the models, the applicability of different models is analyzed. It is suggested that the grey model should be preferred when there are a few data; and the easy-to-operate unit output value model and annual growth rate model shall be preferred when there are sufficient historical data. Meanwhile, the influence of industry and policy factors should be comprehensively considered to improve and optimize the prediction methods and parameters of the models, so as to provide reference for quantitative prediction of hazardous wastes.

In directional drilling engineering of cluster wells and infill wells, it is important to scientifically assess the risk of wellbore collisions between wells being drilled and adjacent wells that have already been drilled. At present, the calculation results of adjacent well distance scanning and separation factors often used in drilling sites still cannot scientifically evaluate the risk of wellbore collision. This paper proposes to characterize the relative position measurement error between the reference well and the comparison well by the size of the combined error ellipsoid with the effect of well diameters of reference well and comparison well. And, the calculation model of the combined ellipsoid is established. This paper also introduces the 3D visualization method of relative position measurement error between adjacent wells based on OpenGL. The example calculating shows that the calculation results and 3D views of the relative position measurement error of the adjacent wells a can be used to judge the reliability of the calculation result of the pedal curve separation factors, and provide a more scientific basis for the implementation of anti-collision operations in directional drilling. So the research has important application value.

Huayangchuan uranium polymetallic deposit is located in Huaxian County, Huayin City, Shaanxi Province.The geotectonic location belongs to the Xiaoqinling intracontinental orogenic belt on the southern margin of the North China block.The average content of rare earth in uranium ore reaches 740 ×10⁻⁶. Rare earth minerals in ores have been studied by means of microscopic identification and scanning electron microscopic energy spectrum analysis.we believe that the rare earth minerals in Huayangchuan uranium polymetallic ore are mainly brown epidote, bastnaesite, gadolinite, monazite and ancylite. Among them, the most important rare earth mineral is epidote.

Huayangchuan uranium polymetallic deposit is located in Huaxian County, Huayin City, Shaanxi Province.The geotectonic location belongs to the Xiaoqinling intracontinental orogenic belt on the southern margin of the North China block.Uranium ore bodies are layered, vein-like and thick reticulated veins.The average content of uranium is 2×10⁻⁴ in the deposit.Through microscopic identification and electron probe analysis, we believe that uranium minerals are mainly betafite, crystalline uranium and uranothorite.According to the characteristics of rare earth elements in uranium ores, we believe that the ore-forming materials mainly come from the mantle.

The definition, resource characteristics and application of deep seawater were introduced in this paper. Meanwhile, the current status of development and utilization of deep seawater resources at home and abroad was summarized. Finally, the prospects for the development and application of deep seawater are prospected.

Western Sichuan is located in the two and three steps of transition zone of our country on the terrain, in the area of Dadu River valley was "V" type, the valley is widely distributed deep overburden layer. The existence of deep overburden layer not only greatly increases the difficulty of hydropower development in the southwest region, but also gives birth to a series of new scientific problems. This paper analyze the basic feature and formation of deep overburden layer in the Dadu River, and then discuss the may encounter hydrogeological problems with the pit water gushing, piping and flow sand.

Conventional drilling fluid lubricants could effectively improve the lubricity of the system, but the temperature and salt resistance was poor. In this paper, a new type of emulsion drilling fluid lubricant was prepared by mixing a polystyrene/modified montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite emulsion with vegetable base oil. The nanocomposite emulsion was prepared by emulsion polymerization of organic MMT, modified with the tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride and sodium lauryl sulfonate, and styrene. The work revealed effects of the amount of modified MMT and lubricant on the performance of the drilling fluid. It was shown that lubricants have less effect on the rheology and density changes of the drilling fluid. The lubricity, temperature resistance and salt resistance of the drilling fluid were enhanced, while the fluid loss was significantly reduced due to the addition of the lubricant. Our results provide the basic method needed to guide design of the lubricant.

Based on the precipitation anomaly percentage index (Pa), the relative moisture index (MI), the standardized precipitation index (SPI), and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), the regional applicability was examined in Chongzuo over the period 1961to 2012. The results showed that: (1) The MI and Pa significantly underestimated severe drought and extreme drought at annul time scale. The monitoring result of annual SPEI and SPI was accurate and more close to the actual drought level. (2) The frequency range of different drought class is close to actual level for the SPI and SPEI at different time scale. The severe and extreme drought seldom occurred using Pa and MI monitoring results, the adaptability and reliability of MI were relatively lower in Chongzuo. (3) The annual MI and Pa showed smaller coverage with the severity of moderate and above drought than statistical results of SPI and SPEI in Chongzuo. (4) The SPI was found more sensitive to precipitation changes than the SPEI at 1-month scale in dry period. SPI and SPEI can be properly used for the monitoring as well.

The cucurbituril[n] (CB[n]) is a class of chemical supramolecular substances. In order to calculate the spectrum ofthe cucurbituril[n] molecules, the density functional theory (DFT) and the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) are used to optimize the geometrical structure of CB[n](n=5-10) at the level of 6-311g(d) in the gas phase environment. Then, the infrared (IR) spectrum and ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of CB[n] (n=5-10) are calculated respectively. The results show that: (1) The absorption peaks of two vibration modes of ν(β-H) and ν(γ-H) of CB[n](n = 7,8) are degenerated. (2) The absorption frequency of the stretching vibration ν(α=O) is red shifted. (3) The increase of the absorption peak intensity in the vibration mode near the 1200 cm-1 wavenumber is especially noticeable. (4) The ring tension of CB[n](n=5∼10) gradually decreases with n increasing. (5) The UV absorption wavelength of the maximum absorption peak of CB[n](n=5-10) increases from 198.8317nm to 202.2633nm with n from 5 to 10. The methylene CH2 has isolating action in the formation process of the UV spectrum of CB[n] (n=5-10). The distribution of electron and hole is symmetric and locally excitated (LE) for CB[n] (n=5-10).

The micro-thrust measurement system plays an important role in the development of micro-nano satellites. The method of obtaining high-precision calibration force is one of the key technologies of the micro-thrust measurement system. The smaller the calibration force error, the higher the calibration accuracy of the system parameters, and the higher the measurement accuracy of the measurement system. In this paper, a high-precision calibration force generation method is obtained through experiments and experiments using magnets and coils.

The cube-root law and the expression of the maximum overpressure rise rate available in the most literatures are accurate when they are used to calculate or assess the gas explosion intensity in a spherical vessel, however, large deviation will be occurred when they are extended to the vessels of other shapes and sizes. The deflagration index KG expression for the cylindrical vessel case is put forward and discussed, and the difference between the deflagration index formula of the spherical and cylindrical vessel are also simply discussed. The conclusions drawn by this paper may be useful to the gas explosion intensity calculation or assessment in cylindrical vessel explosions.

Formation pressure is an essential parameter for calculating the dynamic geological reserves, evaluating the development effect of oil and gas fields, conducting the daily dynamic analysis of oil and gas Wells and predicting the dynamic of oil and gas fields. Generally, the calculation of reservoir average formation pressure is to use the pressure in the infinite formation to solve the formation pressure. This paper presents a new method for calculating the pressure at any point of one source and one sink by using wellhead pressure. This method has been well applied in the Saertu-Putaohua industrial area.

By the end of 2018, China's urbanization rate was close to 60%, and the proportion of energy consumed by cities to the total national energy consumption exceeded 80%. Cities, like huge machines that never stop running, consume a lot of coal, oil and gas, electricity day and night, and maintain the food, clothing, shelter and transportation of urban residents, as well as thousands of lights. Study of the relationship between urbanization rate and energy consumption provides important technical support for regional energy supply and demand research and forecasting. The results show that the process of urbanization development will inevitably lead to a large consumption of energy resources and an increase in per capita energy consumption.

The corrosion behavior of pure copper with sodium chloride deposition and without sodium chloride deposition in atmospheric environment was studied by 500h environmental corrosion test and linear polarization test in laboratory, as well as characterization of corrosion products by SEM and XRD. The results showed that pure copper displayed good corrosion resistance in inland atmospheric environment without pollution. After depositing NaCl salt to the surface of pure copper, the corrosion current density increases sharply and plenty of corrosion products is formed on the surface of the sample, consisting of CuO, Cu₂O and CuSO₄·H₂O.

Based on field investigation and relevant information about Daxiong Mountain, we do the area types analysis of the seed plant. The results showed that: (1) There were1218 species of seed plants in this region, belong to 166 families and 668 genera, including 6 families, 11 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm and 160 families, 657 genera, 1204 species of angiosperms. (2) The composition of the seed plants in this region was highly dispersed and very complex. In the composition of the families, the number of small families was the most, which rate was 40.00%. However, the major families contains the largest number of plant species, the rate was 34.51%. In the composition of the genus, species focus on the small genera and the single genus that accounted for 37.14% and 51.43%. (3) The flora of seed plants in this region was complex. There were 267 genera, 46.05% genera of the total, in the tropical distribution. Followed by the temperate distribution of 171 genera, accounting for 28.24%. In addition, the Asian distribution including 168 genera, 27.71% of the total and the world distribution including 62 genera, accounting for 9.28% of the total.

The hydroponic study was used to research the effect of the iris on the removal of N and P in water, and the change of nitrogen and phosphorus in plants. The results showed that at the end of the experiment, J2 (N2P1) treated the height of the plant with the largest height of 81.1 cm; followed by J9 (N3P2) treatment, which was 75.0 cm. The J9 treated iris has the highest nitrogen content of 0.731%. And with the increase of nitrogen dosage, the nitrogen content of the leaves increased. The amount of phosphorus in the dry matter of the iris leaves ranged from 0.311% to 0.501%. The clearance rates of the three different concentrations of N were 63.5%, 67.5% and 70.2%, respectively. The clearance rates of three concentrations of P were 43.0%, 52.9% and 62.1%. When the test was carried out for 14 days, the NH₄⁺-N elimination rate reached 79.0%; the NH₄⁺-N clearance rate of J9 reached 81.0%, which was significantly higher than other treatments. At the end of the experiment, the elimination rate of NO₃⁻-N in water reached 16.4%, and J9 was the highest, reaching 27.4%, which was significantly higher than other treatments. According to the comprehensive analysis, the iris of J9 grew well, and the effect of purifying nitrogen and phosphorus was better.

In this research, we examined the internal circulation (IC) reactor performance on fur processing wastewater and explored the optimum operation parameters of IC reactor with high concentration volatile fatty acids (VFA) by a 60d field test in middle temprature. The results showed that the wastewater can be adapted to the IC reactor and start rapidly. In steady operation stage, when the influent CODcr concentration stabilises at under 3000 mg·L-1 and the acidibility is at around 45%, there is no apparent VFA accumulation and the effluent CODcr removal rate remained stable at about 55%. When the concentration of influent CODcr exceeds 3000 mg·L-1 and fluctuations obviously, the average removal rate of CODcr is about 50%. The average removal rate of grease is 61.3%, and the HRT is 6 h. Compared with the existing hydrolysis acidification and aerobic treatment, IC reactor treatment has improved the efficiency of VFA degradation significantly, which indicates that IC reactor has great engineering applicability for treating fur processing wastewater.

China is rich in coal resources, especially in Northwest China. However, due to the complex geological conditions, some low permeability and high gas seams often accompany abnormal gas emission during mining, which poses a serious threat to the safety of coal mine. This paper takes East 102 working face of Weijiadi Coal Mine in Jingyuan mining area of Gansu Province as the research object. Aiming at the abnormal gas emission phenomenon during the initial discharge period of working face, the causes of abnormal gas emission are analyzed. The prevention of abnormal gas emission should be carried out from five aspects: strengthening ventilation management, perfecting gas extraction system, perfecting safety monitoring and control system, strengthening power supply management and emergency management on site.

Taking 1302 fully mechanized caving face of Weijiadi Coal Mine as the research object, aiming at the characteristics of large gas emission and frequent gas exceeding limit during mining, this paper analyzed the difficult problems of gas control in working face, determined the theoretical height of caving zone and fissure zone of working face according to the gas cascade control mode formulated by Weijiadi Coal Mine and the principle of pressure relief gas, and inspected the "three zones". The reasonable horizon and arrangement of drilling holes along the strike of large diameter and high position rocks are determined. The field practice results show that the gas extraction technology of large diameter and high rock trending borehole has good extraction effect, the maximum gas concentration is 26.5% and the maximum gas extraction volume is 14000 m³. It effectively solves the problem of return air flow and upper corner gas exceeding the limit. The gas concentration of return air flow is basically kept at 0.2%∼0.25%, which ensures the safety of mine production.

In this study, wet oxidation of an industrial high concentration caprolactam organic wastewater using oxygen gas as an oxidant was investigated. Different experiments were conducted to discuss the effects of the reaction temperature, time, the initial oxygen pressure and dilution ration of raw wastewater, using a batch reactor with COD removal rate as a standard for assessing. Results show that the highest removal rate of COD, 76.6%, was obtained at 250 °C for 30 min with the oxygen pressure 1.7 MPa and dilution ration 10. The biodegradability of the wastewater improved greatly after the wet oxidation process. These results illustrated that wet oxidation with oxygen gas as an oxidant displayed effectively for the pretreatment of high concentration caprolactam organic wastewater.

In the deep mining of mines, the choice of air volume needs to consider both the cooling effect and the energy consumption. In order to obtain the basis for selecting the suitable air volume in the horizontal roadway, based on the theory of heat transfer and thermodynamics, the heat transfer relationship in the horizontal roadway is analyzed. The study found that the suitable air volume mainly considers the influence of three parameters: air self parameters, roadway specification parameters and temperature boundary parameters. As the air volume increases, the cooling effect gradually decreases, and the energy consumption gradually increases. After the air volume reaches a certain value, the cooling effect is basically unchanged, and the energy consumption is too high to bear.

In the stope or other blasting excavation process, it is difficult to directly analyze the stress change process of the shock wave generated by the blast in the rock, and the change of the shock wave is very important for the selection of the explosive parameters and the analysis of the excavation process. . Taking a mining blasting as the actual background, according to the parameters of rock parameters, using COMSOL Metaphysics simulation software, the transient force variation model of blasting rock was constructed with and without reflection boundary conditions, and the transient change at 1600ms interval was used. The force law of blasting waves in rock is analyzed. In the simulation numerical analysis, the time when the pressure wave reaches the surface is the same as the time when the reflected pressure wave reaches the sampling point under the condition of using the reflection boundary. In the early stage of elastic wave propagation, the stress change of the block first rises first. After reaching the peak value, it falls below the original stress and then slowly rises again. Then the two responses caused by the reflected wave begin to deviate from each other. The simulation results can provide reference and technical support for controlling the damage of surrounding rock under blasting impact.

With the continuous improvement of China's economic scale and increasing energy demand, various regions have become increasingly dependent on energy, and energy conservation has become an important measure to ensure energy security and protect the environment.In this context, in order to ensure the targeted implementation of energy-saving and emission reduction measures in various regions and promote the gradual transition of China's economy to low-carbon green, this paper analyzes the current energy consumption status of each province and decomposes its energy conservation contribution source structure. And an empirical analysis was carried out to effectively promote the implementation of energy conservation in China.

The practice of volcanic reservoirs exploration and exploitation for years shows that fractures are not only important factors in controlling hydrocarbon migration and enrichment, but also favorable conditions for efficient exploitation. This study used drilling data, seismic data and laboratory analysis data to clarify fracture characteristics and distribution of volcanic reservoirs. in study area. The fracture characteristics were predicted by using post-stack structure-oriented coherence and ant tracking methods with the result of various fracture developmental degree of different zones on the plane. Comparative analysis of drilling data, geostress and imaging logging interpretation results have obtained preferable prediction results, which is of great significance for effective exploration and exploitation of volcanic reservoirs.

Taking the fully mechanized mining face of bulianta 12511 as the research object, the distribution law of dust movement in fully mechanized mining face with 8m large mining height was numerically simulated by using CFD software. Through the simulation results of the original dust field, it is found that the dust produced by the collapsed coal seam diffuses to the rear of the shearer under the action of wind flow, the highest point of movement of high-concentration dust mass can reach 4m, and the dust concentration gradually decreases along the roadway. High concentration dust is mainly concentrated in the 10m range before and after the shearer and on the side of the bottom plate close to the coal retaining plate, with a maximum of 3500mg/m3. In order to effectively reduce the dust in the working face, prevent dust accumulation and pollute the underground working environment, this paper innovatively proposes to install an airborne dust collector in the large mining height working face to control the dust spreading to the pedestrian side at the dust source and purify the dust. By studying the influence of dust collector placement position and treatment air volume on the dust movement and distribution rule and dust removal effect of the working face, the optimal dust removal efficiency of the working face with large mining height is obtained by the dust collector placement position and treatment air volume adaptation combination, and the maximum dust removal efficiency can reach 100%.

As a relatively important task in the current industrialization development, wastewater treatment has become increasingly demanding in the context of China's current rapid industrialization. In order to improve the quality of industrial wastewater treatment, it is necessary to clarify the relevant treatment technologies according to the requirements of the treatment process. Meanwhile, scientific treatment methods should also be combined with the requirements in the wastewater treatment technology, especially for the treatment of refractory organic compounds in wastewater. In other words the quality of wastewater treatment can be improved only by scientific treatment of refractory substances in wastewater. Therefore, this paper analyzes the advanced oxidation technology for degrading refractory organic compounds in wastewater, with the aim to clarify the treatment of refractory organics in wastewater and thenimprove wastewater treatment quality.

In Sudong area, the relationship between gas and water is complex and the hydrochemical characteristics of formation water is unclear, therefore, site managers are eager to figure out the formation water properties and its distribution characteristics in Sudong gas reservoir. In this paper, based on the analytical data of formation water, we studied the type of formation water, the chemical characteristics of produced water, and the hydrochemical characteristics coefficient. The results showed that the water produced in the south and north is formation water and the middle is condensate water; the fracturing fluid is discharged at the early stage of the gas well production, and the formation water is gradually produced in the later stage; the salinity is high in the southwest and lower in the northeast; the water storage condition in the southern formation is higher than that in the north; the time of the water and rock action in the southern area is stronger than that in the north, and from the perspective of oil and gas preservation, the south is better than the north. The research would have a great significance for improving the understanding of formation water in the Sudong block and guiding the rapid and efficient development of the gas field.

China is a country rich in solar energy resources, with good natural conditions for the utilization of solar energy. At present, the main application mode of photovoltaic power generation system is grid-connected photovoltaic power generation. In order to maintain the voltage stability of the common connection point (PCC), STATCOM is mainly added to the PCC of photovoltaic power station. It can be regarded that the photovoltaic system and STATCOM constitute a whole and are integrated into the grid, and the unified coordination and optimization of the overall control system becomes particularly important. In this paper, the parameter tuning strategy of PI controller for photovoltaic grid-connected system with STATCOM is studied. Taking the optimal overall performance of DC capacitor voltage and PCC point voltage of photovoltaic inverters as the optimization objective, chaotic orthogonal particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of PI controller of the system, and simulation is carried out under the condition of voltage variation to verify the effectiveness of the optimization strategy.

Photovoltaic (PV) station generally adopts single-stage grid-connection inverter considering the cost and efficiency, and the controller parameters have great influence on the grid-connected performance of PV system. The PV array, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the inverter and its control system models are built in PSASP/UD. The PI parameters of invert controller are tuned by adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) and genetic algorithm (GA) respectively in single-machine infinite bus system (SMIBS) based on Simulink. Finally, single-machine infinite bus system (FMTAS) with PV based on PSASP/UD is used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of models and validity of controller parameters.

The addition of No. 0 high-pressure heater is a new technology with energy saving and emission reduction benefits, the economic analysis of No. 0 high-pressure heater under different loads and drain modes is provided on a 680 MW unit based on the Equivalent enthalpy drop method principle and the comprehensive economic drain mode for No. 0 high-pressure heater is recommended.

In order to enhance the stability of ginger oil emulsions, ultrasound-assisted emulsification method was used for the preparation of ginger oil emulsions in this paper. The optimization was based on single factor and response surface optimization experiments. Four main factors in the preparation process (amount of emulsifier, ultrasonic power, time and temperature) were investigated. According to the visual analyses of the result, the optimum condition was obtained. Based on the optimal condition in the response surface optimization experiments, the preparation process was then conducted under ultrasonic emulsification. (The effects of ultrasound amplitude and irradiation time on the encapsulation process were also studied). The microemulsion type, grain size, and phase transition temperature were used to characterize the resulting sample. Finally, the average particle size of ginger oil nano-emulsion attained 94.49 nm in the condition of ultrasonic power 250W, ultrasonic time 5.8 min, ultrasonic temperature 50 °C, emulsifier concentration of 1.0 g / 10 ml, implying that the ultrasonic emulsification technology can solve the difficulty of macromolecular oil microemulsion preparation.

The current noble-metal Pt based oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts suffer from high cost and poor operational durability. It is an urgent demand to developing alternative catalysts that are cost effective, readily available, and have the comparable catalytic activity than Pt for oxygen reduction reaction. Recently, graphene-based non-noble metal catalysts have been investigated and shown desirable activity and stability toward oxygen reduction reaction. Here, we offer a timely review paper to illustrate the recent progresses of graphene based electrocatalyst, including heteroatom doped graphene and graphene-inorganic nanoparticle composite. We hope this article can provide a guideline for rational design of highly active graphene-based non-noble metal catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction.

The determination of coal seam gas content is of great significance to the study of coal seam gas occurrence law and gas prevention technology. There are direct and indirect methods for the determination of gas content in coal seam. Both direct and indirect methods have their advantages and disadvantages, but the results of direct measurement have more disadvantage than indirect measurement. In this paper, the gas content in No. 1 coal seam of Weijiadi Coal Mine is determined by indirect measurement method. The gas content in No. 1 coal seam is calculated to be 8.1m3/t, which is important for gas geological division and precise gas extraction.

It is of great significance for environmental protection to carry out in-depth research on the treatment of black and odorous water body and form effective water remediation technology. The ecological technology of multistage functional filtration for water restoration can be used as a new and reliable combined filtration process for advanced treatment of black and odorous river, which can effectively intercept pollutants from point sources and purify watershed water. In this paper, a new type of water purification device consisting of cobblestone, quartz sand, activated carbon and PP cotton is developed, which is used to deeply treat black odorous water body and study the filtration and adsorption performance of filter materials on target pollutants. The filtration and adsorption performance of the filter material to the target pollutants, and the influence of the thickness of the filter layer and the particle size of the filter material on the filtration efficiency were studied. The water quality was effectively improved and the purpose of treating the black odor water body was achieved.

Coastal dunes are widely distributed along the southwestern coast of Hainan Island paralleling to the coastline. Cone penetration test is a commonly used in-situ testing method in geotechnical engineering, it has strong advantage in sand layer which is difficult to obtain undisturbed sample. Through the cone penetration tests and the laboratory test on sand with different densities and grain size distributions, the correlation between in-situ test index and laboratory test index was analyzed. It is found that the hit number of standard penetration test is linearly correlated with the tip resistance of cone penetration test, so the density of sand can be judged by the value of tip resistance. The content of silt and clay in sand has a great influence on side friction and friction ratio of cone penetration test, and the friction ratio is linearly related to the content of silt and clay. For different sand with same geological origin, the particle-size distribution has great impact on the friction ratio, the larger the main particle size is, and the smaller the friction ratio is. For same sand with different geological origin, the content of silt and clay of sand is different, and the cone penetration test curve and the particle-size distribution curve are also different.

Offshore oil and gas production systems are in urgent need of a more compact, high-efficient oil-water separator. T-junction pipes are a potential solution to the need. Combining dynamic separation principle of T-junctions pipes with shallow pond theory, this paper presents a novel design of double-layer T-junctions pipes to realize high-efficient oil-water separation. The separation system consisted of upper and lower double-layer pipes that are connected by two vertical pipes. There exists an axially floating oil pipe along the top of the upper outer pipe. This design makes the Reynolds number decrease, which is beneficial to the formation of oil-water stratified flow. The slender seam at the bottom of inner pipe reduces the turbulence intensity, thus avoiding remixing oil with water. The influence of mixture velocity, oil content, water superficial velocity, oil superficial velocity, and inlet flow pattern on the phase split of oil-water two phase flow at double-layer T-junctions pipes has been investigated. Experimental results showed that the separation performance was less affected by the inlet oil content than by the inlet mixture velocity. Additionally, the phase split in the separation system was very sensitive to the inlet flow pattern. For separated flow pattern, oil-water can be well separated. But for dispersed flow pattern, the oil-water separation efficiency was low. Besides, the using of floating oil pipe can increase the system separation efficiency.

The division of gas geological units in coal mine is the basis of studying the occurrence law of gas geology in coal mine field, which is of great significance to the prediction of regional gas content and gas emission. Taking Weijiadi coalfield in Jingyuan mining area of Gansu Province as an object, this paper divides the coalfield into gas geological units, according to the gas content of coal seams in different regions, targeted gas extraction measures are implemented, gas cascade control is implemented, regional gas abnormal emission is strictly prevented, and mine safety production is ensured.

The adjustment and control of the fluid production rates is one of the primary methods to increase the cumulative oil production for water flooding reservoir. In this article, the oil production optimization problem of two-dimensional water-flooding reservoir under the condition of fixed total fluid production rate is studied. The production process is divided into several segments. The relevance between the division time and the fluid production rate is considered. A novel optimization method considering both segmented time and fluid production rate is proposed. The stimulating effect on oil production of this method is tested by a realistic 2 dimensional oil reservoir in China. Compared with other conventional strategies and optimization schemes, this optimization method gains higher cumulative oil production, with the better water sweeping efficiency. For engineering practice, the proposed method may bring more economic benefits.

The Shaan 209 area of the 2nd section of Yulin gas field is a water-rich area. The water production of most wells is too large, which seriously affects the production of gas wells in the well area. Based on the research foundation work area formation water chemistry characteristics and distribution of the testing, laboratory analysis based on existing formation water, combined with geochemical classification, analysis of the formation water type, cause, distribution of well Shaan 209 in Yulin south area, the main control factors of the formation water in the working area are identified. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the Shan 2 section of water-rich area still has development potential, which provides a basis for the optimization of management strategies in the rich water area, and lays a foundation for the scientific and efficient development of the Yulin South area.

The foreign TM oilfield is an ultra-low permeability reservoir with deep burial, poor reservoir properties, poor seepage capacity and severe heterogeneity. The production declined rapidly during water injection development process, and the absorption capacity of the injection well is poor. Some production wells are not affected by the injection wells. In order to improve the effect of water injection development, it is necessary to infill the existing well pattern, reduce the injection-production well spacing, and establish an effective driving system for the reservoir to improve the reserves utilization. This paper classifies the effect of water injection development in foreign TM oilfield, establishes the relationship between injection-production well spacing and formation permeability, and then obtains the effective driving well spacing under different permeability of ultra-low permeability reservoirs. This method plays an important role in the study of well pattern deployment in the water injection development process of ultra-low permeability reservoir.

Taking Sunjiacha Town, Shenmu City, Shaanxi Province as an example, the nutrient characteristics and physical and chemical properties of soil samples were studied and analysed. The results showed that the soil pH of X001 sample was the lowest, 7.7, and the total salt content of X002 sample was the highest, which was 1.3 g.kg-, while that of X008 sample was the highest, which was 32.85 mg.kg-. The highest content of soil organic matter was 84.3 mg kg-, the highest content of total nitrogen was 1.75 g kg-, the highest content of available phosphorus was 7.4 mg kg-, and the highest content of available potassium was 103 mg kg-. According to the National Classification Table of Soil Nutrient Content, the soil texture in the study area is sandy, pH is alkaline, available phosphorus and available potassium are deficient or extremely deficient. Except for the rich organic matter and total nitrogen in the black clay layer, the organic matter and total nitrogen in other layers are extremely deficient.

Flowability is one of the important characters of a crude oil in pipelines. The viscosity of one crude oil is affected by many factors (e.g., temperature, water cut, composition distribution, paraffin deposition, etc.). In this study, IR, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and UV measurement are employed to characterize the composition of the crude oil (HN-1) provided by Henan Oilfield. The paraffin morphology analysis is employed to rate the property of a mixture of paraffin inhibitors and analysis the mechanism of the paraffin inhibition.

Daqing Oilfield has entered the development stage of high water cut later stage, the contradiction between inter layers and interior layers is more prominent, the rate of water injection pass rate decreases rapidly, the manual test workload is huge, the existing test team can not meet the requirements; at the same time, the existing high-efficiency measurement and adjustment technology cannot provide Continuous monitoring data and real-time dynamic adjustment of downhole injection volume, for this purpose, Daqing Oilfield carried out research and research on cable-controlled intelligent layered water injection technology. The technology is mainly composed of two parts: underground cable-controlled intelligent water injection technology pipe column and ground wireless remote control system. It can realize real-time monitoring and control of underground stratified flow and pressure in the office, realize online inspection, automatic measurement and adjustment, and report output. With the function, 30 wells were tested in the field and achieved good results. This technology is a continuous, efficient and real-time new generation water injection technology.

According to the method of turbidity titration and 63 cloud point data minimum volume closure ellipsoid fitting, the solubility parameter of polyester resin DM-700 was determined to be 22.84(MPa)^1/2, and the three-dimensional solubility parameter was (δ_d=17.15 (MPa)^1/2; δ_p=9.97(MPa)^1/2; δ_H=11.32(MPa)^1/2). This value is close to the result calculated by the group contribution method (22.68(MPa)^1/2), which further proves that the method is accurate and reliable.

Animal hoof horn has complex porous structure and rich keratin, crushed and sieved, adding 5% KOH in the quality of the hoof horn powder, and mixing at 1:5 ratio of solid to liquid, adding water at 121 °C, Hydrolysis at 2 atmospheric pressure for 5 hours, the horn powder was completely hydrolyzed into the hydrolysis products containing sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds, the hydrolysates of the powder were added into 50mg•L⁻¹, 2.0mg•L⁻¹ cadmium Ion solution, centrifuged for 17h and then centrifuged to detect the residual cadmium ions. The results showed that the best particle size was treated with 100 mesh fine mesh powder, the lowest residual Cd²⁺ concentration in the solution was over 75%, and the high concentration 50mg•L⁻¹ was the best, the residual amount of Cd²⁺ was 14.887mg•L⁻¹, the removal rate was 70.24%. The adsorption effect of the hydrolyzate of Hoof horn powder on cadmium ion solution with concentration of 2.0 mg•L⁻¹ However, the effect was not significant. When the dosage reached 30ml, the residual amount of Cd²⁺ was reduced to 1.238mg•L⁻¹ and the removal rate was 38.10%.

The saline soil roadbed in the cold region is affected by salt crystallization and migration, and the soil strength parameters change significantly. In order to determine the influence of salt migration on the stability of the roadbed under the conditions of laying gravel barriers of different thickness in the saline soil roadbed in cold regions. First, determine the type and physical parameters of saline soil in cold regions. Secondly, for the saline soil roadbed with different thickness of gravel partition in the base of the road, the slope software is used to analyze the stability of the subgrade slope, and the stability of the gravel partition is obtained. The effect of slope stability. The results show that when the gravel partition layer is set at the base of the road, the overall stability of the subgrade slope decreases with the increase of the thickness of the partition. When the thickness of the partition is more than 20cm, the dangerous sliding surface is transferred to the surface of the slope partition. The thickness of the partition layer increases, and the dangerous sliding surface remains stable, which provides reference data for the design of the saline soil roadbed in the cold region.

In order to determine the stability of the subgrade of the saline soil subgrade under different salt contents in the cold region. Two soil samples were selected to determine the salt content and mechanical parameters, and then the Slide software was used to analyze the stability of subgrade slope. The results show that the less the salt content, the greater the shear strength of the soil and the higher the stability of the subgrade slope.

Through the analysis of winter operation problems in the alpine-cold open pit mine in Mengdong area, the technical and economic feasibility of adopting advanced peeling and winter peeling scheme is demonstrated. For the open-pit mining and transportation equipment in the alpine-cold region, the solutions for the scooping and sticking materials, the freezing of the brake circuit, and the sticking of the compartments are often proposed in winter operations. The anti-freeze system of the belt conveyor is composed of the cold resistant tape, the cleaning device, the antifreeze film, the heating device and the anti-freeze roller. Some safety production organization measures for blasting operations, mining operations, and semi-continuous systems in winter construction operations were proposed. It can effectively help the open pit mines in the alpine-cold regions to reduce equipment failures and ensure efficient operation in winter safety production.

At present, the micro-seismic monitoring system mostly adopts the mean velocity model and the absolute location method and the focal location error is large, which seriously affects the later processing interpretation, safety evaluation, and roadway support design. To tackle this problem, this paper adopts the absolute locating method based on the average velocity model under the envelope stations, the absolute positioning method is used to obtain the initial positioning result, and then we apply distance-weighting scheme for the monitoring station and the key monitoring area. Furthermore, the Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations is used for relocation. Finally, the mine site data is used to carry out the IMS micro-seismic monitoring system positioning results and the double-difference positioning results benchmarking, and the linkage analysis with the mine site mining process. The results show that the relocation results obtained by the Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations based on the envelope stations are more reliable and more accurately match the area where the hazard source is located during mining.

Microseismic monitoring technique is an important means of ground pressure monitoring to ensure safe, high-efficient and sustainable development of mines. Microseismic data obtained by sensors in mines are easily influenced by non-stationary noises with a wide frequency band, resulting in the lack of available high-quality data for microseismic monitoring. Instead of traditional analysis in frequency domain, this paper introduces a new method, synchrosqueezed wavelet transform (SSWT), which provides a way to decompose data into time domain and frequency domain simultaneously. With higher time-frequency resolution of SSWT spectrum, purer microseismic signals can be extracted from raw data. Besides, two wavelet bases, Morlet wavelet and bump wavelet, are compared to match the microseismic signal in this paper. Two field data with different signal-noise rate (SNR) are used to show the application of the algorithm in the mine industry. The results of data graphical filtering method show that the SSWT has great practical value to extract the microseismic signal from raw data and improves SNR of signals effectively than traditional methods.

The objective of this study is to correctly analyze the slope stability, strengthen the guidance of engineering construction, and ensure the safety of people's lives and property. In this study, the numerical simulation software Geo-Studio is used to simulate the stability variation rules of the slope on both sides of the highway in the rocky region when the angles of the upper and lower slope of the platform width are changed under the action of light rain for a long time respectively, and the corresponding comparison analysis is made with the corresponding natural working condition. The results show that the infiltration of rainwater has a great influence on the slope on both sides of the highway in the geotechnical area, which is mainly reflected in the decrease of the stability of the multi-level slope, the significant change of the sliding surface (including the location, size, shape, etc. of the sliding surface), the potential instability form of the slope (overall stability and local stability), and the slow but continuous change of the pore water pressure in the soil. Through the rainfall test on the highway slope, it is found that the instability mechanism of the slopes on both sides of the highway in the geotechnical area is affected by the conditions of rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, cumulative rainfall capacity, and rainfall patterns. In addition, the changes of rainfall infiltration rate in the side slope of highway in rock and soil area and the migration rules of water field in side slope are also obtained. The findings of this study can be used as a reference and basis for engineering design and construction. Moreover, the safety coefficient of the slope after renovation meets the stability requirement. Therefore, the slope engineering treatment measures on both sides of the highway can effectively deal with the hidden disaster brought by landslide deformation or instability.

The smash-ridging tillage (T) treatment and no-tillage (NT) treatment were set up in the sugarcane planting area of the Lijian Research Science Base of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The soil moisture content at 5, 20 and 40cm depths were obtained by location monitoring, and the soil thermal conductivity was calculated combined with some basic soil properties. The results showed that the soil thermal conductivity of T treatment at different depths were 40 cm>20 cm>5 cm. And in the site of NT treatment of that were 40 cm>5 cm>20 cm. In a few words, the thermal conductivity above 20 cm layer of soil at T treatment were basically significantly higher (P<0.05) than NT during the experiment period, but were not significant difference between T and NT treatment at the 40 cm depth. These laws were mainly due to the ability of smash-ridging tillage of storing water greater than the no-tillage pattern, which indicating the smash-ridging tillage in this study can improve soil thermal conductivity better.

In order to solve the problem of high dust concentration in fully mechanized top-coal caving face with difficult wetting and high dust production, a combined water injection test of "long period static pressure, alternating dynamic static pressure and static pressure in stress-affected zone" was carried out in Wangjialing Coal Mine with the engineering background of fully mechanized top-coal caving face in 20107 and combined with the previous water injection test and field actual situation. By comparing and studying the wetting and dust-reducing effects of different water injection methods and borehole spacing, the water injection process parameters suitable for this kind of coal seam are obtained. The field practice shows that the wetting radius can be increased to 3 m by the combined water injection process. In the water injection area with 5 m drilling spacing, the total dust removal efficiency can reach 57% and the respirator dust removal efficiency can reach 70%. It can effectively solve the dust hazard problem of the working face, and the effect is re-markable.

Oil and gas field development are characterized by high risks and uncertainties, thus making relevant risk evaluation is an essential decision to reduce development losses. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of traditional evaluation methods, combined with a gas field development example, the Real Option method is used to break through the "static" evaluation of the Net Present Value of traditional assessment, and the uncertainty factor is taken as an active impact factor, which the bigger to may excavate greater result. The benefits are calculated by numerical simulation using Monte Carlo Simulation method to establish a Real Option model based on volatility estimation. The evaluation results show that the Monte Carlo Simulation uses the correlation between the indicators to establish a Net Present Value model, which can comprehensively consider a variety of factors, and can also obtain the corresponding cumulative probability. The results are more objective and more realistic, and more reasonable evaluation.

In view of the coupling problem of gas and coal spontaneous combustion in goaf of 2302 coal mining face in Weijiadi Coal Mine in Jingyuan Coal Area, if the control is not in place, it may cause serious accidents such as gas explosion. By means of fluent simulation, the spontaneous combustion period and oxygen distribution of residual coal in goaf are obtained, and the minimum advancing speed of coal mining face to prevent spontaneous combustion in goaf is calculated to be 1.43m/d. By implementing fire prevention measures such as blocking air leakage in upper and lower corners, grouting and nitrogen injection in goaf, the oxygen concentration in goaf is controlled within 11%, and the spontaneous combustion zone of oxidation is fast. Transferring to asphyxiation zone and preventing the residual coal from firing in goaf are of great significance for ensuring the safety of mine production.

The CO₂-soluble surfactants have been studied extensively for their ability to reduce gas mobility and provide the essential mobility control in CO₂-EOR in recent years. In this paper, the synergism of the mixture was investigated. It was conducted that the cloud pressure points of surfactants mixture were located in the middle of single component. However, the synergism of viscosity was positive absolutely, where the apparent foam viscosity of mixture in sand-pack could increase 22.3% and 8.5% separately, comparing with C_12-14NEO₂ and C_16-18NEO₅. Anyway, adding the C_16-18NEO_x to C_12-14NEO₂ makes the CO₂ foam more stable and viscous and CO₂ mobility in reservoir was reduced efficiently.

Grab swing during crane acceleration and deceleration will have an impact on work efficiency and safety. In this regard, the swing amplitude of the grab during the operation must be controlled within a certain range. According to the mechanical analysis of bridge crane's grab, the mathematical model between crane's horizontal movement and grab swing is established. A time delay filter technique is applied to shape the acceleration control signal, thus effectively control the swing angle of the grab. Simulation results show that the control method with time delay filter could eliminate the swing of the grab even without measuring the swing angle, and is feasible for engineering applications.

According to the functional requirements of the slope monitoring system, the angle sensor is taken as the research object, and the digital inclinometer suitable for slope monitoring is developed. The software and hardware design, data error correction, data transmission protocol and external structure design of the inclinometer are mainly solved. At the same time, the joint adjustment, installation and operation and maintenance of the slope monitoring system are completed.

With the continuous development of modernization in the central and western regions, the construction speed of the Panshan Highway has accelerated, and a large number of slopes have been formed. In order to ensure the safety of road vehicles in Laoshan District, it is necessary to monitor the safety of dangerous slopes, so it is essential to establish a complete slope geological monitoring system. Based on the development of wireless sensor network technology, the key technology of wireless sensor network technology based on slope monitoring system is studied, and a simple and effective wireless sensor network protocol is designed. The protocol architecture is divided into four layers, of which the link layer is mainly based on the IEEE802.15.4 protocol technology. The routing layer is mainly based on DSR technology, but it proposes a new method to solve routing loop problems, and designs a cooperative working mode of link protocol and routing protocol. Slope geology based on the agreement. The monitoring system is well monitored for the safety of dangerous slope geology.

Natural fractured reservoirs exist widely in the world. The heterogeneous porous medium was idealized to be a uniform system of the fracture and matrix for the convenience of numerical simulation. The traditional method to describe the flow exchange between the matrix and fracture is using a function related to shape factor and the pressure difference between the matrix and fracture. However, this classical model cannot be applied for the incompressible fluid. A new exchange flow computational method between matrix and fractures of quasi-one-dimensional flow in fractured reservoirs is proposed in this article. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate that the proposed method can provide more accurate results.

The Bang-Bang control is one of the primary control methods to increase the cumulative oil production for water-flooding reservoir. The on-off state and operating time of the injection wells are adjusted to enhance the efficiency. In this article, the oil-producing characteristics of Bang-Bang control for optimization problems of 2D reservoir is studied. The efficiency of Bang-Bang control in different stages during the whole oilfield development process has been concluded. The regularity of the Bang-Bang control's strategy is summarized. The numerical simulation results show that, in early stage of oilfield development, Bang-Bang control may be the optimal solution amongst two-segment regulation strategies. In middle period, Bang-Bang control gains less oil production than the simultaneous optimization scheme. In high water-cut period, Bang-Bang control's oil production is approaching simultaneous scheme. For Bang-Bang control's optimal strategies, according to the distance between the production well and injection well, the farther injection well is supposed to open first, then it will be closed and nearer well will open to operate in the next segment. With the total production time become longer, the proportion of farther well's operating time will increase and stabilize at certain value finally. For engineering practice, it indicate that the optimal regulation strategies need to be formulated according to reservoir's development stages in order to improve the efficiency of oil production.

The discrete fracture model (DFM) is widely used in order to simulate the flow state of two phase flow in fractured reservoirs. There is a strong capillary pressure contrast between the matrix and the fracture in low-permeability reservoirs with conductive fractures. The physical quantities of the matrix-fracture interface change drastically and the flow pattern near the interface depends on the flow direction which make it very difficult to calculate the matrix-fracture exchange flux. New interface conditions are applied in this paper to get a scheme for calculating the m-f exchange flux. Based on new interface conditions the scheme for calculating the exchange flux is established. This scheme can improve the computational efficiency of the multi-phase flow in DFM since considering the discontinuous of physical quantities near the interface. The numerical test show that the proposed model has better performance than the traditional model.

Based on the measured data of gas production and backflow flux in Sichuan Province of China, pressure-sensitive effect is studied based on history matching in this article. When the shale gas development is on-going, the reservoir pressure declines and micro-fracture network may be partially closed in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The closure of micro-fracture network not only leads to the decrease of absolute permeability, but also to the variation of relative permeability curve. The pressure-sensitive effect coefficient of relative permeability is introduced in this article to characterize this effect.

IN order to realize the energy saving potential of natural water sources, a complex system of low temperature surface water cooling and water source heat pump is proposed. Taking the actual project as an example, a LCC calculation model for engineering evaluation was established. DeST-c was used to simulate the annual energy consumption of the engineering example. The relationship between load changes of FCU and AHU is analysed when the outdoor climate and the use of building changed. The calculation of LCC was based on performance curves of water source heat pump unit and variable frequency pump. Comparing the LCC components with the hybrid system, conventional system and water source heat pump, it was found that the LCC of hybrid system was 70% of conventional system and 83% of water source heat pump. The hybrid system of low temperature surface water cooling and water source heat pump has great energy saving potential and economic benefits.

Taking the subway shield tunnel of Dagengjia Station to Longchuan Road Station of the first phase of Harbin Rail Transit Line 2 as the background, the freezing construction scheme and construction of the interval connecting-passage were introduced. The analysis and monitoring data show that the maximum settlement of the ground caused by the construction of the freezing method is -5mm, the maximum ridge is 6.12mm; the maximum settlement of the underground pipeline is -5.51mm; the maximum settlement of the connecting-passage is -7.13mm, the convergence value The maximum is 1.80mm, which is less than the construction control value and meets the construction requirements.

Based on construction of dust particles extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the optimized analysis, to determine the optimal experimental conditions of ultrasonic extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are normalized concentration analysis, Phenanthrene (PhA) was the highest, accounting for 29.1% of the total PAHs, followed by Naphthalene (NaP) 18.9%, Benzo[b] fluorathene (BbF) 13.1%, Pyrene (Pyr) 8.2%; building the dust PM2.5 fine particles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons the source component spectrum, provide analysis data for the control and management of pollution sources.

With the increase of the demand for deep peak regulation of power grid, large-capacity units have the advantages of strong peak regulation capacity. 1000MW units have been widely involved in deep peak regulation. In the process of deep peak regulation, the actual working condition of the unit deviates greatly from the designed working condition, and the unit efficiency decreases significantly, making the unit economy deteriorate seriously, especially in the 1000MW grade unit. In this paper, a 1000MW unit depth peak adjustment is experimentally studied and its economic indexes are calculated. Then, by analyzing the test data, the optimization Suggestions for the operation of the unit during the depth peak adjustment are put forward:(1)Improve the opening of the high pressure switch of the unit to reduce throttling loss and improve the unit efficiency; (2)Increase the reheat steam temperature to ensure the stable operation of the reheat steam temperature at 620 °C of the full load section; (3) Keep a circulating pump running at a low speed during deep peak adjustment to reduce power consumption.

It is important to study the decomposition process and nutrient dynamics of aquatic plants in order to understand the material circulation process of water ecosystem. The decomposition and release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from aquatic plants at different temperatures were studied by indoor plant decomposition simulation test. The results show that temperature has obvious effect on the decomposition process of aquatic weeds. High temperature is obviously beneficial to the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. With the increase of temperature, the amount of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus released into the water increased. The decomposition rate decreases with time.

With decrease of water resources and increase of energy demand in social life, uncertainty of food supply, which becomes severe, increase necessity of initiating a study of the degree of the coupled coordination among these three subsystems. Taking Henan Province as the research object, this paper calculates the coupled coordination degree in Henan Province from 2008 to 2018 by referring the coupling model. The results show that the degree of the coupled coordination of these three is divided by 2013, showing high coupling and extreme coupling state.

Aiming at the characteristics of industrial carbon dioxide emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in the past decade, the relationship between carbon dioxide emission intensity and socio-economic impact factors in various regions was studied by co-integration test. The study found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between carbon dioxide emission intensity in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and industrial scale, industrial structure, and energy structure. From the data of the past ten years, the industrial structure will be a long-term factor affecting the industrial carbon emissions of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei.

In the later stage of water flooding and subsequent water flooding, due to the long mining time, the proportion of oil production in the stage is relatively large. Therefore, the comprehensive adjustment in the later stage of polymer flooding plays an important role in the development of the whole polymer flooding. This paper analyzes the main contradictions in the late stage of polymer flooding in the second block of the western block of a certain area, finds corresponding solutions, further improves the development effect of block polymer flooding, and provides reference for the rational development of other blocks in the future.

At the end of 2012, the three types of oil layers completed the design of the polymer dosage. Since the water content did not rise and the concentration of the polymerization was low, the injection was prolonged from January of the 13th. The extension of the injection phase still has a strong injection capacity, and the water-bearing initial stage is slowly and slowly recovered. In this paper, the characteristics of water cuts in the extended injection phase of the test area are analyzed in combination with different water body water change laws and comprehensive adjustment methods, in order to optimize the three types of oil stratification. The design of the drive scheme provides a basis for accurately predicting the ultimate improvement of the recovery rate of the three types of oil layers.

In this experiment, the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil nutrient content and enzyme activity under straw mulching conditions were studied by using the soil of jujube garden for 4 consecutive years. The results showed that different fertilization treatments significantly improved the soil fertility of the pear jujube garden in the loess hilly region. In the vertical section of the soil, the soil organic matter content decreased with the increase of soil depth, showing 0∼20 cm>20∼40 cm>40∼60 cm. And the total nitrogen content ofN3P3K1 was the highest at 40∼60 cm, which was 0.28 g/kg, which was 47.4% higher than that of CK. The available phosphorus content of N3P3K1 treatment was higher than other treatments at 20∼40 and 40∼60 cm, and its content was 4.4 and 3.6 g/kg. Different fertilization treatments affected soil enzyme activities. The urease activity of N3P3K1 treatment was 299.27 μg/g, which was 88.2% higher than that of CK. The effect of single application of phosphate fertilizer was the most significant, 54.17 μg/g, which was 98.1% higher than that of CK. Comprehensive analysis N3P3K1 treatment can more effectively improve soil fertility, improves soil enzyme activity, and is conducive to planting and producing pear dates.

Wetland is an important part of the ecosystem and important research subject in global environmental change and sustainable development. This study parents a wetland analysis of Hebei Province in China for the period from 2009 to 2017, on the basis data statistics and GIS technology. The results show that, wetland area decreased from 27.0×104 hm2 to 24.0 ×104 hm2, decreased of 3853.42 hm2 with an average annual, decreased rate 0.7%-2.4%. The structure of costal shoal, inland shoal and marshland remained at 0.36:0.60:0.04 level. The transition between wetland and other types of land were calculated by Matrix Model of Land Transfer. The results show that the wetland area mainly from cultivated land, water -water conservancy facilities land and woodland, mainly converted to urban industrial land and transportation land. The characteristics of spatial and temporal pattern change is significant. where wetlands have declined dramatically are concentrated in four areas. They are District of Bashang Plateau-Yanshan Mountain northern, District of Qin-Tang-Cang coastal city, Central plain of the province, Southwest of the province respectively.

This paper takes the central city of Malone as an example to establish a basic database of GIS and construct an urban land development intensity control system. Research on the introduction of land mass potential, economic benefits, human settlements and other factors, from different dimensions to establish a benefit model, economic model, environmental model, comprehensive determination of the study area control intensity indicators. The conclusion shows that the area with high strength F of grid unit development is located in the south of Malong Old Town, the most part of the east-west main road and the adjacent areas in the east and west. From the overall F-value spatial distribution, the development intensity of the southwest is suitable for a higher floor area ratio (FAR). Secondly, the development intensity of the northwestern region is suitable for a relatively low construction floor area ratio (FAR).

The integrity of oil and gas pipelines is seriously impacted by unstable slopes in tough terrain in western China. The quantitative evaluation technology is an effective method for pipelines risk management under the threat of geohazard. In order to establish the pipeline vulnerability evaluation indexes under effect of unstable slope, the finite element method is adopted to simulate unstable slope movement, pipeline mechanical behavior and pipe-soil interaction by changing geometrical sizes and mechanical characteristics of them, such as the material composition of unstable slope, movement type of unstable slope, diameter and wall thickness pipelines. The regularity for change of stresses and deformations of pipeline subjected to unstable slope can be obtained by means of numerical calculation.

The lever type multifunctional plane strain model test equipment is mainly composed of the basic frame, loading system, data acquisition and measurement system, and auxiliary device. Its biggest feature is the "multiple use of one machine", which means a variety of geomechanical tests can be carried out with one equipment. The load is carried out by the principle of double lever amplification. The load can be altered by changing the counterweight at the end of the rod. Since the counterweight is determined, the load is constant. Equipped with an automatic device integrating mining, chip removal, support and monitoring, it can realize quantitative mining, timely chip removal, temporary support, real-time monitoring, improve automation and intelligence of model test, which is closer to the simulated engineering practice. The equipment has excellent mechanical properties and can meet the needs of different geotechnical engineering research.

Feeding device is the main mechanism of truck-mounted drilling rig, and determines the rig's performance. Three types of feeding device such as double-cylinder telescopic mast, three-cylinder telescopic mast, and sub-load composite cylinder-winch are designed based on the analysis of the working principle and load characteristics of the feeding device. The paper compares the three schemes of structure design and composite cylinder-winch structure is established as the optimal scheme. Then the optimal scheme's strength is checked using finite element analysis method and the main points of its structural design are pointed out.

Rigid pipeline assembly via welding has rich applications in mechanical engineering and civil engineering. The quality of assembly directly influences the reliability, performance, and lifecycle of products. In the assembly process, two ends of a rigid pipeline are required to be matched with another two ends of existing pipelines. Due to the installation errors, two ends of a rigid pipe may not match their corresponding targets. To mitigate the dismatch, the following two issues need to be addressed: (i) matching the axis lines of the ends of the moving pipe and the axis lines of the ends of the existing pipes; and (ii) maximizing the overlap areas of each end of the moving pipe and its corresponding target on an existing pipe. The mathematical model of rigid pipeline assembly problem is established and a method for computing a nice initial position of the moving pipeline with respect to installed pipes is proposed. An iterative optimization algorithm are elaborated to address the problems. Using a running example, it is shown that our proposed methods are efficient for solving the problems.

After the railway emergency, how to transport emergency rescue resources to the accident site in time and reduce all kinds of unnecessary losses caused by the accident is the primary purpose. Based on the theory of Geographic Information System (GIS), a calculation model of the shortest path was established. By using ArcMap software, the network data set based on railway network was analyzed and calculated, and the shortest path from emergency rescue point to accident point was solved and visualized. And supposed that an emergency happened in the area under the jurisdiction of Nanchang Railway Administration, and made an empirical analysis of it. It provides reference for the selection of emergency rescue path after railway emergencies.

The study of reservoirs' macro-heterogeneity is one of the important research contents of secondary development and tertiary oil recovery in high water cut period reservoirs. The GX oilfield is a terrestrial sedimentary fault block reservoir. In the development area, there main develop structure reservoir, and the faults are developed intricately. Due to the combined effects of sedimentary environment, diagenesis and tectonism, the heterogeneity of reservoir plane and longitudinal are extremely strong, and the geological characteristics and development effects of different development units in the same interval are great different. In this paper, the GX1 fault block is taken as an example. The thickness of the reservoir, the geometry of the oil layer and the uneven distribution of the permeability are considered on the plane. The overlap of the sand body, the interlayer and the intra-layer permeability difference are considered on the longitudinal direction. Through the conduct research on the well pairs that have established the corresponding relationship between injection and production, regarding the quantitative results of the seepage capability between wells as basis, also considering the characteristics of stage development, to carry out the time-varying of heterogeneous and the target block's seepage capacity from the dynamic point of view. The research provides scientific support for the secondary development adjustment, tertiary oil recovery design and "two-three combination" enhanced oil recovery technology research to GX oilfield.

The fluidity of the coal water slurry during transportation, the stability during storage, and the combustion characteristics during atomization combustion have a great relationship with the rheological properties of the coal water slurry. In this chapter, the zwitterionic humic acid graft copolymer coal water slurry dispersing agent HSC and anionic humic acid graft copolymer dispersing agent HS were used to prepare Binchang coal water slurry. Dispersing agent, pulping concentration and temperature were discussed. The effect on the rheological properties of coal water slurry. The result shows that the coal water slurry made by HSC and HS with graft structure has obvious yielding pseudoplastic fluid characteristics, while the NSF and HA coal water slurry show slight yielding pseudoplastic fluid characteristics. With the increase of pulping concentration, water coal the apparent viscosity, yield stress and flow coefficient of the pulp show an increasing trend. The greater the pulping concentration, the flow characteristics of the coal water slurry will develop to the yielding plastic fluid; for the pulp made by HSC, when the pulping concentration At 67 wt%, the slurry exhibited a slight yielding plastic fluid characteristic. For the HS slurry, when the pulping concentration was 68 wt%, the slurry exhibited a slight expansion plasticity characteristic. At 25 ° C, the fluid model of the coal water slurry yields a pseudoplastic fluid, after which the elevated temperature can weaken the yield pseudoplastic properties of the slurry and cause the slurry to transform into a plastic fluid.

Fine particles emitted from lead smelting furnaces contains a variety of heavy metals and oxidized condensates, which are characterized by complex composition and great harm. In this paper, dust samples from lead smelter were collected, and particle size analysis, composition analysis, phase analysis and specific resistance test were carried out in the laboratory. According to the properties of the lead dust, the experiment flow of electric coagulation was designed to verify the effect of using electric coagulation to condense fine particles in lead dust.

The direct reading high-efficiency measuring instrument adopts a combination of dual flow and non-current collecting and measuring methods, that is, a flow tester is arranged at both ends of the water distribution device, and the flow changes above and below the water distributor are tested. The calculated difference flow rate is the actual water injection amount of the interval, and the flow adjustment based on this is highly targeted and accurate. At the same time, the cable is used to transmit signals, and the working condition of the plug adjusting device can be visually monitored through the notebook computer. The application of the PC measurement and adjustment software can calculate the water volume of the mixing layer and facilitate on-site operation. In this paper, the test situation of the dual flow non-current collecting direct reading high-efficiency measurement and adjustment process in the eccentric injection well stratification test site is summarized, and the practicability of the process on site is demonstrated. A detailed summary and argumentation were made for the advantages, problems and operational points that the process showed in the stratified test work.

With the development of computer technology, it is possible to visualize the demand of mine safety and production process. At the same time, the demand of mine resources for social construction and the people's lives has been showing a rapid upward trend, which invisibly brings opportunities and challenges to the development of mine undertakings. Under the dynamic environment, mine production, transportation, ventilation, gas, power supply and industrial television operation are monitored at any time, and enterprise panoramic information is displayed from multiple angles, so as to realize timely shunt processing and tracking of dispatching information. User staff can obtain real-time information such as location, thus ensuring the safety of mining personnel and property, improving work efficiency and enterprise benefits, and further promoting the design key components of the environmental dynamic geographic information system in mine scheduling. With environmental dynamics as the regulating variable, geographic information system is an information system that collects, stores, manages, describes and analyzes data related to the earth's surface, space and geographic distribution.

Offshore A oil field is a typical bottom water reservoir with thin thickness of oil layer and large thickness ratio of water layer and oil layer. Due to its strong bottom water energy, serious non-homogenous and the impact of the bottom ridge, most of the horizontal well production segment is seriously water out.Based on interaction relationship between horizontal segment trajectory and oil and-water interface, the distribution and contrast of permeability along horizontal segment and the comprehensive analysis of production performance, this paper combines the characteristics of the residual oil distribution of typical wells and the mechanism of dual compound oil addition, and from the perspective of combining theory with the field creatively put forward the dual composite water control mode of first injecting gel segment plug and then injecting foam. then completed the design of dual compound water control mode and dosage of the typical well. After processing water control measures, the production data shows that the water content decreased significantly after opening the well, from 95.1% before water control to 80%, which was 15% lower. Also the oil production rate has a significant increase from 2.3t/d before water control to maximum to 9t/d after implementing control measures and cumulative oil increase is 550t with effective period of 135 days. The effect of oil and precipitation is obvious.

Taking Chengdao oil field as an example, the establishment of spill risk emergency response framework system was discussed combined with the development of offshore oil spill risk. Based on the identification source of spill risk and the impact on the marine environment, we attempted to analyze the problem from the six aspects, including construction of the oil spill surveillance and monitoring capacities, construction of the warning capacities, construction of the command & organization & coordination mechanism, construction of the site disposal capacities, construction of the emergency guarantee linkage mechanism and construction of the environmental damage assessment. And finally, some guide was hoped to provide in the aspects of promoting the safety of offshore oil production, reducing the accident rate and improving the performance of emergency response.

The propagation of acoustic wave in viscoelastic media is of extremely important in seismic exploration, seismology and so on. This paper propose a novel difference scheme for acoustic wave equation in viscoelastic media simulation, named Optimal approximate analytic discretization method (ONADM). This is a new method which can suppress numerical dispersion effectively in larger space step in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to study the propagation of acoustic wave in viscoelastic media by using ONADM method. Finally, The numerical results demonstrate that the ONAD method for acoustic wave equation in viscoelastic media has obvious advantages.

In view of the characteristics of different bromine raw materials such as seawater, desalinated concentrated seawater, and cultured salt brine, the raw material liquid is carried out by examining physical and chemical indicators such as temperature, turbidity, pH, Br^-, suspended solids, COD, residual chlorine and chemical components. Purification, acidification, oxidation and other pretreatment processes are studied to form a pretreatment process suitable for different bromine feedstocks. Satisfy the influent water quality requirements of different bromine extraction methods, form a mature pretreatment process, provide important support for the related vertical issues in the field of bromine and the application of horizontal development projects such as feasibility study and design, and help to achieve desalination projects and The scientific combination of bromine engineering.

Aiming at the existing regional prediction methods of outburst danger and shock hazard can not meet the needs of precise control of coal and gas dynamic disasters in deep coal roadway excavation working face, using weight comprehensive index method, 13 factors reflecting the outburst and rock burst are considered, such as gas pressure, content and impact energy index, the buried depth of coal seam and gas pressure are taken as the key indexes, and the integrated regional prediction of dynamic risk in deep coal roadway strip is realized; The dividing index of the dynamic risk state grade in the roadway strip is determined, which is divided into four grades: no dynamic risk, weak dynamic risk, general dynamic risk and serious dynamic risk, and the corresponding countermeasures are worked out. The application results show that the integrated regional prediction method realizes the safe and rapid excavation of in Ding Ji mine 1222(1) coal roadway and Xie Yi mine 5131(5) coal roadway which the grade are general dynamic risk, it has important reference significance for similar conditions of mine.

With the development and extension of the mine, the mine gas, water, ground pressure and fire disasters further deteriorated, seriously affecting the safe and efficient production of the mine. Combining with the actual geological conditions, this paper analyses the feasibility of large diameter directional drilling construction on the roof of working face, calculates the construction horizon of directional drilling, and through field investigation, analyses the construction effect, extraction effect and cost comparison. Comprehensive comparison shows that large diameter directional drilling on roof can shorten the construction period of gas control engineering in working face, alleviate the situation of tense replacement of working face, reduce the amount of gas control roadway engineering, and save the cost of gas control engineering.

70%∼80% of the roadway is affected by mining, the most prominent problem is roadway maintenance under the influence of cross-mining. In this paper, the support of a rock backwind roadway in the east NO.4 mining area of a coal mine in huai-nan mining area is studied under the influence of mining in the lower 11-2 coal seam, The comprehensive support method of hollow grouting anchor cable anchoring and block erection is developed, and has carried on the successful application in the practice.

Based on the elasto-plastic softening model and the theory of gas seepage, this paper establishes the calculation model of the gas pressure and the pumping time of the coal around the mining. The COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software is used to simulate the gas pressure of the surrounding coal Distribution with time. According to the basic parameters of the 3# coal seam in the mine, the simulation results show that the effective sampling radius is 1.5m and the model is 1.6m, and the error is small within the allowable range. Based on the elastic - plastic softening model, the mining radius can provide the basis for the design of mine coal mining and drainage, improve the efficiency of gas extraction and ensure the safety of mine production.

With the deepening of deep water with HTHP oil and gas exploration, there are various reservoir systems, which are complex pressure systems and high and low pressure interfacing in the strata drilled at present. Downhole complications occur frequently in the drilling process, which seriously affects the safety of drilling operations. In this paper, we combine with the drilling example of deep water HTHP X1 well, dc index method and rock strength method are used to monitor formation pressure while drilling. The results show that the rock strength method is more accurate for pressure monitoring of deep water HTHP wells, and it can provide a reference for subsequent monitoring of formation pressure of deep water HTHP wells.

The Nadanhada terrane is the most developed area of Mesozoic marine strata in eastern China. The migration process of the Nadanhada terrane is restored from two aspects of Palaeomagnetism and biopalaeogeography. It is concluded that the subduction of the oceanic plate to the continental margin of East Asia is accompanied by the strong deformation of the sedimentary cover during the growth of the Nadanhada terrane. Under the continuous compressive force generated by the subduction of the oceanic plate to the continental margin of East Asia, accretionary wedges continue to form in the direction of oceanic basin. At the same time, large detachment planes gradually form between accretionary complex and the basement of the Jiamusi massif. The evolution history of the Nadanhada terrane can be divided into five stages: the drift stage, the accretion stage of the continental margin, the bending stage of the terrane structural line, the compression stage of the terrane and the anticlockwise rotation stage of the terrane. Bijin terrane can be seen as the extension of Nadanhada terrane in NNE direction.

The Nadanhada terrain is the most typical terrain in Northeast China. It is located on the West Bank of the Wusuli River in the east of Heilongjiang Province. The division of tectonic units in Nadanhada area includes five stages: geosynclinal fold zone, Mesozoic subduction zone around the Pacific Ocean, back-arc marginal sea, orogenic belt and terrain formed by the closure of forearc basin, and so on. During the Mesozoic, the northeastern China was affected by the Mongolia-Okhotsk Ocean closure and the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean, and a large-scale tectono-magmatic activity took place. At the same time, the Nadanhada terrane drifted from low latitudes and eventually grew on the eastern side of the Jiamusi massif. Therefore, the Nadanhada terrane was formed in an oceanic environment. During the Mesozoic, it was situated on the continental margin of East Asia and formed terrigenous turbidite at the trench. At the same time, it underwent continuous subduction and local accretion, and finally formed a complete sedimentary sequence including oceanic siliceous rocks and terrigenous melanges. The direction of the tectonic line of the Nadanhada terrane changes from north to south, from NNE to NNW, and then to NW, showing an arc structure protruding westward. The direction of the present tectonic line can not represent the direction of its formation. It is the direction after the transformation of Dunmi fault left-lateral strike-slip activity and Sikhot-Alin region whole rotation.

In the present study, the development of a submerged gas jet subjected to liquid cross flow is experimentally and theoretically investigated to evaluate the effects of the cross flow. Experimentally, a submerged gas jet is injected into the liquid flow with different cross velocities (0.35 m/s, 0.7 m/s, 1.0 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 2.0 m/s) created by the newly designed experimental facility. The jet morphologies are captured by shadow photography and the images are processed to extract the parameters of the gas/liquid interface. An integral model including the jet entrainment is proposed to predict the jet evolution. It turns out that the integral model is able to predict the jet development accurately, and an overall good agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental results over a range of cross flow velocities.

The eastern part of Xing No.1 ∼ No.2 area is located in the northeast of Xingbei development area, Daqing oilfield. This block has the "double height" feature of high degree of production and high comprehensive water cut. Because the block has produced oil for a class of reservoirs for three times, the overall production degree is relatively high. In order to effectively improve the block water flooding development effect, this paper adopts several evaluation indexes to study the block development effect and well pattern adaptability.

Daqing Oilfield Co., Ltd. passed the oil field test in Zone A of the company area on the three types of oil layers with effective thickness less than 0.5m and permeability less than 0.050 μ m². After the company's oil production area in Block A has been injected for more than 6 years, it has been found that the method has achieved good oil and precipitation effects. This paper analyzes the dynamic characteristics of injection wells and production wells after injection, and compares with the first and second types of oil layers, and summarizes the variation rules of low-segregation driving states of the three types of oil layers, which is important for guiding the development of the three types of oil layers in the future. significance.

As the oilfield development enters a high water-bearing stage, the water content of the main oil layer gradually increases, the inefficient and ineffective circulation is serious, and the remaining oil distribution is scattered. It is difficult to select the well and reservoir. Through comprehensive development of high-density 3D seismic work, the study area further elaborates the sedimentary microfacies of the reservoir, making the development of the reservoir and the connectivity between the oil and water wells clearer. At the same time, applying the well-seismic combination technology to the fault Understanding, further clarifying the relationship between injection and production, the understanding of the underground situation is becoming more and more clear. Based on the comparison and application of the fine geological research results in the study area, this paper expounds the role of fine geological research results in the remaining oil potential tapping in the extra high water cut period.

The foundation pit engineering design is continuously optimized and improved. With the development of scientific computing, especially the finite element analysis software technology in the popularization of soil parameter inversion, it provides a new technical approach. Midas GTS was developed to quickly complete the analysis and design of geotechnical and tunnel structures. It provides a variety of theoretical analysis and design functions, as well as a variety of constitutive and user-defined constitutive models to properly analyze the safety of foundation pit design. has become an important method for obtaining effective parameters in recent years.

Change of water storage over Middle East and North Africa (MENA) domain is presented during the period 2003-2017 using satellite data which is provided by the space mission, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Thirty-five basins over MENA domain are selected. Fourteen basins showed positive trend (increase) in water storage while the remaining basins showed negative trend (decrease) in the water storage. Our analysis revealed that most of the basins near the equator had positive trend (increase in storage) in groundwater changes in addition to showing periodic (increasing and decreasing) change. Volta basin highest monitored groundwater storage with 24.5cm within year 2010. On other hand, basin CHAASBasin174 has the lowest negative water storage by 20.5cm during year 2015.

South Yellow Sea is mainly located on the Yangtze platform, which is a sequence residual basin that has been migrated and superimposed since the late Proterozoic, and has been transformed many times to make the original appearance incomplete. South Yellow Sea Basin has a complex process of formation and evolution. South Yellow Sea has the characteristics of north-south block and east-west zoning. The fault is dominated by the direction of NEE, NE and NW. The fault zone has large extension length and staggered structures in all directions, which is featured by multi-type and multi-order. The main magmatic rocks in the South Yellow Sea are Yanshan period magmatic rock, and the distribution of rock mass is controlled by NE fracture, and has the characteristics of multi-stage activities with large and frequent strength. Since its formation, the South Yellow Sea region has experienced six tectonic movements, among which Yizheng Movement, the First Act of Wubao Movement, and Sanduo Movement are three major tectonic movements. The structural relationship and interaction between the Sino-Korean Block and Yangtze Block as well as Yangtze Block and South China Block, would provide important insights to the formation and evolution process of South Yellow Sea Basin, and the activity of Eurasian plate and the interaction between the surrounding plates.

The complex structural conditions of marine shale in Western Chongqing area lead to the problems of insufficient understanding of pore structure, unclear direction of in-situ stress and poor fracturing effect, which lead to the difficulty of shale gas development. Based on the experimental study and logging data, the calculation model of in-situ stress is established. Finally, the influencing factors of in-situ stress are analyzed. The results show that the distribution of three-direction stress in the target interval is σ_H>σ_v>σ_h, and the experimental and logging results are consistent. As a whole, the in-situ stress tends to decrease with the increase of depth, with little fluctuation and good continuity. The fragility characteristics of the reservoir are relatively good, and it is easier to form various cracks that are widely developed.

The salt-anhydrite formation has a highly negative impact on well construction, which can cause various drilling accidents upon drilling. In combination to salt-anhydrite characteristics of Missan Oilfields, a novel type of brine-based frilling fluid was established. The weighting manner of fixed salinity was evaluated, and key additives, viscosifier and filtrate reducer, were determined by single-factor experiments. The formula of brine-based drilling fluid was constructed as: fresh water + 0.6wt.% VIS + 2wt.% S-FLO+ (25wt.% NaCl + 5wt.% KCl + 8wt.% HCOONa) fixed salinity, which will be essential for further developing multifunctional high-density drilling fluids.

The brine-based drilling fluid is paramount for drilling operation in the salt-anhydrite formations. In this work, a novel high density brine-based drilling fluid was designed and established, based on the features of salt-anhydrite formation in Missan Oilfields. A suite of laboratory tests has been carried out to comparatively evaluate effect of key additive amounts on standard properties of drilling fluids. The formula of the high density brine-based drilling fluid was optimized. The newly developed brine-based drilling fluid possesses excellent rheology, filtrate, thermal stabilization, inhibition and lubricity properties, which can provide an alternative to drilling through the salt-anhydrite formation in Missan Oilfields.

The following results were obtained by analyzing the major elementss of bauxite in the Meitan-Fenggang area: 1) There is a correlation between Al, Si, Fe and Ti elements, and Al is negatively correlated with Si and Fe, Al and Ti have positive correlation, Si is negatively correlated with Fe and Ti; 2) Al, Si and Fe have a downward migration trend, and the migration of Si and Fe to the bottom is the key to the formation of high-grade bauxite; 3) The migration of Fe Al, Si is not completely synchronized, but However, the higher the Al content, the stronger the correlation between the samples Al, Si, and Fe.

Based on the previous study, combined with regional data, this paper studied the paleogeography and prospecting indicators of bauxite in Meitan-Fenggang area. The results show that: 1) The humid and hot paleoclimate is the favorable condition for bauxite formation; 2) The paleogeomorphology is closely related to the formation of bauxite, and the Karst depression plays a controlling role in the formation of bauxite; 3) The bauxite is formed in the near lake environment affected by seawater, and the property of water body is weakly alkali reduction. 4) There are a series of effective prospecting indicators in this area, mainly including macro geomorphological, stratum, color and underground water indicators.

After Daqing Lamadian Oilfield entered the stage of development of ultra-high water cut, the ineffective circulation of various oil layers was serious, which restricted the development benefit of oilfields. To this end, the research on deep profile control of water flooding is carried out, and the combination of polymer microsphere flexible diverting agent and bulk expanded particle slug is used to exert a slower blocking speed of polymer microspheres, and a certain resistance is established in the deep pores of the reservoir. To provide the main slug with aggregating residence time; to exert the superior advantage of flexible steering agent deformation and adhesion ability, to form a dynamic path-distributing mechanism in the deep cavity of the reservoir; to play the advantage of faster blocking speed of the bulk-expanding particles, to prevent the main section The plug was flushed by subsequent water injection. Through the multi-segment combination indoor core experiment, it is shown that the front section is filled with microspheres, the main section is filled with flexible agent, and the post-segment is filled with expanded particles, which can well block the invalid circulation part, improve the displacement effect and improve The recovery rate can reach 3.12 percentage points. On October 16, 2013, Daqing Lamadian Oilfield carried out a deep liquid flow steering test study on the 9-injection and 16-hole water-flooding group. The comprehensive water content of the affected oil wells decreased by 7.8 percentage points, and the cumulative oil increase was 5,435 tons. The rate is 2.7 percentage points, and the input-output ratio is 1:4.0, which has achieved better mine results.

The reservoir characteristics of tight sandstone gas reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and low permeability, which brings difficulties to the conventional pressure recovery well test in oil fields. The lower porosity and permeability greatly extend the test time. Radial flow was not detected when the oil well was shut down for more than one month. The well test curve showed strong multi-solution characteristics and could not obtain accurate formation parameters. In this paper, based on the characteristics of tight gas reservoirs, the well test interpretation method (PDA method) is applied to the application of production data. A set of explanations for using the production data to explain tight gas wells and carrying out capacity evaluation and prediction are proposed. The interpretation of the production data of 1 is compared with the interpretation results of the pressure recovery test of the well. The two methods have good consistency, and the multiple interpretation methods can better reduce the multi-solution of the well test interpretation, and verify the PDA. The feasibility of the method applied on tight gas wells, and finally the correctness of the method was verified by the capacity prediction method.

The geological reserves of the Sazhong transition zone are 10046×104t, accounting for 12.5% of the Sazhong development zone. The effect of fracturing stimulation in this block is of great significance for the stable production of the Sazhong oilfield. The transition zone has the characteristics of low porosity, low permeability and low oil saturation. The crude oil has three high and one low characteristics: high viscosity, high wax content, high freezing point and low sulfur content. In the transition zone, due to poor physical properties of the oil layer, unbalanced formation pressure, high proportion of low-yield and low-efficiency wells, and energy replacement of thin oil layers, it is difficult to tap the potential of the production increase measures, and the effect of the measures is getting worse year by year. According to statistics, since the transition zone has 40 fractured oil wells since 2009, the fracturing process is general pressure and multi-crack, and the average pressure is 3 layers and 1 slit. The average average sand volume of single seam is 7.1m3, the average sand ratio is 25.7%, and the penetration ratio is only 14.1%. The average initial liquid increase after fracture is 20.4t, and the average initial daily oil increase is only 2.5t. Therefore, the study of transition zone fracturing technology can improve the overall development effect of the block, which is of great significance for the sustainable high yield and stable production of the Sazhong Oilfield.

Qijiabei Oilfield belongs to ultra-low permeability and secondary pore development reservoirs. After years of water injection development, it is difficult to establish effective displacement, poor long-term low-efficiency wells and low development efficiency. problem. In view of the above problems, this paper uses fine reservoir description and multi-disciplinary integration technology to finely describe the fault location, subdivided sedimentary microfacies, partition segmentation fitting physical parameters and fine residual oil research, and find out the main problems of poor oilfield development. the reason. On this basis, according to the dynamic development characteristics, under the premise of quantifying the remaining oil to the permeability level, the targeted measures are formulated for the main remaining oil types, especially for the remaining oil with poor effect, according to the divisional adjustment ideas. The sub-well distinguishing area shall be formulated with individualized measures for tapping and digging potential, that is, comprehensively considering reservoir development, connectivity, and residual oil distribution rules, and implementing targeted oil and water wells corresponding adjustment and production techniques based on the detailed description of remaining oil. The water absorption ratio of oilfield sandstone increased by 8.4%, the output ratio of small layer increased by 18.7%, the natural decline rate decreased by 6.9%, the ultimate recovery rate increased by 1.22%, the oilfield development effect became better, and the research and synthesis of residual oil in complex ultra-low permeability reservoirs Digging potential provides a reference.

Based on FuYu formation of DaQing oil field, built the geology, 3D rock mechanics and 3D stress field models with core and logging data, and obtained the properties of any point between wellbores. With the fracturing principle, the actual geometry of the fractures can be calculated, and the asymmetry fractures model can be built, including the lengt'h, height, width and the direction of the fractures. With the analysis of production history, the residual oil distribution can be obtained, and the multiple fracturing procedure can be designed. With the guidance of the asymmetric fracture models, the daily increase of production is more than 4 ton.

Radioactive radon is an important hazard in indoor air environments. In order to study the concentration of radon in the building environment, this paper tests the content of cockroaches in a university dormitory, teaching building and auxiliary room through experiments. And the experimental results are analyzed. The results show that: In the built environment, the closer the soil is to the foundation, the higher the concentration of radioactive radon, and the effect of temperature and humidity on the concentration of radioactive radon is very small.

Based on the demand of ecological highway construction, this paper explores the research work of carbon sequestration forest. The introduction of forest carbon sinks and advanced concepts of the forestry carbon sequestration, and for the measurement of the highway in the carbon sink forest carbon sink monitoring and exploration on the aspects, such as, the forest carbon sinks and forestry carbon sink theory knowledge, used in highway transportation, implements the carbon sink forest methodology used in the field of traffic, road area change ever green landscape, the shrub tree species as the main design concept, put forward the concept of carbon sequestration in the road system and based on the neutral roadside greening design forestry carbon sequestration. On the basis of energy conservation and emission reduction, the construction of carbon sequestration forest is adopted to solve the carbon emission problem of the transportation industry from another perspective, so as to improve the quality of planting trees along the transportation lines of Jiangsu province and even the whole country, update the greening concept, enhance carbon sequestration and ecological efficiency, and open up a new path for building a green transportation environment.

In this paper, the characteristics of pressure-sensitive adhesive, the properties of pressure-sensitive adhesive and the preparation of pressure-sensitive adhesive are introduced. The research progress of emulsion acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is the focus of this paper. The methods of producing this kind of pressure-sensitive adhesive and their advantages and disadvantages in recent years are summarized.

The research progress of emulsion acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is the focus of this paper. The methods of producing this kind of pressure-sensitive adhesive and their advantages and disadvantages in recent years are summarized. The advantages of adding silicone monomer, adhesive resin, active emulsifier or core-shell polymerization are discussed. At last, the emphasis and prospect of emulsion acrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive in the future are prospected.

In the future, energy development will face a series of severe challenges, such as insufficient domestic conventional energy resources, huge oil supply gap, large amount of clean energy needed by cities, and huge international pressure on global climate change. This paper uses historical data and genetic algorithm to improve it, and uses function expansion model to reveal the internal proportional connection between energy consumption and economic development. By comparing the forecasting methods of clean energy demand, it is found that the energy consumption elasticity coefficient method is used to measure and predict the growth ratio of energy consumption, and the figure in the next few years is measured. The software has self-built optimization model, reflects energy supply and demand fluctuations, and generates reports. It can make decision support for regional clean energy system planning, miscalculation and clean energy demand forecasting.

The physiological effects of Cd, Pb and Ti combined stresses on 3-year-old Olive seedlings were studied in this experiment and the change of heavy metal content in the soil after stress. The results showed that soluble protein, SOD activity and soluble sugar increased first and then decreased with the increase of Cd and Pb combined stress concentration, and then increased again with the addition of 2% and 4% Ti. POD activity decreased first then increased, MAD activity decreased first increased then decreased. The change of heavy metal content in the soil after stress first increased then decreased. Therefore, when the content of heavy metals in soil is low, olive can defend and repair itself to reduce the harm of growing environment. On the contrary, when the metal content in soil is too high, the decrease of plant stress resistance will be detrimental to its growth.

Inversion of regional rainfall by the attenuation of microwave links has been confirmed a promising method for monitoring large areas of rainfall. To further explore precipitation information from microwave links data, a reconstruct method of rainfall field using microwave links, weather radar and rain gauges is presented in this letter. We utilize mean correction factor method to adjust the rainfall field from radar by microwave links and rain gauges; and validate it by a field experiment using two microwave links, a S-band radar, and 15 rain gauges. The results show that the rainfall field can be improved significantly by joint reconstruction of microwave links, weather radar and rain gauges, and the joint reconstruction in evenly distributed area is better than that in unevenly distributed area. This method supplements an effective approach to reduce the uncertainty of single instrument and improve the rainfall field by using multiple instruments.

An analysis of the inter-diurnal variation of road surface temperature in the different weather conditions in Beijing winter is done, based on the data of the road stations from 2012 to 2017 and the outcomes from the numerical forecasting model, Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System (RMAPS), which are constructed in this paper. First, the correlation coefficients between road surface temperature and the meteorological factors output by the RMPAS model are investigated. We used the stepwise regression model methods to build three kinds of types of statistical models for hourly road surface temperature in 24 h in winter. Then the best forecasting models are chosen to build for forecasting road minimum temperature in winter from A1027 road station selected. The results show that there exists a significant diurnal variation for the road surface temperature, suggesting that the road surface temperature is obviously different under the different kind of weather conditions. The road surface temperature is correlated with air temperature, atmospheric radiation, and sunshine duration. Compared to the type of statistical model with the only one factor for the road temperature of previous day, the type of regression model with meteorological elements of remarkable correlation inserted performs better in terms of the road surface temperature forecast accuracy by more than 25%, and the prediction error decreases by 1 °C.

The problem of water pollution is becoming more and more serious, and the release of endogenous pollution in water sediments is an important aspect. The paper summarizes the chemical, environmental and hydrodynamic factors of common pollutants in sediments, and the effects of endogenous pollutants release, pollution control and treatment in the sediments, put forward some ideas about the development of research on endogenous pollutants in sediments. It is hoped to promote the in-depth development of prevention and treatment of endogenous pollutants in water sediments.

The prevailing problems in countryside, such as excessive use of chemical fertilizer and large amounts of livestock manure, need to be addressed urgently. In order to optimize the amount of applied organic fertilizer, the experiment was carried out in the planting-breeding combined circular agricultural area of Huang-Huai plain and the effects of pig manure fertilizer amounts on lettuces yields, quality and nitrate/phosphorus utilization efficiency were investigated. It was found that the replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer had no significant effects on the N and P content of lettuces when treated with the same amounts of fertilizer. However, it could improve its yield, quality, and nitrogen/phosphorus utilization efficiency. When the ratio of organic fertilizer replacement was 25%∼75%, the nitrate and nitrite content of lettuces were reduced by 19.41% and 73.33% compared with the chemical fertilizer treatment. The nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency in the 75% organic fertilizer replacement were highest, which were 30.4%/44.9% higher than that of chemical fertilizer respectively. Above all, the 75% organic fertilizer with 25% fertilizer group had the best effect on the yield of lettuces, improving the quality and utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. The results could provide an important scientific basis for determination of regional vegetable planting fertilizer and reduce the non-point source pollution risk.

The soil-water characteristic curve is an important curve in the study of unsaturated soil mechanics. It plays an important role in improving theoretical analysis and numerical calculation in geotechnical engineering to find out the effect of initial dry density on SWCC. Based on the filter paper test, four soil-water characteristic curves of Hefei remolded expansive soil samples under different initial dry densities were determined. The influence of initial dry density on SWCC was systematically analyzed. The results show that: (1) In the w-s curve, the suction will increase with the decrease of moisture content, and SWCC will move to the upper right with the decrease of dry density. (2) In the ω-s curve, the influence of the dry density on SWCC decreases as the suction becomes larger. When the moisture content is less than 10%, the difference in dry density no longer affects the SWCC. (3) Part of the SWCC with moisture content below 10% can be measured only once, which has important guiding significance for improving the efficiency of SWCC test. (4) In the Sr-s curve, the suction will increases with the decrease of the saturation, and the increase of the dry density of the sample causes the move of SWCC to the upper right.

Rapid urbanization process is accelerating the dramatic transformation of urban land cover, creating strong economic, social and environmental impacts. Many studies have achieved significant achievements in the application of Landsat satellite data to assess the land cover change. Remote sensing images of contain the necessary spectral and spatial features of the various objects. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is utilized to analyze remote sensing images of landsat satellite data and is one of the most widely used numerical indicator for calculating the visible (VIS) and near-infrared bands (NIR) of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this study, the NDVI based classification has indicated about significant change in land cover in Hanoi, Vietnam from 2001 to 2017. The study results show that a major change has been found in the vegetation cover area where about 56 km² (accounts for 12.3%) area has been lost during the period from 2001 to 2017. This study demonstrates the importance of considering land cover change to improve the quality and optimizing the model of land use in urban areas.

The stability of underground tunnel is closely related to the stress status of surrounding rock mass. Aiming at a typical large-span hydraulic tunnel, the variation of deformation and stress of rock mass during excavation was investigated. Results show that the peripheral convergence of surrounding rock increases with buried depth, and the crown settlement is more sensitive to depth. The horizontal displacement of surrounding rock decreases with the distance to tunnel side wall and the excavation disturbance is about 2 times of the tunnel width. There are obvious time and spatial effects of displacement because of the existence of working face. The restrain distance is about 1.5 times of tunnel width. The excavation of the tunnel changes the stress status of surrounding rock mass. Stress concentration first forms above the crown of the tunnel and then a continuous stress arc develops around the support. The stress arc is favorable to the stability of tunnel.

In this paper, the H-mine is taken as the research background, and the critical layer theory is used to determine the reasonable height of the "three belts" of the overlying strata in different mining heights. This thesis uses FLAC3d numerical simulation to analyze the law of failure in roof movement under different mining height conditions. The research shows that the height of the fracture zone increases abruptly with the increase of the mining height due to the influence of the key layer. Each mutation indicates that a key layer is broken to form the masonry beam structure. In the numerical simulation, the plastic zone of the working face has a "saddle-shaped" distribution with high ends and low middle. With the increase of mining height, the differences between the plastic zone range above the mining boundary and the central plastic zone is reduced. From the bottom to the top, the roof is divided into several regions, that is, tensile failure region, the shear tension failure region, shear failure zones and undamaged areas. With the increase of mining height, the pre-stress concentration factor and the lateral stress concentration coefficient increase linearly, and the lateral stress concentration factor is slightly lower than the pre-stress concentration factor. The peak position increases as the height increases.

To improve the accuracy of methods for analyzing retaining structures, a model test study was conducted to simulate the process of excavation in sand. The displacements and moments of the rowed piles in corresponding excavation stages were measured and analyzed. The method for analyzing three dimensional behaviour of retaining structures based on additional earth pressure theory showed accuracy better that form the methods based on traditional three-dimensional elastic reaction method based on total earth pressure theories. The applicability and validity of the additional earth pressure theory was discussed and verified.

In order to study the characteristics of flow field at different deflecting sections of shale gas horizontal Wells, actual downhole string model is established to study the bottom-hole and annulus flow field characteristics by numerical simulation technology. The results show that the variation of deviation Angle has little influence on bottom hole and near bottom annulus flow field. When optimizing construction hydraulic parameters, the influence of the variation of inclined angle on bottom-hole flow field can be neglected. However, the distribution of annular velocity far away from the bottom hole is different, and the flow field characteristics of high inclined angle well are better than others, it is not easy to form cuttings bed during in construction. But more attention should be paid to problems of rock carrying in the low angle deflecting section of well. The research results can be used to guide the optimization of construction parameters and focus on the difficult problems in deflecting section of shale gas horizontal Wells.

Waste heat recovery of waste gas in rising tube is a complex heat transfer process, and this paper analyses and studies the heat transfer problem of the coke hoist heat exchanger in 1 coking cycle by theoretical derivation and numerical calculation. Based on the thermal balance equation, the heat transfer differential equation of the gas flow of the rising tube is derived, the mathematical model of heat transfer for waste gas waste heat recovery is established, and the heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient of the coke oven rising tube heat exchanger in 1 coking cycle are obtained. In 1 coking cycle, the heat transfer of waste gas fluctuates in 1 coking cycle, and the heat transfer of waste gas in the rising tube is 19 to 26 kW, with an average heat transfer coefficient of 30 to 36 W/(m2·K). In the late coking, with the decrease of waste gas flow and the decrease of heat transfer, it will cause the temperature of the rising tube wall to change, and the gas flow should be maintained in the late stage of coking to prevent the phenomenon of sudden change of the inner wall temperature; In the actual production can be several coke ovens in parallel production, and the flow and temperature of waste gas timely monitoring, so that the flow of waste gas control at 800m3/h, improve the efficiency of waste gas waste heat recovery.

Taking mercury-contaminated farmland in Tongren city, Guizhou province as study area, we conducted five interpolation methods, including inverse distance weight, radial basis function, global polynomial, local polynomial and kriging, for the collected soil mercury content data. The interpolation results were evaluated by cross validation. The results indicated that the five methods can accurately reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of the study area and the interpolation effect and precision of kriging method are optimal. In kriging method, the accuracy of removing second-order trends is highest, and the interpolation effect of exponential model is the best. The variation function model of kriging method shows that soil mercury content in this region is mainly affected by natural factors, but less affected by random factors.

The Dibei gas field is a naturally fractured tight sandstone gas reservoir in the Tarim Basin, West China. It is characterized by large depth (4600–5200 m), huge thickness (100–200 m), low abundance, low matrix permeability, high pressure (80–95 MPa), high temperature (140 – 150°C) and strong heterogeneity. Different stimulation techniques were applied to improve well production. For the wells with good development of natural fractures, matrix acidizing, acid fracturing or conventional hydraulic fracturing is used. For the wells with low fracture density and huge thickness, separate-layer acid-fracturing, massive separate-layer hybrid fracturing or composite diverting agent is applied to improve stimulation efficiency. The low-damage high-temperature weighted fracturing fluids are used to reduce the effect of reservoir sensitivity and the treatment pressure, and high-strength proppant is used at the same time to keep high fracture conductivity. Meanwhile, large-diameter fracturing string with 3-1/2'' and 4-1/2'' connections is used to decrease pump pressure and increase pump rate. The above technologies were applied in more than twenty treatments in seven wells, of which more than half witnessed production increase. The matrix acidizing or conventional hydraulic fracturing is well performed for the wells with natural fractures, but inefficient for the extremely tight gas wells. In Well A without fractures, the massive separate-layer hybrid fracturing was used. In the treatment, a total of 1,328 m3 fracturing fluid was used, with 50 m3 proppant; the pump rate was 8 m3/min and the maximum pump pressure was 92 MPa. Unfortunately, the post-frac production was not as expected, mainly due to the damage of killing well. In Well B with fractures, high gas production was achieved by acid fracturing, but the gas rate dropped from 258,000 m3 to 51,000 m3 after killing well, and the gas rate never recovered even by acid fracturing, hydraulic fracturing and relieving damage with methanol. The development of natural fractures is the key controlling factor for gas production. Well C, less than 800 m from well B, The development of natural fractures is quite different from Well B, and 98,000 m3 gas rate was acquired after hydraulic fracturing with more than 1,000 m3 low damage high-temperature weighted fracturing fluid and 30 m3 proppant. The development of natural fractures is the key controlling factor for gas production and killing well damage is the fatal blow to the gas production, so the stimulation techniques and working fluid system should be prudently optimized.

Covering farming techniques is an effective means of protecting and managing soils in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid and drought-prone areas, and is a change to traditional farming systems. This technology can regulate the "water, fertilizer, gas, heat" of farmland soil, change the physical and chemical properties and environmental quality of soil in arid areas, and effectively solve a series of problems caused by drought and irrational farming. Through different farming cover measures, In order to achieve stable production and high yield, it has important promotion value in the loess area. Through comprehensive research on the relevant research and demonstration experience of predecessors, this paper deeply studies the growth and development of spring maize and soil water and fertilizer effects under different cropping practices. It is found that different coverage measures have significant gain effects on soil moisture and fertility. The increase in corn production has a positive effect.

This paper introduces the principle of the defogging algorithm and the steps of the algorithm implementation. According to the simulated image and result, the data is recorded, and the wavelet coefficient weighting is applied to evaluate the effect of remote sensing image de-clouding. Compared with the homomorphic filtering algorithm and Retinex algorithm, the wavelet coefficient weighting is applied to the remote sensing image. The effect of cloud treatment is very good.

Qinghai has abundant coal resources, but the accumulation of coal gangue poses a certain threat to the fragile ecology of the area. In this paper, coal gangue light ceramsite was prepared by using coal gangue from Qinghai Reshui coal mine as raw material and sodium carbonate as auxiliary material. The optimized process conditions are as follows: the mass ratio coal of gangue and sodium carbonate = 50:1 (10% hydrochloric acid contamination); the drying temperature is 105±2°C; the drying time is 90min; preheating temperature is 450°C; the preheating time is 10 min; the calcination temperature is 950 °C; the roasting time is 15 min. The ceramsite prepared under this condition has a packing density of 423 kg/m³ and a bulk density of 889 kg/m³. The process does not use fly ash, and all the coal gangue raw materials were used without any residue, which can effectively reduce the environmental pressure brought by the accumulation of coal gangue, and has high industrial application value.

Abnormal gas emission is a common gas phenomenon in coal mining face of gas mine. In order to prevent gas accidents, on the one hand, gas extraction measures are adopted to reduce or avoid abnormal gas emission; on the other hand, when abnormal gas emission is unavoidable, in order to prevent abnormal gas emission from occurring gas explosion accident by electric spark, non-cost cutting is adopted. Emergency measures such as power supply for quality and safety electrical equipment are taken as the second line of defense. Aiming at the abnormal gas emission phenomenon in East 102 coal face of Weijiadi Coal Mine, in order to avoid the gas explosion accident during the abnormal gas gushing period, the emergency measures for gas abnormal emission were expounded from the aspects of gas electric blockade, power cut and evacuation.

Strike-slip faults are nearly vertical sections and their two plates move relatively horizontally along strike. The existence of strike-slip faults makes the basin's structural styles diverse, forming abundant fault structural assemblages and structural style types. These abundant structural assemblages and styles may become favorable places for hydrocarbon accumulation. Distribution of hydrocarbon-rich sags is often controlled by faults, such as source rocks in the main period of Lishu fault depression near Sangshutai fault and Xiaokuan fault. Strike-slip faults control the sedimentary system and its evolution of oil-bearing basins and the distribution of secondary structural belts in basins, thus controlling the oil-gas system of basins. The exploration value and prospecting area of a petroliferous basin are determined in a large direction. The effect of Altun fault on Qaidam basin and Tanlu fault on Bohai Bay basin belongs to this category.

The statistics and analysis of mine gas extraction is very important for mine gas control, which provides a basis for the formulation of mine gas extraction plan. Because of its simple and convenient characteristics, it is favored by the engineering and technical personnel in the coal mine field, and has been widely used, and achieved good results. Based on the statistics of gas drainage in Weijiadi Coal Mine from 2008 to 2018, the characteristics and quantity of gas emission are analyzed according to the statistical results of gas drainage in Weijiadi Coal Mine, and the characteristics of gas emission in the process of driving in the main mining seam are predicted, and the mathematics relations of the length of driving roadway and the quantity of gas emission is obtained.

Mine fires are prone to cause catastrophic accidents such as gas accidents and coal dust explosions in gas-exposed coal mines, which seriously threaten the safe production of mining enterprises. In order to effectively reduce the probability of gas explosion in mines, an accurate prediction of possible fire hazards in Linhua Coal Mine is made: collecting data on fire occurrence indicators; using Weka software on the basis of rough set theory, selecting SVM classifier, BP neural network and J48 decision tree to obtain the accuracy of the samples to be tested; analyzing the detailed accuracy, confusion matrix and node error rate, and obtain the optimal algorithm. On this basis, a mine fire predictive control model is proposed to determine and control the hazard grade of mine fire source and effectively reduce the probability of coal mine fire occurrence. The establishment of this model greatly ensures the safe production of gas outburst mine.

Fixed bed reactors are widely used in desulfurization processes. However, this kind of reactors has an obvious disadvantage leading to discontinuous operation that the catalysts and adsorbents must be regenerated periodically. As a continuous operated reactor, moving bed reactor can let both gas and solids move through the reactor, making it possible to remove the saturated adsorbents as well as deactivated catalysts. Meanwhile, fresh gas and solids can be fed into the reactor. This paper builds mathematical model of adsorptive moving bed reactor based on Claus Process. The model is simulated with Aspen Custom Modeler. Simulation results show that adsorptive moving bed reactor has good performance in Claus Process. Under the reaction conditions, the adsorption ability is limited by the temperature. Adequate increment of adsorbent volume fraction in the solids can improve the reactor's performance.

To study the stress and strain of the tail beam and the change of the movement state when coal gangue particles impact the tail beam of the hydraulic support, coupled with the differences of impact results between coal rocks with different materials, this paper uses the method of joint simulation by Hypermesh and Workbench. Firstly, using the software Hypermesh to pre-process the impact model, and then importing the grid file into the finite element analysis software workbench. Finally, using the Explicit Dynamic module of Workbench to simulate and analyze the impact behavior of different coal gangue particles. The results show that, compared with gangue, the stress and strain, as well as the dynamic response of the metal plate caused by coal is smaller. This study can provide a reference for the study of dynamic characteristics of hydraulic support, and a research basis for the realization of coal gangue vibration identification method.

The nonlinear FEM can simulate the real working behavior of arch dam, but its result is related to iterative method and convergence control standard. This paper proposes iteration convergence criterion based on two iterative methods of Newton iterative method and modified Newton iterative method. Taking Xiluodu arch dam as an example, the article has conducted research to the problems above, thus obtaining some beneficial conclusions.

With the rise of cloud computing research, the advantages of cloud computing and storage resources are discovered continuously: distributed computing, massive, dynamic and so on. Consequently, more and more application systems begin to migrate to the cloud platform. However, the difference between cloud platform and traditional single or multiple sever model bring certain challenges to the system development. In this thesis, a Geography information query system based on HBase was studied and implemented rellied on National Geography Public Welfare Project. The query system can make users to retrieve the information of sea wind and satellite images by the graphical interface. Through the effective application of query technology, the system can efficiently extract the concerned Geography data information for the fishery production and Geography disaster prevention. This thesis firstly displayed the Geography information query system with the running examples, and secondly tested and analized the HBase query optimization technology to vertify its great expandability and usability. Finally, the performance test of Geography information query system indicated that the system had high scalability and high reliability in the cloud environment.

This paper combines the needs of the measurement and traceability of the measurement standard in the highway industry, and the application of the theoretical analysis and measurement method in the highway engineering metrological verification institution through theoretical analysis. The differences and application scopes of the two commonly used statistical methods are discussed with examples. The results show that the analysis results of the two comparison methods are basically the same. In practical applications, the appropriate method should be selected according to the comparison purpose and sample characteristics.

In the field of geotechnical engineering, in order to study the effects of rainfall erosion and seepage on the stability of slopes, the use of rainfall simulation tests in centrifuges has become a hot issue for scholars. In this context, many researchers have developed rainfall simulation devices in centrifuges and studied related theories. This paper summarizes the research status of the rainfall simulation device in the centrifuge in recent years, and it discusses the research status of the force exerted on the raindrop in centrifuge. The characteristics of various devices and analysis methods are reflected by comparison. This paper provides an important reference for future scholars in the study of centrifuge rainfall simulation.

In order to evaluate the safety of stress intensity of the plastic concrete cut-off wall in Rushan River underground reservoir, the most dangerous section of the cut-off wall was selected, the stress distribution characteristics of the cut-off wall were analyzed by ABAQUS finite element analysis method, the safety strength was rechecked, and the calculation results are compared with the stress calculation results of the elastic foundation beam method. The following conclusions are drawn. The calculation results of the two methods show that the water level difference between the two sides of the cut-off wall has a great influence on the stress of the cut-off wall. The maximum compressive stress of cut-off wall is less than 3 Mpa and the maximum tensile stress is less than 0.65 Mpa, which meets the design strength of plastic concrete cut-off wall. ABAQUS finite element analysis method is feasible in the stress analysis of cut-off wall. Compared with the results of elastic foundation beam method, the finite element method can better reflect the stress distribution and displacement deformation on both sides of cut-off wall. ABAQUS finite element analysis method has certain advantages in stress analysis of cut-off wall.

Direct shear test is one of the common method to study the parameters of shear strength and shear strength of soil. However, the current standard of geotechnical test method does not consider the calculation error caused by the change of shear area during shear process. In this paper, the direct shear test corrected calculation model considering effective shear area is established. This model shows that the test values of shear stress and normal stress are lower than the corrected values with the decrease of effective shear area, and the errors between them will increase with the increase of relative shear displacement. The analysis of the direct shear test results of silty clay shows that the errors between the test and corrected shear stress values are also related to the normal stress. The errors will increase with the increase of the normal stress. The shear strength parameters after correction tends to decrease. The effect of the corrected model on the cohesion is more significant than internal friction angle, and the effect on internal friction angle can be neglected approximately. On the basis of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, a shear strength criterion based on the corrected calculation model is established, which can be used to calculate the true shear strength parameters more accurately.

Constructed wetland is a kind of wastewater ecological treatment technology. It has the advantages of low investment, convenient operation and management, stable water quality, and has certain landscape effects. Therefore, it is widely used in the field of wastewater treatment. However, this technology still has certain problems in practical engineering applications, such as irregular design and clogging, resulting in limited service life and processing performance of the wetland. The type selection of constructed wetlands, matrix type and particle size, plant type and configuration, and water inflow mode and operating parameters are the main factors affecting the operating life and purification effect of constructed wetlands. Based on the author's practice, the article introduces in detail the current process structure, basic design methods and economic and technical comparison of constructed wetland wastewater treatment for reference by relevant scientific research and design units.

Peat has excellent permeability, good hydrophilicity and strong activitya and wide range of applications in agriculture, which is a loose fibrous natural biomass material, in the paper, the research and application of peat as soil amendment, fertilizer and horticulture were elaborated in detail, and the application prospect of peat in agriculture was prospected.

In order to explore the effects of different tillage managements on soil physical-chemical properties and crop yield in Tangyu town, Meixian County of Shaanxi Province, the soil physical-chemical properties and crop yield were analyzed. The study was conducted at the Qinling Field Monitoring Center Station in early September 2017, which included three tillage managements: no tillage (NT), mouldboard plow tillage (MT) and soil subsoiling tillage (ST), the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available potassium, soil temperature and maize grain number per ear and yield in the project area were measured. The results showed that the NT and ST managements could better buffer and maintain the change of soil temperature, reduced soil pH value compared with MT management. NT and ST managements were helpful to increase the content of total nitrogen, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen and available potassium, soil organic matter(SOM) content under NT and ST managements was 49.6% and 31.7% more than that under MT management in the 0–10 cm soil layer, The order of total nitrogen content was ST>NT>MT, and available potassium content was NT> ST>MT in the 0–30 cm soil layer, there was no obvious difference between NT and ST managements in improving soil nutrients. Meanwhile, NT and ST managements increased maize grain number per ear and yield. Thus, it was recommended to use NT and ST managements to improve soil quality and increase crop yield, and was suitable for sustainable agricultural development.

In view of coal blending optimization in thermal power plants, a multi-objective coal blending optimization model is proposed. The model uses coal quality indexes as constraint condition to construct three objective functions of economy, environmental protection and safety. The fast and elitist non-dominated sorting generic algorithm is used as the algorithm of solving the model. Combined with actual coal blending problem in domestic thermal power plants, the Pareto solution set is obtained. Results of example show that the algorithm has a good optimization effect and provides effective technical support for actual coal blending technology.

The paper uses PSR model to evaluate the ecological security situation from three dimensions of stress, state and response. The results show the level of economic development, social harmony and the realization of low-carbon ecological integrated Systems in Inner Mongolia is -0.03373, 0.053565, and 0.117664. The development degree, development continuity, development coordination degree and development effectiveness of low carbon ecological area construction in Inner Mongolia are 0.13361, 1.656154, 57.98879, 0.01741. The evaluation result of the sustainability of low carbon ecological development in Inner Mongolia is in the fourth level. The degree of development coordination and development effectiveness are judged at level five. Through the evaluation and grading results of low carbon ecological development in Inner Mongolia, we know that Inner Mongolia, as a coal resource-based region, is under great pressure to develop low-carbon ecology.

The use of oil pipelines has become increasingly prominent. The corrosion of buried pipelines seriously affects their service life and quality of oil transported, and even causes leakage and pollution of the environment. Through the analysis of the corrosion mechanism of metal pipeline, this paper understands the causes of corrosion and puts forward effective protection measures.

This paper establishes an ecological footprint model based on energy theory to calculate the ecological footprint of petrochemical industry. The results show that the industrial structure of petrochemical industry is single and the ecological environment is seriously damaged. The economic and social benefits created cannot compensate for the ecological environment cost of industrial development.

In order to study the counterintuitive behaviour of the clamped square plates under blast loading, numerical simulation and experimental research were carried out on the clamped square aluminium plate. The finite element software is used to simulate the dynamic response of plate under the blast loading. It is found that the counterintuitive behaviour occurred only under the condition when the overpressure is low and the positive pressure time is short. And this deformation mode occurred between elastic deformation and large plastic deformation. The explosion tests were carried out to obtain the counterintuitive behaviour of plates, and the range of the explosion load which caused the counterintuitive behaviour was clarified.

In this article, Effects of detonation waves asymmetric collision was studied. Through theoretical calculation, the position of detonation waves collision was shown. And it is found by numerical simulation that the pressure of detonation waves interaction decreases wave-likely following the initiation delay time increasing, but still exceed the pressure of the place where there is no interaction of detonation waves. The pressure-enhancing effects of detonation wave interaction can be used to achieve the energy accumulation.

Aiming at the disposal of waste glass, our paper proposes a method of filling sand wells with glass sand formed by mixing waste glass and sand as a backfill material. In this paper, the basic properties of glass sand are studied by penetration test, consolidation test and consolidation bearing capacity test. The results show that the permeability of mixture is better than that of common sand well when glass particles are incorporated into sand. When bearing the same bearing capacity, the average bearing capacity of common sand well is smaller than sand well, and the bearing capacity of the soil in the upper part of the model box is greater than the bearing capacity of the lower soil. The sedimentation of clay with sand well is higher than that of common clay. Glass sand well can accelerate the consolidation of soil in soft soil foundation by utilizing the good permeability of glass and sand.

To understand the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients after reclaiming the land in the loess hilly and gully region. We collected the soil profile data of 2m soil layer from the end of the ditch to the head of the ditch. The results showed that: (1) The average available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content of the soil in the gully area of the loess hilly and gully region were at a low level. The content of average available phosphorus and organic matter decreased first and then increased with the increase of soil depth. The content of average available potassium decreased with the depth deepening. The gully soil was alkaline and the pH value along with the soil depth. The increase is gradually increasing. (2) The content of available phosphorus gradually decreased, and the content of available potassium and pH value gradually increased. The spatial distribution characteristics of organic matter are similar to the spatial distribution of available phosphorus, and the content of available phosphorus is enriched below the trough end to the middle of the gully.

LIDAR (Light Detect And Ranging) is a new measurement system that USES laser beam scanning to Detect targets And measure distances, And can directly And quickly obtain high-precision digital surface models (DSM) of different areas, such as urban areas. This can make up for the defect of image data in the third dimension. The emergence of this technology provides a new way for the rapid extraction of surface models, especially for buildings in urban areas. In this paper, based on the airborne LIDAR point cloud data, the irregular discrete LIDAR point cloud data grid resampling rules, get digital surface model (DSM), and then carried out in accordance with the elevation gray quantitative generated DSM depth image, using edge detection operator to extract buildings, using orthogonal constraint to the adjacent segment Angle adjustment, to obtain the edge information in line with the actual situation of buildings. Finally, the accuracy and precision of segmentation results are analysed.

In this paper, we take citrus orchard as target, evaluate the safety of agricultural biogas slurry by comparing the properties of unfermented manure and biogas slurry from 27 farms in Chongqing. The results indicate that the amount of harmful heavy metal element in biogas slurry completely meets the requirements in China agricultural standards "Biogas Fertilizer" (NY/T 2596) and "Organic Fertilizer" (NY 525), indicating the biogas slurry is safe to use as fertilizer. These results provide data support in formulating a stricter standard about the limitations of harmful heavy metal containment ratio in biogas slurry. Biogas slurry can replace chemical fertilizer partly, and can be popularized as a good new type of liquid fertilizer. A certain amount of biogas slurry irrigation can basically meet the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition, and zero use of chemical fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus) come true. However, the content of biogas slurry varies greatly, the measurement of fertilizer efficiency is complex, and it cannot meet the balanced supply of all mineral nutrients, which will lead to the imbalance of nutrient abundance and deficiency. The nutritional diagnosis should be used to monitor the nutritional level of trees, guide the control of abundance and deficiency, enhance the efficiency of citrus orchards to absorb the effective elements of biogas slurry, and improve the yield and quality of citrus. Through monitoring the runoff quality of the orchard returned with biogas slurry, it is found that the runoff quality of the orchard is inferior V. Total phosphorus and granular phosphorus are the main contaminating sources of the outflow runoff in orchard. This indicates that the problems of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution need to be prevented and controlled in the process of returning the biogas slurry to the orchard. It is necessary to establish the landscape system of fruit grass in the orchard and the interception system of flood interception ditches, sediment pockets and buffer ponds in order to sand, retention and reduction of particulate phosphorus. Based on this, a bunch of agricultural biogas slurry returning technology model suitable for modern ecological citrus orchard planting was summarized. The technical standards for biogas slurry harmlessly returning to citrus orchard and technical specification for formula fertilization of citrus nutrition diagnosis, were formed. It has been applied on a large scale in Chongqing three gorges reservoir area and national modern eco-agricultural demonstration base, and has achieved remarkable socio-economic and ecological environmental benefits. The results of this study provide data and technical support for the formulation of two new national standards of "Agricultural Biogas Slurry" and "Technical Specification for Harmless Treatment of Agricultural Biogas Slurry".

The exploitation of shale gas has always been a major problem, and the solution to this problem must start with the study of its nature. A kind of simulation device and monitoring method of mud shale cracking was designed and assembled by ourselves. First of all, made with two layers of the general principle and four layers of 60 ° prefabricated crack two groups of similar material sample of the shale, then in turn for each block of multistage hydraulic fracturing test, and the use of strain gauge for strain monitoring. Results show that under the condition of no native prefabricated crack, hydraulic direction tend to toward weak bedding plane direction of crack extension until she reached the weak bedding surface, and then the main cracks along the weak bedding surface directly, at the same time there are prefabricated crack in native and weak stratification plane, in stage and the area between the prefabricated crack priority area map cracking formation, the results for the exploitation of shale gas has important guiding significance.

The impacts of different wave spectrum formulations with high frequency tail on the Stokes drift are studied in this paper. Two wave spectrum formulations are described. One is from the Donelan and Pierson spectrum extended to the high frequency range (denoted by EDP spectrum) by Paskyabi and Jenkins, and the other is a combined spectrum (termed the Combi spectrum) provided by Tsagareli. Using the EDP spectrum and Combi spectrum, the Stokes drift velocities and Stokes transports are calculated for the different wind speeds. The results show that the high frequency spectral tail of the surface gravity waves obviously changes the Stokes drift velocity on the sea surface, but has little impact on the Stokes transport.

Southwest China is considered to be one of the three major karst regions in the world. Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) can be an important factor in delineating the various steps in the karst regional evolutionary process that is expected to results in rocky desertification. Remote sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a new method of investigating, extracting, and monitoring vegetation. In this method, error correction of the results of five other classification methods that involve imaging using visible-light bands (EXcess Green, Normalized Green-Red Difference Index, Normalized Green-Blue Difference Index, Red-Green Ratio Index and Visible-band Difference Vegetation Index)), it was found that the classification accuracy for nonvegetation areas is improved after combining the normalized difference vegetation indices of the remote sensing images.

This paper took Shichuan River in Fuping County of Shaanxi Province as the research object, discussed the targeted ecological restoration model that integrated water quantity, water quality, landform and biological community. The restoration model has made a positive contribution to accelerating the development of the southern new district of Fuping County, coordinating the harmonious development of urban and rural areas, and provided scientific and technological support for similar renovation projects in other river basins.

This study combined numerical simulation with field observation, and this study took the classical bifurcated river of Zhangjiagang as an example and built a two- dimensional hydrodynamic model of the river course upon it. In addition, this project studied the influencing factors and the mechanism of the flow diversion ratio in the plain river network and established a formula to estimate the flow diversion ratios in plain river networks with ridge regression. The results show that: (1) the water diversion ratio in plain rivers has a positive correlation with the roughness, the ratio of the width of the tributary to that of the main channel and the water level differences. The water diversion ratio has a negative correlation with the mainstream discharge. (2)The mainstream discharge and the ratio of the width of a tributary to that of the main channel are two dominant factors ofthe flow diversion ratio.(3)By establishing an equation for the water diversion ratio, the water diversion ratio in the plain river network can be predicted.

The shell is the general name for the flat plate and the shell. The mechanics of the plate and shell are similar to those of the elastic mechanics. The differential plate element is taken at any point in the plate or shell. From the perspectives of statics, geometry and physics, the equilibrium differential equations and geometric equations corresponding to the plate or shell are derived. And physical equations, these equations reflect the relationship and constraints between internal and external forces, strain and displacement, strain and stress. Under certain boundary conditions, the unknowns are determined by the above related basic equations.

With the constant exploitation of underground space, the single support pattern is not able to meet the needs of the foundation ditch design. This paper is based on a design case of the large-deep foundation ditch in Hangzhou and took the different geological environment requirements into consideration. In this paper our research team put forward the composite design of support pattern which adopts steel support, bored grouting pipe, soil nailed wall etc. We hope this paper can provide suggestions and references for other analogous projects.

During the excavation of the foundation pit, the interaction between the foundation pile anchor support structure and the proposed pile group raft foundation will affect the passive earth pressure of the support pile and the foundation pit uplift. In this paper, the finite element software ABAQUS was used to establish a foundation pit excavation model for two foundation pits with and without group piles. Through comparative analysis, the interaction between the pile-anchor support structure and the pile-slab foundation will affect the passive earth pressure of the supporting structure. As the depth of excavation increases, the earth pressure in the passive zone of the supporting structure gradually increases. Results have shown that the variation of the spacing between the pile foundation and the supporting structure will have a greater impact on the passive earth pressure. The research results in this paper summarize the experience of foundation pit construction and provide a numerical theoretical basis for the construction of similar deep foundation pits, which is of great significance for optimizing the design and construction of deep foundation pits.

To verify the international development of land engineering reclamation research, so as to provide data analysis result for the researchers, keywords included in the meaning of land engineering were selected, and related articles on web of science between 1980 and 2016 were reviewed. The results concluded that: 955 articles on land reclamation engineering from 99 countries were published from 1980 to 2016, annual trend of articles was in line with the law of linear. Articles from countries included China, America, England, Spanish made the strongest influence, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences published the most articles. There is a growing concern on engineering reclamation research all over the world. Further researches on ecology and environmental sciences, agriculture, biodiversity protection, engineering science, business economics will be taken in the future.

During the mining of mineral resources, it will inevitably cause problems in the mine environment. According to the different ways of expressing environmental problems in mines, they can be divided into three categories: geological disasters, environmental damage and environmental pollution. Among the three mine environmental problems, environmental pollution has characteristics such as concealment, post-hazard hysteresis, watershed diffusion and accumulation, which cause serious damage to the mine environment. This paper focuses on the current status of environmental pollution problems in metal mining.

The characteristics of soil organic carbon, polysaccharides and calcium carbonate content in different proportions of compound soil were studied in the compound soil of arsenic rock zone and sand with rotation for 2 years, and the ripening of the mixed soil of arsenic rock zone and sand in different proportions was revealed. The results showed that the ratio of easily oxidized organic carbon in the 1:2 ratio of arsenic rock zone to sand is the highest in total organic carbon, the activity of organic carbon is the highest. And the content of polysaccharides and calcium carbonate in soil is higher, the water-soluble aggregates in soil were better developed.

In view of the problems of soil salinity, barren and other obstacles in the process of reclamation and utilization of heavy salinized land in Xinjiang, the heavy salinization area was selected as the research object, and the spatial variability of different salinity ions and its correlation were studied by using geostatistics and ground-penetrating radar technology. The results showed that the largest anion content in the soil of each layer of the study area was Cl^-, followed by CO₃^2-, the largest cationic content is Na⁺, followed by Ca²⁺, Cl^- and Na⁺ The variation law is basically the same, and the salt ion content of the whole section has - the variability of intensity; the soil salinity in the study area showed "micro S" in the vertical direction. The characteristics of the table polymerization is not obvious, mainly related to artificial tillage; through spatial interpolation analysis, it is found that the salinity of soil in the study area has obvious characteristics of banded spatial distribution, the salinity of soil gradually increases from the southwest to the northwest, and the type of salinization is mainly chloride type. Detected by radar, in the study area deep in the 30cm, there is a dense salt plate layer in the soil, and the correlation analysis shows that the salt plate material is mainly CaCO₃. This study provides a theoretical basis and reference for the zoning, improvement, management and rational utilization of salt in the heavy salinized region of Xinjiang.

Through FTIR, SEM/EDS and XRD analysis of hydration products of slag/fly ash concrete paste activated by composite solid alkali, the activation effect of composite solid alkali activator on slag/fly ash system was studied. The results show that the hydration products of the excitation system are mainly C-S-H gels, and the crystallization of C-S-H gels with 28 days hydration age tends to be perfect. The hydration products have good bonding and compact structure, which greatly improves the strength of the matrix. The damage pictures of 28-day-old C30 concrete blocks after compression test further show that the composite solid alkali activator has a good activation effect on slag/fly ash system.

With more and more wind power integrated into power system, increasing attention is paid to wind power ramp events (WPREs) due to the significant impact on the power balance of power system. Considering the impact of large volatility of WPREs on power control, the permissible intervals of ramping amplitude are analysed to determine the boundaries between different warning stages, which are corresponding to different power control measures to keep the power balance with Area Control Error (ACE) deviation maintained within the allowable range. Moreover, interval analysis is introduced to deal with the strong uncertainty, and an improved affine arithmetic is proposed to deal with the conservation brought by interval analysis by considering the temporal correlation of WPREs prediction error. A multi-stage early warning method for WPREs is established in further, by which the warning information, including boundaries and probability distributions, can be provided reflecting the degree of potential harm inflicted by WPREs. Simulation results demonstrate that, the provided waring information have clear physical meanings to provide guidance for the operators, and the proposed warning method has simple and rapid characteristics, which reflects the verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

When the fire of a large-scale crude oil storage tank occurs, the fire source will emit large heat radiation which can induce not only serious economic losses, but also casualties. This paper investigated the influence of full-surface fire occurring in a crude oil storage tank on the adjacent tanks by numerical simulation based on the fire dynamic simulation software (FDS). Firstly, the combustion model of 10⁵ m3 crude oil storage tank was constructed to reproduce the evolution behavior of the flame and smoke after the fire of the storage tank. The distributions of temperature and heat radiation value of adjacent storage tanks of crude oil storage tank were analyzed. The results show that a warning line with a radius of 57.77 m should be established to reduce the personnel and equipment damage caused by heat radiation when a full-surface fire occurs in the storage tank. This research can provide a technical basis and decisionmaking reference for the check computation of the fire-fighting capacity of fixed fire- fighting facilities, tactical arrangements of fire-fighting and rescue, and emergency rescue.

This paper briefly summarizes the effects of long-term cultivation and fertilizer on soil chemistry in recent years. The effects of different topography, long- term fertilization, different farming patterns, and different drainage modes on the dynamic changes of soil pH, large amounts of elements (effective phosphorus, quick- impact potassium), and medium and small elements (exchangeable calcium, magnesium) were mainly introduced and discussed. Due to the misuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in recent years, the phenomenon of soil chemistry has become increasingly serious. Only by comprehensively analyzing the effects of farmland management measures on soil chemistry and understanding the changing laws of soil chemical quality can sustainable agriculture and eco-friendly agriculture be better developed.

Starting from general wear theory, the solid particle causes erosion loss in pipeline is studied. The motion trajectory of solid particle and theoretical wear rate equation of material surface when elbow suffers erosion wear are summarized, and the effect of attack angle and impact velocity on wear rate of L-Shaped elbow is qualitatively analyzed, so as to provide theoretical basis for the design of elbow.

The Dongming Yellow River Highway Bridge (75+7×120+75 m), is a large span prestressed concrete rigid frame and continuous combination beam bridge, which was the first bridge strengthened by cable-stayed system in China. Using towers and stay cable system, the main bridge was transformed to provide vertical support with superstructure. For the foundation reconstruction, bored piles were constructed as new pile foundations on both sides of the original pile foundations. After cofferdam pumping, to ensure the positioning of the protective tubes, the reinforcing bars, concrete cover and concrete piles left in the river bed were removed by using brush drilling rigs, long arm digging machines and frogmen, while the "U-tube" method was used to grout at the bottom of the piles. The diamond wire saw cutting technology was adopted to complete the transformation of the old caps and insert shear nails. Using the post-pouring strip temporary shields, the new caps and old caps were connected until the tensioning of the cables was finished. To ascertain the arrangement of the reinforcement on the floor and the prestressed reinforcement, and then stick the positioning plates on the floors, bonded rebars holes were drilled utilizing the hydraulic core drill that was made. The joists and the brackets are manufactured by the factory and assembled in the construction site. Gantry cranes and angle fine-tuning devices were used to install the joists and brackets, and then the connecting bolts were inserted. Concurrently, material was transported through the hole in the roof of the middle-span, and the steel supports within the box were installed. From the middle towers to the side towers, from the short cables to the long cables, cables were tensioned by batches and levels with constant monitoring throughout the whole process of this tensioning construction. Finally, the external prestressed strands inside the box were adjusted and the bridge deck construction was completed.

In this paper, the mechanical model of tunnel in landslide area is established, the boundary and load conditions are determined, the internal force distribution of tunnel under landslide load is analyzed, and the influence of the scope of landslide area, load characteristics and stiffness of support structure on the internal force of tunnel structure is analyzed by using finite element software, and the sensitivity of each influencing factor is divided. Analysis. It is proposed that the support of tunnel in landslide area should be combined with increasing the thickness of secondary lining and the length of bolt, and verified by finite element method. By comparing the internal force of reinforced lining with that of unreinforced lining, it is concluded that the new support method is feasible.

This paper mainly introduces the mechanical properties of feldspathic sandstone and compound soil of feldspathic sandstone and sand, analyzed the research status at home and abroad as well as the future development direction. It also discusses how to carry out relevant research in the future, including test plan design, test piece preparation, and experimental principles, etc. All are introduced in depth.

Mass natural disasters cause severe damage. Aiming at the multi-supply and multi-demand point problem of routes scheduling and packing configurations, we are ready to provide adequate and timely response to the emergencies.

The temporal dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in typical slope and gully of Jiulongquangou small watershed were studied in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau of China. The average soil water content of each slope position showed a wave shape with time, and the change trend was: decreasing, increasing, decreasing and increasing. Due to the catchment in the gully, the average soil water content is the largest in the gully, and it changes more with the seasons. The profile soil moisture content characteristics at various slope positions are increased with the soil depth increasing, and the spatial variability of average soil water content in each layer depth is slightly reduced. The spatial variability of soils in different layers under different slopes is slightly fluctuating. However, due to the recharge of interflow and the consumption of roots, there is a large variability in the middle level of the gully and foot of slope, indicating that the interflow in the study area is a factor that must be considered. On the whole, in the small watershed of the gully region of the Loess Plateau, the topographic conditions affect the distribution characteristics of soil moisture, and the gully has obvious water collecting effect.

The experiment being made by our research is focusing on preparation and characterization of expandable plugging agent. This kind of heat resident plugging agent with spherical shape was synthesized by emulsion polymerization based on acrylamide (AM), acrylic-acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS). 2,2'-Azobis (2-methylpropionamide) dihydrochloride (AIBA) as functional catalyzer. Further separation and purification of the extracted products will be carried out to obtain the ideal products. The chemical and morphology of resin is investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Moreover, compared with typical plugging agent, the expandable plugging agent we prepared should demonstrate superior properties on the aspects of temperature resistance.

To discuss the crustal movement characteristics in the northeastern region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the crustal deformation state and the annual movement rate of the GPS continuous baseline time series between the station in the stable blocks and the stations inter the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are calculated based on the GPS data observed by the continuous stations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas since 1999. The results demonstrate that the compression and shortening movements between the Qilianshan block, the Qaidam block, the Bayan Har block and the two rigid blocks, Alxa block and the Ordos block, are relatively strong. However, the extension or compression rate between the two rigid blocks and the Qilianshan seismic belt, the Longzhong basin tectonic region and the South China block is quite small. It is indicated that the compressed or extended movement between the suture zone of the two blocks and the northeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is small. It is illustrated that certain strain energy may accumulate in the region and have a relatively high potential for strong earthquakes.

Tin mud ore separation is always the key to improve the utilization of tin resources. In view of the tin mud ore in Gejiu Yunnan province, the circulating fluidized bed is used for preconcentration. And reasonable separation parameters were determined based on the ore properties. When the tin grade in the feed is 0.3%, we can obtain the rough concentrate whose tin grade is 0.492% and recovery is 67.35%, and 60% of ore as tailings can be discarded. Then desulfurization and flotation was used, and YP-6 as collector, P86 as auxiliary collector and oxalic acid as regulator, a tin concentrate with grade of 4.38% and recovery of 77.18% was obtained by closed circuit test. The tin recovery of original mud ore was 51.02%, and the separation effect was improved.

Changes of permafrost and the active layer affect geophysical process, water circulation, biological diversity and carbon storage. The monitoring of ground surface deformations is crucial and necessary to estimate the degradation of permafrost environment. In this study, the ground motions of the Tanggula section in the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau (QTP), a region with limited in situ measurements at spatial scale, have been investigated by the small baseline SAR interferometry (SBAS-InSAR). In total, 17 C-band ENVISAT ASAR images (acquired from January 1, 2009 to August 19, 2010) were employed. The results show that the ground surface motion was primarily in the range of – 7.6 mm per year to 6.7 mm per year, and the correlation coefficients and the P-values between deformations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) were ranged from -0.24 to -0.47 and from 0.09 to 0.41, respectively. And the precision file of the surface displacement rates map is showed that the estimated displacement velocity is reliable. Our study has observed that the majority of ground surface (approximately 70%) was relatively stable in the study period with displacements in the range of -2 mm per year to 2 mm per year and the ground subsidence is larger than the ground heave, implying the necessity of time series deformations surveillance derived from satellites in the permafrost environment.

With the continuous acceleration of economic development, the scale of industrialization in China has been expanding, and a large amount of industrial wastewater has been discharged into the soil, resulting in serious heavy metal pollution in soil and water sources. The paper summarizes the physical repair technology, chemical repair technology and bioremediation technology of heavy metals and organic pollutants in water and soil, and analyzes the applicable conditions and influencing factors of various repair technologies. The results provide reference for the selection of site water and soil pollution remediation technology, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of the industry.

In order to improve the soil quality and soil environment, make crop grow ecologically and healthily, and reach the goal of increasing regional agricultural production and income, this paper studied the soil structure and stability under different rotation methods. The sixtreatments ofrotation tillage were included: subsoiling-no tillage (N-S)T, subsoiling-tillage (S-C)T, tillage-notillage (C-N)T, notillage-notillage (N-N)T, subsoiling-subsoiling (S-S)T and tillage-tillage (C-C)T. Among them, tillage- tillage (C-C) T was regarded as the traditional method and control group. The result showed that: (1) compared with pre-experimental status and traditional measures, reasonable and scientific alternate farming measures were conducived to reduce soil bulk density, increase soil porosity, and improve soil permeability. In the 0-60cm soil layer, the effect of "no-tillage and subsoiling" treatment on the improvement of bulk density and porosity was the best. With pre-trial and conventional tillage as comparison, the soil bulk density decreased by 3.8% and 8.6%, and the soil porosity increased by 3.3% and 7.8%. (2) "No tillage - subsoiling" treatment can better improve soil stability in 0-40cm soil layer. The soil mechanical aggregate and the ratio of water-stable aggregate content can be increased by 11.4% and 5.2% in the layers beyond 0.25mm. Compared with the conventional tillage, the soil structure breaking rate and other factors were significantly decreased in rotation tillage. The effects of "no tillage-subsoiling" and "subsoiling-subsoiling" treatments on reducing the fractal dimensions of aggregates were significant.

Vegetation construction is one of the most important measures of ecology restoration in arid and semi-arid. Reasonable vegetation construction can improve the local soil environment and quality effectively. Thus, promote the vegetation restoration and ecology environment reconstruction. However, because of the different factors such as the plant trees, the ecology environment of vegetation construction in the vegetation construction, there are distinct influence on soil environment. This research choose the articles which related vegetation constrction and soil environment in arid and semi-arid areas in China as the research object, in which we foucs on the influence of soil moisture, soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen by artificial vegetation restoration.

As the waste of coal-fired power plant, desulphurization gypsum is mainly composed of CaSO₃ and CaSO₄, which can replace Na+ in saline-alkali soil to improve saline-alkali soil. In order to study the effect of different dosage of desulfurization gypsum on the improvement of saline-alkali land, field experiments were carried out in Duiziliang Town, Dingbian County, northern Shaanxi Province, using drought-tolerant and Saline-Alkali-Tolerant local crop Mint as the test crop. The results showed that the application of desulfurization gypsum could reduce the harm of salt and alkali in soil to the germination, emergence and growth of millet seeds. Compared with the application of desulfurization gypsum, the soil pH value of plough layer (0-30cm) decreased by 4.2%-9.0%, and the total water soluble salt decreased by 6.6%∼33.0%. In addition, the application of desulfurization can promote the growth of mint in saline-alkali soil. Compared with the application of desulfurization gypsum, the dry biomass of the above-ground part of mint increased by 28.9%∼48.9%, the plant height increased by 24∼30 cm, and the yield per mu increased by 36.91∼65.28 kg. The results showed that the application of 20 t hm^-2 desulphurization gypsum could improve the physical and chemical properties of saline-alkali soil in northern Shaanxi and obtain higher yield for moderate and severe saline-alkali land. It was suggested that the application of desulphurization gypsum should be popularized in saline-alkali land in northern Shaanxi.

The division of the hydrothermal period based on alteration minerals extracted from airborne hyperspectral data has been rarely researched. This work processed CASI-SASI airborne hyperspectral data, and optimized reference spectra from image endmembers based on the expert knowledge in the Baixianishan area. The mixed tuned matched filtering method was utilized to map alteration minerals, and the distribution of limonite, short-wavelength sericite, middle-wavelength sericite and long-wavelength sericite was obtained. Distribution patterns of limonite and three sericite subclasses were analyzed, and three hydrothermal stages were divided. It is considered that the second hydrothermal activity is closely related to the gold deposit. It is proposed that prospecting factors of the Baixianishan gold deposit are NEE-trending fault structure, the vein-like distribution of limonite and short-wavelength sericite. Based on the discuss above, a favorable prospecting section is found in the south of the Xiaobaishan area. It is indicated that the CASI-SASI airborne hyperspectral data can quickly and accurately provide more effective remote sensing criteria at the regional scale for both basic geological survey and mineral resources exploration, which has a wide application prospect in the geological field.

Forest cultivation and forest resource protection is an important part of forestry ecological construction, an important measure to promote tree growth, improve forest quality and increase forest efficiency, and an important means to maintain ecological environment balance and build a harmonious development of good man and nature. Based on this, this paper studies the necessity of the cultivation and protection of forest resources, probes into the methods of ecological, economic and social benefits of forest resources, and points out the unreasonable management concepts that still exist in the current forest cultivation work, the lack of attention to science and technology, the untimely cultivation and the lack of financial support, etc. And put forward the relevant countermeasures and measures to further strengthen the cultivation and protection of forest resources in China.

Kaifeng is rich in geothermal resources. It is important to clarify its genetic model for its further sustainable utilization. In this paper, the geothermal geological conditions of Kaifeng Depression are analyzed, the circulation of geothermal water in Kaifeng area are discussed by using hydrochemical and isotopic data, and the conceptual model of geothermal system is preliminarily established.

In order to analyze the effect of different ages of sandstone and sand on soil temperature, this study selected the compound soil with 2 years of soil formation and 9 years of soil formation, using loess: sand 1:2, sandstone: sand 1:1, sandstone: sand 1:2, sandstone: sand 1:5, sandstone: sand 0:1 different proportions of soil for research, using geothermal meters for different soil layers (5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm, 25cm) temperature observation. The results show that: 1. The variation of ground temperature in different soil layers of 2 and 9 years of soil formation shows 5cm>10cm>15cm>20cm≈25cm, the basic performance is that the temperature of the soil in the 9- year-old compounding soil is lower than the temperature of the soil in the soil for 2 years. 2. The soil of 2 years of soil formation is characterized by sandstone in different soil layers: sand = 1:2, the highest temperature, sandstone: sand = 0:1 compound soil temperature is the lowest; soil formation 9 years compounding The soil has the lowest loess in different soil layers: sand = 1:2, and the soil in different soil layers has better cushioning properties. 3. During the period from 8:00 to 20:00, with the change of measurement time, the trend of ground temperature change can be fitted by the polynomial equation y=ax²+bx+c, which is most obvious with 5cm soil layer, with soil layer As the depth increases, the slope of the polynomial curve gradually decreases. 4. In the soil of 9 years of compounding, the time when the sandstone of sandstone: 1:1 soil reached its peak was postponed from 14:00 to 16:00, and the peak of loess: sand = 1:1 the original 16:00 point was delayed until 18:00, and the time when other compounded soils reached their peak was 16:00.

The shortage of water resources that mankind is facing is also increasing. Shanxi province is one of the most famous traditional heavy-industry bases in China. And it is also one of the most serious water-shortage provinces in China. At present, the status of coal in the world energy structure is declined. Shanxi province is facing a critical period of transformation of industrial structure. How to solve the problem of water shortage and support the rapid development of social economy in Shanxi province is to be solved urgently in the area. Based on the specific situation of water shortage in Shanxi Province, this paper discusses the Markov prediction method and fault tree analysis model for the risk of water shortage in Shanxi Province, and we provides suggestions to prevent and solve water resources shortage in the process of economic and social development in Shanxi province.

In order to respond to sudden water pollution incidents of surface water sources efficiently and ensure the water demand of industry and living in Danyang City, the location of emergency groundwater sources in Danyang City was confirmed by comparison of schemes. According to the relevant emergency water supply regulations, the forecast analysis determines that the emergency water supply event is assumed to be 7 days and the emergency water supply scale is assumed to be 300,000 m³/d. The demonstration scheme of emergency water source wasput forward. The groundwater level change was analyzed by numerical simulation, and the groundwater quality is evaluated. Results of simulationshow that the pore water in Binjiang area is abundant and can be used as a medium to large water source. The groundwater quality is extremely complex, the shallow groundwater quality is poor, it is not suitable for drinking, and the deep water quality is relatively good. After treatment, it can be used as an emergency water source. Under the condition of emergency exploitation of water source area, the water level of the second aquifer group in the mining funnel area will approach - 20m, forming an obvious water level depression funnel area.

The modified viscous coefficient of non-uniform sediment-laden flow based on Zhu Junda's theoretical equation is generally utilized in the calculation mode of hyper-concentrated flow at present. Nevertheless, the gradation conservation of nonuniform sediment was neglected in the theoretical derivation with the irrational loss of fine sediment. The assumed replacement conditions in the derivation resulted in the coarsening effect of suspended sediment gradation in muddy water. Meanwhile, the degree of particle coarsening would be more serious with the increasing replacement times of micro-volume of sediment groups. The computed result of Zhu Junda's equation would underestimate the viscosity of sediment-laden water. Furthermore, the magnitude and velocity of deviation increment for the equation are reckoned. Compared Einstein's viscosity formula with the Taylor Series expansion of Zhu Junda's equation, the Einstein's formula with strong limitations is not a special case. In accordance with suspended sediment gradation, this paper brings in the displacement factors varying with sediment particles, and corrects the defects in the derivation of theoretical formulas about viscous coefficient. On the basis of Einstein classical formula, the quantitative relationship between the viscosity coefficient of muddy water and the sediment concentration is obtained. Moreover, Einstein classical formula is the special case of this quantitative expression. The applicability and limitation of the deduced formula for calculating viscous coefficient are verified and discussed with the data gained from the viscosity measurement experiments.

Along with the global and regional climate change and the intensification of human activities, the run-off of the Yellow River basin has been reduced remarkably, bringing serious problems to the local economy and river ecology. In order to point out important scientific issues of human activities, especially the operation of large- sized reservoirs to the changes of scour and fill of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach and the basin management, the paper mainly analyzed the influence of human activities (Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs are called Long-Liu reservoirs for short) to the scour and fill of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach. It used the method of hydrologic and hydrodynamic computation model of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach, took the observed silt-discharge data of 1968~2004 to prepare a calculation plan of with or without the joint operation of Long-Liu reservoirs and quantitatively evaluate the influence of the operation of Long-Liu reservoirs to the channel scour and fill amount of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach. The outcomes show that the joint operation of Long-Liu reservoirs has increased the sedimentation of the reach. During the joint operation of the period of 1987~2004, comparing with the conditions of with and without Long-Liu reservoirs, the total sedimentation of the reach has increased 170 million tons, of which, 363 million tons increased in flood season and 193 million tons decreased in non-flood season. The research results can provide technical reference to the harnessing of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the upper Yellow River and have an important role in the Yellow River basin management.

Based on the computational fluid dynamics and mine ventilation theory, the geometrical model of the fully mechanized excavation face under the conditions of long-short and short-pump ventilation system was established with the comprehensive mining face of the 905 transportation lane in Shanxi Coal Group. The FLUENT software is used to simulate the distribution characteristics and variation of the wind flow field and dust field in the three-dimensional space of the fully mechanized excavation working face at different air supply speeds, and the simulation results are verified by field test. According to the numerical simulation study and the on-site measurement results, the optimal position of the dust migration law of the fully mechanized excavation face under the long-short and short-drain ventilation mode is determined, and the rationalization suggestions for the mine dust control are put forward.

Based on the application of Ventsim software as the analysis tool and the modern optimization design method as the theoretical basis, aiming at the current situation of the ventilation reversal, large ventilation resistance and insufficient safety equipment investment in the mine of Xinglongzhuang Coal Mine, combined with the basic data of the mine, the mine ventilation three-dimensional is established. The simulation model is used to construct a three-dimensional simulation system for mine ventilation. The mine ventilation three-dimensional simulation system is used to simulate the solutions of ventilation reversal and mine ventilation, so as to realize the optimal design of the ventilation system, effectively ensure the ventilation needs of the normal production of Xinglongzhuang Coal Mine, and improve the visualization of the regulation of the mine ventilation system. automation.

Since the number of error sources is too large and the standard deviations of the error sources are really difficult, it is of great practical significance to study the contribution rate of each error source on the wellbore trajectory measurement error. The error sources of well trajectory measurement using MWD (Measurement While Drilling) are introduced, and the contribution rate calculation model of each error source on well trajectory measurement error is established. The contribution rate of each error source on well trajectory measurement error is analyzed with an example. The research shows that the error sources contribute most to the well trajectory measurement error for each main semi-axes of the error ellipsoid are different; the error sources contribute most to the well trajectory measurement error are different in the vertical section, the inclined section and the horizontal section; the error source associated with the sensors contributes least to the well trajectory measurement error compared with other sources of error. In drilling engineering, it is necessary to give the standard deviation of the main error sources as accurately as possible to better evaluate the well trajectory measurement error.

Large-scale fracturing technology is a new type of fracturing technology developed in recent years along with the fracturing theory research of natural fractured reservoirs. The application of large-scale fracturing in vertical wells has achieved good production results. However, due to the short application time of new technology in oilfields and the low regularity of development indexes, there is no economic evaluation method for shaping. This paper evaluates the development effect of large-scale fracturing in Daqing Oilfield, clarifies the variation law of its development index, and establishes the index prediction method in the evaluation period. Through sorting out the various depreciation calculation methods used in economic evaluation, the appropriate modified production method is selected as the method of calculating depreciation. Based on the relevant data and results of economic evaluation of oilfield development, the economic evaluation method of large-scale fracturing technology productivity project has been formed, and the calculation program has been compiled. The program is used to calculate the investment boundaries of large-scale fracturing blocks with different single well daily production under the condition of multiple oil prices, draw the maps of single well investment and single well daily production boundaries under different oil prices in large-scale fracturing blocks, and analyze the sensitivity of investment boundaries. The research results will be applied in proven reserves submission, unused reserves evaluation and oilfield development planning. Using this method for reference, the boundary maps of conventional water flooding development and large-scale volume fracturing can be drawn, and the research results can be applied to a greater extent.

In view of the fact that it is difficult for some water injection wells in low permeability oilfields to absorb water and the general effect of conventional measures to increase injection, clean water acid fracturing technology research and field test of sandstone in low permeability reservoirs have been carried out. On the basis of fully investigating the adaptability of acid fracturing in sandstone reservoirs and combining with the actual development of low permeability oilfields in our factory, the technology of clear water fracturing and balanced acid fracturing is organically combined. After a lot of theoretical calculation, the construction parameters are optimized, and the suitable fracturing technology is optimized, which greatly reduces the requirements of surface construction equipment. At the same time, through indoor experiments, the suitable well entry fluids are screened to ensure the construction effect. At present, the technology has been tested in 6 wells and achieved good injection increase effect.

The soft rock specimens were prepared by using similar materials. The uniaxial creep experiments were carried out on the soft rock specimens under different temperatures and loads. The influence of temperature and load on the creep of similar soft rock and the empirical equation were obtained. The results show that the stressstrain curve is basically linear at normal temperature. As the temperature increases, the stress-strain curve continually shifts upward. As the temperature increases and the creep time increases, the average creep modulus of similar materials in soft rock decreases. As the axial pressure increases, the creep strain deformation increases continuously, and the larger the axial pressure, the more significant the creep strain changes. Through the analysis of the creep curve law, the empirical equations of three types of creep curves are given.

The seismic resistance of the safety evacuation device is mainly dependent on the structural design of the cabin, and it requires that the bulk structure must have sufficient strength and stiffness to resist the impact of the seismic load applied to the cabin. In this paper, the structure model of the similar triangular cabin structure is established, and then the seismic analysis of the structure of the similar triangular structure is carried out. The first twelve modes and the natural frequencies of the similar triangular structure are obtained by modal analysis in ANSYS Workbench, and the cabin structure deformation position and the most serious dangerous frequency are obtained to avoid resonance. Finally, the seismic acceleration load is applied to the triangular cabin, and the transient dynamic analysis is carried out to simulate a certain earthquake condition. The equivalent stress cloud image and the total deformation cloud analysis show that the acceleration, deformation and stress of the cabin structure are not large, and indicating that the triangular cabin structure satisfies the seismic requirements.

In view of the inaccuracy and completeness of the distribution network system diagram in the current power grid, the power network structure and the business characteristics of the power industry are investigated and analyzed. The relationship model between substations is analyzed, and the inheritance circuit layout design idea is applied to the distribution. In the grid system topology diagram. The paper proposes a method of dividing the power supply area according to the line contact relationship, and develops an equal density constrained space layout algorithm. Make full use of the distribution network geographic information (GIS) drawings, carry out the power grid topology and line information maintenance, so that the system diagram covers all electrical equipment on the GIS, and can carry out the original electrical topological relationship of the gemstones, and realize the absence of each subsystem. The seams provide image support for a variety of applications. The experimental results show that the proposed spatial topology algorithm is efficient and easy to implement.