Table of contents

The International Symposium on Bioremediation, Biomaterial, Revegetation, and Conservation 2018 (IS BIOREV 2018) washeld at the Kusnoto building, 1st till 6th floor, Jl. Juanda 18 Bogor, Indonesia, from 27 – 28 September 2018. IS BIOREV 2018 was organized Research Center for Biology Indonesian of Indonesian Institutes of Sciences LIPI in collaboration with JICA, JST, SATREPS Project, University of Tokyo Japan, RISH-Kyoto University, Tottori University of Japan and supported by Environmental Bio-Innovations Group (EbiG) of Nanyang Technological University of Singapore and Bogo Agricultural University of Indonesia.

The program presented information on advances in bioremediation and the incorporation of green and sustainable remediation and revegetation practices in remediation-revegetation in a series of technology-focused sessions. Moreover, thedevelopment and use of advanced tools for assessing and monitoring bioremediation and revegetation, as well as the challenges of applying bioremediation at various types of complex sites and under extreme climatic conditions was also became the focus of this symposium. Several sessions addressed biodegradation of emerging contaminants, revegetation, and biofuels technology as well as the evaluation and mitigation of environmental problems.

The participants of the symposium were from almost every part of the world, with background of either academia or industry, even well-known enterprise. The success and prosperity of the symposium is reflected high level of the papers received. The papers that are published in this proceeding themed in the various scopes including bioremediation, waste water treatment process and technology, forestry, biochemistry, biomaterial technology, revegetation technology, microbiology, taxonomy, ecology, bioindicator, environmental technology, life cycle assessment and environmental economic.

The organizing committee is gratefully acknowledging the support from many private sectors to make this event successful. We hope that IS BIOREV 2018 will be an excellent platform of discussions that put forward novel ideas and strengthen network between researchers. We are sure that the proceedings will serve the role of scientific references and knowledge that lead to the progress of science ahead.

Prof. Dr. I Made Sudiana, M.Sc.

Chief Organizer of IS BIOREV 2018

List of Organizing Chief, Organizing Vice Chief, International Co-Organizing Committee and Organizing Committee are available in this pdf.

List of Reviewers present in this pdf.

We would like to thank all of the sponsors that gave the financial support to the International Symposium on Bioremediation, Revegetation, Biomaterial, and Conservation (IS BIOREV) 2018. Our honorable to:

1. Research Center for Biology

2. PT Rodamas

3. PT Free Port Indonesia

4. PT Petrokimia Kayaku

5. PT Hatfield Consultants

6. PT Agritek Tani Indonesia

List of Photographs are avaliable in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Styrofoam wastes are composed of many polymerized styrene monomers that are generally considered to be recalcitrant and are resistant to biodegradation. In this study, the ability of ligninolytic fungi and bacteria were investigated on degradation of styrofoam wastes. All the fungi and bacteria used were able to grow on agar media containing styrofoam. Fungi Cymatoderma dendriticum WM01, Ceriporia sp. BIOM3, and Pestalotiopsis sp. NG007 degraded 15.7%, 19.4%, and 74.4% styrofoam within 30 d, respectively. Cerratia marcescens BLSP4, Bacillus subtilis BLSP4, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BLSP4 degraded 38.3%, 52.6%, and 63.4% styrofoam, respectively. SEM analysis demonstrated the appearance of micro pore in styrofoams treated with Pestalotiopsis sp. NG007 and P. aeruginosa indicating biodegradation. In addition, analysis using UATR FTIR corroborated removal of some functional groups from the degraded styrofoam were eliminated. This study showed strains of ligninolytic fungi and selected bacteria have the potential to be used in bioremediation of styrofoam wastes.

Light Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) in a granular form was used for the immobilization of fungus Trametes hirsuta D7 to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye. The efficacy of LECA as a media for immobilization was assessed using steam activation, contact time, immobilization method and dosage of sorbent. Batch experiments were carried out for decolorization and the results showed that activated LECA has the capability to remove 35% RBBR for 24 h of contact time. Non-freeze dry immobilization process demonstrated a higher decolorization than that of freeze dry process with maximum 88% and 22% removal, respectively. Different dosage of activated and non-freeze dry-LECA was tested to achieve optimum decolorization and it was found that 0.2 g/ml dye could remove 76% dye for 3 hours and reached the maximum removal for 94% at 24 hours with high laccase activities (460 U L^{− 1}). This study found that fungus T. hirsuta D7 and LECA could be used to decolorize RBBR and LECA had the potential to be an alternative matrix for fungi immobilization.

Batik coloring waste contains heavy metal chromium (Cr), and other components such as, Sulfide (S^2-), Ammonia (NH₃), phenol and oil-fat. The Batik industries are generally classified as small and medium enterprises, which usually do not process their waste. The aim of this study was to observe the ability of Aspergillus sp. 3 to reduce the concentration of Cr, sulfide, ammonia, phenol, and oil-fat component from batik wastewater. The selected fungus, Aspergillus sp. 3 was isolated from batik waste. Based on previous study, selected fungus, Aspergillus sp. 3 was able to decolorize and remediate Indigosol Blue batik wastewater. Potato dextrose broth medium was used for growing the mycelium. Reduction process was occurred with omitted of medium (formed mycelium-supplemented the batik wastewater). Based on experiments, Aspergillus sp. 3 was able to reduce 89.09%, 83.05%, 56.37%, 48.48%, 95.09%, 32.56, 39.28 and 38.15% of Cr sulfide, NH3, phenol and total oil-fat concentration, respectively. Aspergillus sp. 3 had potential application in bioremediation of water polluted by batik wastewater.

Sensitivity of plant under ozone exposure can indicate its potency of being important bioindicator. Early studies have found that coleus plant (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd.) has a potency to be ozone bio-indicator. This study aims to investigate the effect of chronic ozone exposure on root and leaf biomass and to quantify any change based on the plant appearance. Four different cultivars of coleus plant with different colour namely fully green (FG), green purple (GP), yellow purple (YP), and reddish (RD) had been selected. These four cultivars were fumigated with three different concentrations of ozone gas (≤ 10 ppb, 40 ppb, and 150 ppb) for 8 hours fumigation during 30-day period of experiment. All cultivars showed a stable leaf biomass after 30-day period of ozone exposure. Similarly, root biomass of all cultivars was not significant changed after fumigation period. Nonetheless, magnitude of ozone symptoms on leaf showed variation in certain cultivars. FG cultivar showed a significant number of chlorosis leaves under 40 and 150 ppb ozone exposure. The exposure of 150 ppb ozone also caused a noticeable percentage of curling leaves on RD cultivar. Moreover, the purple area in YP and GP showed a larger ratio under exposure of 150 ppb ozone. Consequently, coleus plants displayed resistance responds in terms of biomass. On the other hand, the plants also revealed variation in leaf symptom magnitudes and colour patterns under ozone exposure. However, these cultivars are potential to be bio-indicator due to their sensitivity in terms of appearance.

Most of urban lakes in Megacity Jakarta have become shallow, polluted and in eutrophic condition due to solids and nutrient pollution which requires urgent handling and management. Aquatic vegetation especially emergent and submerged plants in the lake littoral area have been known to play an important role to reduce the contaminants in the lake water. Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) are cultivated plants growing on buoyant mats in open water. FTWs are an innovative tool that has been widely used for ponds and storm water quality improvement. This study aims to examine the effect of submerged plant and the ability of two different plants grown on Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) system to improve an urban lake water quality. One urban lake has been selected for this study where the lake littoral at the inlet area has been overgrown by the submerged aquatic plant of Myriophillum verticillatum. Two units of Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) (size of 3 m² each) made of rubber mat and PVC pipes (3 inches) as buoyant material and planted with Heliconia densiflora. and Vetiveria zizanioides. The performance of the FTWs applied and M. vercillatum was assessed by calculating the removal efficiency of nutrients and solids concentrations in the lake water of the coverage area. The observations of several water quality parameters including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) were made at the site before and after the submerged plant and FTWs. Both FTW_ H. densiflora and FTW_V. zizaniodes removed more nutrients and also suspended solids per m² area than M. vercillatum. Although both submerged vegetation and FTWs can be used as tools to manage a long-term stability for good urban lake water quality, it will require intensive harvesting to control productivity of submerged vegetation.

Abandon bauxite mining sites can cause serious environmental problems, such as poor soil quality, air pollution, erosion and flood. Jatropha curcas could possibly be used to remediate barren bauxite mining sites. The objective of this study was to study the growth performance of J. curcas on top soil (control) and bauxite mined soil. Observation of the plant growth was recorded weekly, including days to rooting, number of roots per cutting, days to new bud opening, number of shoots per cutting, number of leaves per cutting, plant height and chlorophyll content. Data collected on the growth performance of J. curcas were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 for Windows Standard Version. Based on the results obtained, J. curcas could thrive and grow on bauxite mined soil as it has higher significantly difference in number of leaves and plant height after growing on bauxite mined soil. Therefore, J. curcas is suitable for phytoremediation, in order to solve the environmental problems that occur on the bauxite mined site.

Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) is aquatic plant that easily to spread. This plant contains of high protein. The ability of L. perpusilla to act as natural coagulants was tested using a synthetic turbid water. Active components were extracted from L. perpusilla using NaCl solution. Experiments was conducted in batch mode for initial turbidity such as 50 NTU (low turbidity), 150 NTU (medium turbidity) and 300 NTU (high turbidity). Jar test procedure with the coagulation time of 1 min and flocculation 15 min was optimized, irrespective of the initial turbidity. The optimum settling time for 300, 150, and 50 NTU water samples were 30 ppm. The influence of several parameters such as pH and coagulant dose and also its optimization were exploited. The highest value of turbidity removal were achieved at pH 11 and 30 ppmv in coagulant dose. This coagulant can removed 85.02%; 88.98%; and 92.48% of turbidity from water having in turbidities of 50, 150 and 300 NTU, respectively. Thus, the natural coagulants extracted form L. perpusilla revealed to be effective for turbidity removal.

Water is one of the most important needs for organisms. However, microbial contamination in water has become serious issue recently. We were interested to reduce the microbial contamination in water by using biological agents such as water hyacinth. In some studies, water hyacinth has antimicrobial activities as well as their function as phytoremediation agent. This research was done to study the effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms as bio filter against coliform in water of Mataram water channel in Yogyakarta. The bio filter were arranged as following layer; gravel, zeolite and water hyacinth as the most upper part of bio filter. It was then set with the direction along with the river flow. The water samples were then taken triplicates, each from the upstream (before bio filter treatment) and downstream (after bio filter treatment). It were then continued by Most Probable Number (MPN) test which include the presumptive, confirmed, and completed test. The MPN results showed that coliform in the upstream were found about 57.34 ± 54.35 MPN / 100 ml while in the downstream were about 808 ± 678.96 MPN / 100 ml. The statistical test showed that the difference between upstream and downstream were not significant. Thus it can be concluded that water hyacinth bio filter was not effectively used as bio filter against coliform bacteria.

Denitrifying bacteria are expected to be a promising organism to degrade pesticides by using them as carbon and nitrogen substrate. The potential of denitrifying bacterial isolates namely TK Bali, KT, UHT, L7T4, and C.pkr in degrading propoxur was studied through growth ability test and denitrification activity on three types of media containing propoxur. The media were NB (Nutrient Broth), MS (Mineral Salt), and MS + glucose added with various concentrations of propoxur (500, 1000, 1500 ppm). Bacterial growth was analyzed by measuring turbidity (OD) at a wavelength of 436 nm. Denitrification activity was measured by nitrate reduction capacity. Concentration of propoxur and isopropoxyphenol were measured using HPLC. The results showed that the highest growth and denitrification activities were in NB media. Denitrifying bacteria can grow in NB media containing propoxur up to 1500 ppm concentration, but the growth and denitrification activities decreased with the increasing concentration of propoxur. The denitrifying bacteria isolates seemed not to be able to use propoxur as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Denitrifying bacteria were resistant to propoxur to a certain concentration, but were unable to degrade propoxur, or it could degrade propoxur, but only in very low capacity. Isolate Brevundimonas diminuta, L7T4 was able to degrade propoxur to isopropoxyphenol in relatively low rate of degradation, less than 20 % of propoxur was degraded in 2 days of incubation.

Bacterial biofilms have emerged from contamination and infection problems in the medical, industrial and in the food and beverage processing. Bacteriophages are potential as biocontrol agents against bacterial biofilms as they specifically prevent or destroy the bacterial biofilm formation. The use of bacteriophages is safe from humans and animals as they only infect specific bacteria in specific pathways and have non-toxic properties to humans and animals. The objective of this study was to isolates and to know anti-Escherichia coli biofilm activity of lytic bacteriophages from the water environment in vitro. Seven Escherichia coli bacteriophages were isolated from different water sources. These bacteriophages E. coli were analyzed to know its potential for prevention, inhibition or degradation against E. coli biofilm in vitro. Data were analyzed using Minitab response surface. The results reveal that all seven E. coli bacteriophages showed that they were potential to prevent, inhibit and degrade E. coli biofilm in vitro. However, only E. coli IV phage has the highest activity to prevent E. coli biofilm formation by 40% using filtrate dilution 10³-10⁵ incubated for 10-28 hours. The highest biofilm inhibition activity was shown by E. coli I phage at 40% using filtrate dilution 10⁻² and 10⁻⁴ incubated for 48-60 hours. Meanwhile, the highest biofilm degradation activity, 100%, was achieved by E. coli III phage and E. coli IV phage using filtrate dilution 10³-10⁵ and 10²-10⁵ incubated for 10-15 hours and 10-31 hours, respectively. Further study is needed to reveal the bacteriophages identity and to optimize the number of bacteriophages particles which can be used efficiently and effectively to control E. coli biofilm.

Several major industries in Indonesia such as the textile industry, electroplating industry, and the pharmaceutical industry, can generate a considerable amount of chromium (Cr) wastes, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Unfortunately, the wastewater treatment plant systems of these industries may be partially unqualified, causing heavy pollution in several water bodies such as rivers and lakes. The aim of the present study was to discover and identify Cr(VI)-resistant fungi as bioremediation agents of removing the Cr(VI) from the environment. Seven fungal isolates from tin mining soil of Bangka Belitung province were found tolerant to high Cr(VI) concentration. All fungal isolates grew well at 0.25 mM of Cr(VI), and five fungal isolates still tolerant at a concentration of 2 mM. Molecular identification based on the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) rDNA region showed that these isolates belong to Trichoderma crassum (2 isolates), T. virescentiflavum (3 isolates), and T. aff. tomentosum (2 isolates).

Acrylonitrile is a toxic organo-cyanide compound extensively used as solvents and in the manufacture of plastics, polymers, synthetic fibers, resin, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals and vitamins. Because of its acute neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity, discharge of acrylonitrile contained wastewater can lead to serious environmental pollution if is not controlled. Microbial degradation has been considered as a way of removing highly toxic nitriles from industrial waste. In our studies, the biodegradation of acrylonitrile was demonstrated by using whole cells of Corynebacterum sp. D5 isolated from polluted industrial wastewater. Although the bacterium could not utilized the compound as a source of carbon, energy and nitrogen for its growth, Corynebacterium sp. D5 was capable to degrade acrylonitrile (CH₂=CH-CN) into acrylamide (CH₂=CH-CONH₂) and acrylic acid (CH₂=CH-OOH). The acrylonitrile degradation took place via a two-steps reaction invoving nitrile-hydratase and amidase. During the degradation, the highest nitril hydratase activity was 4.894 nmol.(min.mg) ⁻¹ with the optimum temperature and pH was 25°C and pH 7.0, while the highest amidase acivity was 1,315 nmol.(min.mg) ⁻¹, with the optimum temparature and pH was 50°C and pH 6.0, respectively. Besides on acetonitrile as inducer, Corynebacterium sp. D5 was also able to grow on various saturated low molecular weight of nitrile and amide compounds.

Laccase producing Basidiomycetes were selected to degrade lignin on Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). The selection to obtain fungal isolates which produce high activity ligninolytic enzymes has been done continuously. The objective of the research was to isolate high activity enzymes producing fungus and obtain the data on enzyme activity changes after the addition of inducer. Fruiting body of fungus were collected in surrounding area of Cibinong Sciences Centre and Bogor Botanical Garden. Twelve isolates were obtained and all of the isolates could grow on Poly R-478. Isolate Mycena sp J24 produced the highest laccase activity. The fungus was able to decolorize Poly R-478 as much as 89.73% in 21 days incubation. The addition of CuSO₄ increased decolorization rate as much as 2.32%. Mycena sp J24 reduced 33.82% of POME color in fifteen days incubation. The addition of CuSO₄ increased POME decolorization as much as 72.11%. This fungus could also reduce COD level on POME as much as 33.14% in fifteen days incubation. The addition of veratryl alcohol increased the reduction of COD level as much as 55.15%. Mycena sp J24 produced the highest amount of laccase and could be applied on POME degradation as well.

Lignocellulose can be converted into many products replacing products produced from fossil, such as bioenergy, biochemicals and biomaterial products through several treatment. In the bioethanol production, the lignin content in lignocellulose causes the conversion of cellulose to ethanol is less optimal. This research aimed to screen a number of fungal isolated from tropical forests to obtain the lignin-degrading fungi which are potentially used in lignocellulose biotreatment. Screening was conducted by growing fungal isolates on a minimal salt media containing black liquor as a carbon source. Fungal growth ability was observed based on growth index and lignin degradation by fungal isolates was determined by measuring the absorption spectra of the degradation medium at wavelengths of 280 nm and compared to uninoculated control media. The screening results showed that all of 10 isolates had the different ability to grow on minimal media containing black liquor. One fungal isolates identified as Daldania eschscholtzii SA2 146 showed the highest lignin degradation ability that can degrade lignin up to 15% of the total lignin in the media. The lignin degradation by five fungal isolates was range between 5% - 15%. This study proved that the obtained fungal isolates can degrade lignin and potentially be used in lignocellulose biotreatment. Further investigation will be conducted to evaluate the selectivity of potential fungi to degrade lignin.

Laccase is one of the extracellular ligninolytic enzymes highly produced by white rot fungi (WRF) and widely used in industrial processes such as decolorizing of synthetic dyes. In this study, the enzyme was produced by a new isolated WRF (Trametes hirsuta LBF-AA017) through two types of fermentation: submerged and solid state fermentation. In the submerged culture, several local lignocellulosic materials (0.5% w/v): bagasse, palm kernel cake (PKC), sugar palm fruit cake (SPFC), corn cobs (CC), tobacco road (TR), were used as laccase inducers. Among 5 materials tested, treatment using SPFC resulted highest laccase production, 645 U L⁻¹ in the 9^th day. Higher concentration of SPFC (5% w/v) enhanced laccase poduction by the fungus up to 2034.354 U L⁻¹ in 9 days. Addition of SPFC above 25% (w/v) into culture medium made solid state condition and significantly enhance the production of laccase by the fungus. The crude laccase could effectively decolorize three types of chemical dyes: congo red (CR), brilliant blue G (BBG), coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), in a short period. The laccase could effectively remove three kind of tested dyes with various rates: 45, 91, 48%, respectively for CR, BBG and CBB in one hour reaction. Rapid removal of dyes, especially for BBG, by the laccase T. hirsuta LBF-AA017 has initially proven the potential to be applied for environmental biotechnology.

Methane uptake and production could take place in paddy soil. Methane oxidizing bacteria are the group of bacteria that play role in the methane uptake cycle and known as methanotroph. Methanotroph possess methane monooxygenase that could oxidize methane and short chain haloalkane. Methanotroph in paddy soils play role in controlling methane emission. Identification conducted in order to identify methanotroph from paddy soils. In this study, 5 methane oxidizing bacteria from paddy soils have been identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and pmoA gene encoding particulate methane monooxygenase sequence. Phylogenetic analysis deduced from 16S rRNA gene and pmoA gene showed that 4 bacteria were identified as Methylophilus leisingeri with sequence similarity 99% and pmoA like type II methanotoph, while 1 bacterium was identified as Methylomonas koyamae with sequence similarity 99% and pmoA like type I methanoroph.

Recently Indonesia is conducting Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) project in South Sumatra for power generation.The potential of negative impacts from UCG on groundwater and the broader environment can not be ignored since past similar projects were often confronted with pollution isues of BTEX and PAHs due to condensation of tar-loaded gas. This study focuses on finding indigenous microorganisms capable of BTEX degradation and evaluate their biodegradability. Several microorganisms were successfully isolated and screened. Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus cereus were chosen for this bioremediation study since the bacteria were predominant and highly viable on the screening test. The BTEX degradation has been studied in single component using single and mixed bacterial cultures in the concentration range of 250-500 ppm. The experimental results show that biodegradation of BTEX by P. putida ranged from 61.4-70.2% and by B.cereus ranging 63.9-74.7 % at initial BTEX concentration of 500 ppm.Meanwhile, consortium of both isolates has the highest percentage of BTEX biodegradation (67.8-79,8%) during 14 days of retention time.The findings reveal that indigenous bacteria of P. putida dan B. cereus exhibit the potential to be used for decontamination of BTEX as an anticipated mitigation for potential pollution coming from the UCG project.

Limboto Lake is one of the main lakes in the north part of Sulawesi island, Indonesia. This lake is categorized as a tectonic lake, which currently undergoing a serious degradation, due to many residences built in the area. Thus, the depth of the lake is quickly shrinking. A large quantity of poisonous kale (Ipomoea carnea L) grows in the around of the lake. This study aims at finding out the accumulation of copper (Cu) in the poisonous kale that grows in the around of the Limboto Lake. This study is a descriptive quantitative study using survey method with purposive sampling method in three observation sites, the estuary of the Alopohu river, the estuary of the Biyonga river, and the estuary of the Talubongo river. The variable being measured in this study is the level of Cu in the root, stem, and leaves, as well as the rhizosphere of the poisonous kale. The calculation of the Cu is carried out through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). This research shows that the range of Cu accumulation in the root is (3.61-36.00 mg/L), stem (0-15.00 mg/L), leaves (0-42.94 mg/L) and in the rhizosphere of the plant is (0.12-26.00 mg/L). The poisonous kale plant can be utilized as the Cu accumulator.

The use of white-rot fungus for dyestuff degradation is alternative of eco-friendly strategy on removal of industrial effluents. This study was conducted to investigate the decolorization of dyes using laccase produced by Cerrena sp. BMD.TA.1 isolated from Gunung Rinjani National Park (GRNP), West Nusa Tenggara – Indonesia. This fungus had capability to decolorize three types of dyes, those: anthraquinone (Remazol Brilliant Blue R, RBBR), azo (Congo Red) and triphenylmethane (Fast Green FCF). The optimum laccase activity in this dyes treatment by fungal culture was achieved at 96 h pre-incubation, but the highest decolorization rate was reached at 144 h pre-incubation. After 72 h of dyes treatment, all dyes were removed at least 82%. The optimum decolorization for 100 mg L⁻¹ was similar for of all dyes types. The decolorization of RRBR was higher compared to Congo Red and Fast Green FCF at 1000 mg L⁻¹. Furthermore in purified laccase, the RBBR was decolorized without any addition of redox mediator. The decreasing of laccase activities and increasing of dye concentration resulted on the lowest decolorization.This study revealed that laccase produced by Cerrena sp. BMD.TA.1 contributed to decolorization process, and had potential industrial application on removal of dyes effluents.

Leather tannery industry discharged wastewater containing chromium to the nearby river. The presence of chromium in excess of the limit pollutes the environment and could harm animal and human health. In this study, we examined wetland plants i.e. Typha angustifolia L., Canna indica L. and Hydrocotyle umbellata L. for their effectiveness in remediating chromium in an artificial wetland system within nine days period. Chromium compound, K₂Cr₂O₇, was used with a variation in concentration of 0, 10, 30 and 50 mg/L. All three plants survived until the 9^th day. The plant with the highest relative growth was C. indica, whereas plants which showed highest chromium accumulation and bioconcentration factor (BCF) was H. umbellata. Chromium accumulated more in the root than in the shoot (TF <1). Plant with highest efficiency in reducing chromium in medium was T. angustifolia (99.78%) grown in 50 mg/L chromium. The efficiency of C. indica and H. umbellata were 99.67% and 86.36%, respectively. The three plants showed a good potential of phytoremediation for wastewater containing chromium.

Lake Maninjau is a tecto-volcanic lake in West Sumatra, which is currently facing eutrophication problem and urgently needs measures to be recovered. A preliminary experiment was carried out to assess the possibility of using minute duckweed (Lemna perpusilla Torr.) for healing the lake water, while also producing biomass for alternative feed. This experiment was carried out in The Unit for Technology Transfer of Lake Restoration – Indonesian Institute of Sciences, which located next to Maninjau Lake. It employed 9 plastic containers of 30X20X20 cm³ filled with lake water taken from 3 locations of different level nutrient contamination. As much as 10 g minute duckweed was put into each container and let to grow for 9 days. Observation on the plant growth and biomass productivity along with the water nutrient concentration was carried out every 3 days. At the end of experiment duckweed biomass was sampled for proximate analysis. The results shows that Maninjau Lake water supported only sub-optimal growth of the duckweed, indicated by low growth rate (ranged 8-22 %/day) as well as the biomass protein content (13-15 % DW). The duckweed, however, can eliminate up to 94% phosphate and 54% total in-organic nitrogen from the water, which also indicating that phosphorous was the limiting factor for duckweed growth in the lake.

Lake Toba is designated as a National Tourism destination in North Sumatra. Lake Toba also used as a domestic water source for the surrounding communities, so that studies on water quality especially bacteriological condition need to be carried out. Theaims of this study was to analysis heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli, and total coliform bacteria. In addition, somephysico-chemicalparameters were also studied. Water samples were taken from ten different sampling stations from the eastern, western, northern and southern sides of Lake Toba. Heterotrophic bacteria was analyzed using the spread plate method, the total number count of E.coli and coliform were analyzed using the filtration method.The results showed that physico-chemicalparameters meet the Indonesian water quality criteria of raw materials for drinking water and recreation except the COD. None of samples conformed to Indonesian water standard for sanitation hygiene needs for E. coli densities should not exceed 0 colonies / 100 mL and the total coliform not exceed 50 colonies / 100 mL.The highload of COD, E.coli and total coliform indicated severe contamination of lake with domestic sewage and human excreta. Thus we assumed that water from Lake Toba is not safe for domestic water sources.

Oxidation of ammonia in the environment is known as nitrification. The process itself is a two-step process which oxidizes ammonia into nitrite then nitrate. A research was conducted to study the effect of C/N ratio variations in oxidizing high concentrated ammonia (100 ppm) by the bacteria isolated from the sediments collected from Muara Karang. The variations of C/N ratio implemented in the systems were 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, and 20:1 with glucose as the carbon source and ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source. Parameters measured during the research were ammonia and nitrate concentrations. Identification of bacteria from the sediments was performed using VITEK 2 identification kits. The results revealed a significant difference (α=0.05) in ammonia concentrations between treated groups, whilst no differences were noted in nitrate (α=0.001) concentrations. Potential nitrification bacteria from the systems were identified as Acinetobacter ursingii (88%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (99%), and Shewanellaputrefaciens (91%.)

Gas is one form of microbial metabolism products that can be identified as biogas, one example of biogas is methane gas. The production of methane gas by bacteria occurs through methanogenesis with three stages, namely hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. These processes are generally performed by bacteria in an anaerobic environment. The Muara Karang River sediments contaminated with organic matters and having low oxygen are potential as the habitat for anaerobic microbes with methanogenesis ability. The ability of such sediment microbes in biogas production was tested by inoculating Muara Karang sediment in a Methanogen Enrichment Barker broth medium with variations of C/N ratio using glucose as the carbon source to analyze the biogas production. The parameters measured were the total carbon, the total nitrogen, and the biogas volume. Two isolates were obtained, namely isolate I and isolate II. These isolates were then identified by the VITEK 2 compact equipment. The result showed that C/N ratio of 25:1 could produce the highest biogas volume. Isolate I was identified by the VITEK 2 equipment as Methylobacterium spp. from methanotroph group bacteria and isolate II was identified as Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis.

Biocontrol activity of Enterobacter cloacae alone and in combination with copper and mangan on the suppression of tomato damping off was assessed. Rhizoctonia solani damping-off is difficult to control, since its dorman organ sclerotia survive for long periods under various environmental condition. The availability of micronutrients copper and mangan may play important roles in controlling of plant diseases. Results showed that the application of E. cloacae alone decreased damping-off of tomato significantly (P<0.05) by 85%. Combination application of E. clocae with 10μg ml⁻¹ of CuSO₄ showed the highest suppression of the disease, followed by the treatment of E. cloacae with 5μg ml⁻¹, as high as 95% and 90% respectively, although the differences was not significant compared to other treatments. Degree of the disease suppression did not differ between application of E. cloacae alone and in combination with both concentration of MnSO₄ (μg ml⁻¹ and10μg ml⁻¹), the disease decreased about 85%. Inoculation of R. solani alone into soil resulted significantly highest (P<0.05) of fungal population, it was about 33.7 x 10³ CFU g⁻¹ soil, and inoculation of R. solani and E. cloacae reduced significantly fungal population to about 19.0 x10³ CFU g⁻¹ soil. E. cloacae produced chitinase and protease, its chitinolytic index was about 0.84, and proteolytic index was 0.61.

Denitrification is a reducing process of nitrate into nitrogen gases. Bacteria are able to do this process in high nitrate and low oxygen concentration. Fresh sediment from Cideng River, Jakarta, was incubated in Nitrate Broth medium then spread on Potato Dextrose Agar. Nine isolates was grown separately and inoculated in Oxidative/Fermentative medium to determine the denitrification ability. One isolate, named Isolate CD I-III, showed a positive result of denitrification activity. This isolate was inoculated in a Nitrate Broth medium with carbon source variations for 19 days to optimize its denitrification process. Parameters measured for indicating the denitrification activity were nitrate concentrations by the Spectrophotometric method and the bacterial viability by the total plate count method. This isolate was also identified by using the VITEK-2. The result revealed that glucose and glycerol as carbon source variations gave a significant difference (α = 0,05) in nitrate concentrations, whilst there was no difference in bacterial viability. The isolate CD I-III was identified by the VITEK-2 as Escherichia hermannii with 97% probability.

Alstonia sp is one of Indonesia tropical forest plant widely used for various benefits such as wood used for furniture, blackboards, wooden sandals, while barks and leaves used for traditional medicine for various diseases. Phytochemical content is influenced by various factors including species, age, and geographical location. This study aimed to identify phytochemical compounds of Alstonia sp. from various species, namely Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia pneumatophora, and Alstonia angustiloba from Palembang South Sumatera. Phytochemical analyzed flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids qualitatively. The result showed that all Alstonia sp. contained flavonoid and steroid compounds. Alkaloids and tannins were only detected in Alstonia Scholaris. Saponins were detected in Alstonia scholaris and Alstonia pneumatophora. Phytochemical content in Alstonia indicated that they had potency to be utilized as a source of medicinal plants. Alstonia sp. with the same genus but different species had different phytochemical content.

Auri (Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.) is one of pioneer tree species developed in forest and land rehabilitation. This species can be used as a short-rotation plantation forest for biomass energy source that produces small diameter stem. The potential use of small diameter auri needs to be supported by accurate biomass estimation. This study aims at developing biomass estimation model for young, small diameter auri tree and comparing the local model to generic model. Measurements were carried out on 92 samples of 2-years old auri tree planted with stand densities of 1850-2500 trees/ha. Data was analysed using 8 local models and compared to 5 generic models. Result of the study shows that the best model for estimating small diameter auri biomass is B1 model (B = 0.016(D₂₀)^2.78). The comparison of local and generic models suggested that the local model is better in predicting the auri biomass. This model is valid for small diameter auri species in West Nusa Tenggara Province. This model also seems reliable to apply in similar climatic region, but need a local data validation.

Scenedesmus sp. has tremendous potential to produce bioethanol due to its high content of carbohydrate, approximately 10-52%. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydrolysis time and acid concentration on ethanol production fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The analysis included in this research were cell density calculation, pH level, carbohydrate content, reducing sugar content, and ethanol content tested by Gas Chromatography. Biomass of Scenedesmus sp. was hydrolyzed using 1%, 2%, and 3% sulfuric acid for 75 minutes and 105 minutes. The hydrolysate was adjusted its pH to 4-5 using NaOH 50% then it was added with nutrients. The fermentation process was carried out for 5 days and samples were collected every day. The results showed that the highest ethanol content was 1.1 % and achieved on the 1st day of fermentation with 75 minutes of hydrolysis process using 3% sulfuric acid. It was followed by a 105 minutes hydrolysis process using 3% sulfuric acid which yielded a value of 1.095% on the 2nd day of fermentation. Optimization of the hydrolysis and fermentation process are needed for a further study to obtain high ethanol content.

Aspergillus awamori KT-11 is a proven potential mold produces the amylase enzyme complex, particularly amylase and glucosidase. These enzymes hydrolyze the starch being sugar. Food and beverage industry began extensive use of liquid sugar because it has several advantages. Liquid sugar is raw materials of starch in nature Indonesia. This purpose of this research is to extract powder enzyme Aspergillus awamori KT-11 from wheat bran against 4 types of raw material-based local carbohydrate to produce natural sweetener (liquid sugar).The raw material used namely potato, breadfruit, yellow squash, and bananas. Enzyme activity produced from mold Aspergillus awamori KT-11 on wheat bran of 186,9835 U/ml, reducing sugar of 9.775 mg/ml and protein levels is 48.981 mg/ml. The sweetener from natural potato starch, breadfruit, yellow squash, and banana produces different percentages. The highest percentage of banana flour produced at 117.938 mg/ml (concentration of flour 20%, enzyme 15% and incubation time for 3 days ) and lowest on yellow squash (6.563 mg/ml). The result shows that TLC from potato flour, breadfruit and bananas are produced of glucose and lactose, is from flour yellow squash generated fructose.

Amylase generally known as an industrial enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen. The α-amylase hydrolyzes α-1,4 glycosidic linkage that acts on raw starch. This reaction is very important for direct starch processing for alcohol fermentation and functional oligosaccharide or food additives development. Amyl III gene was isolated from Aspergillus awamori KT-11 and inserted into pDONR 201 as entry clone. The recombinant construct was subcloned into pDEST 17 plasmid as the expression vector and into E. coli BL21AI cells. The objective of this study was to optimize induction temperatures in the expression process and to know the ability of recombinant Amyl III to hydrolyze raw starch. The expression study of Amyl III was performed using LB medium at 27°C and 37°C. Purification was done using affinity chromatography (His Tag) with 100 mM imidazole. Protein analysis was done using 7.5% of SDS-PAGE gel. Digestion on soluble starch and raw waxy maize starch by Amyl III was performed using TLC plate. The results show that the best protein expression was obtained by incubation at 27°C. Digestion on those starch by using recombinant Amyl III resulted in the production of malto-tetraose, -pentaose, -hexaose and -heptaose.

Ulos is a woven fabric widely used by Batak tribe in North Sumatra., which is a source of warmth both and physically. In ancient times to complete the work of ulos woven fabrics, craftsmen use yarn with natural dye whose source comes from plant, shrubs and other ingredients. Natural dyes are very important in the textile industry, especially the more pro-environment and prevent skin allergies for the consumer. Natural dyes are non-toxic, easy decompose, environmentally friendly, renewable. The rise of ulos fabric manufacturers with chemical dyes in some areas around Lake Toba, North Sumatra, has increasingly marginalized the original ulos craftsmen, who still maintain natural dyes. The research was conducted by inventory at selected locations, interview and detection of natural plant dyes. The purpose of this research is to obtain new information, data related to natural dyes, and the addition of information other ingredients which potential as a natural dye especially of ulos in Toba lake area, North Sumatra. Based on the observation results in several locations in Toba lake area, has been found 18 plants species and four other ingredients that have the potential as natural dyes of ulos.

Rice bran and corncob are the agricultural waste with the high cellulose content. The research was carried out to utilize rice bran and corncob as media/substrate to produce cellulase enzyme by means of the bacteria fermentation process. Bacteria that used to the fermentation process isolated from the shrimp paste origin Bonang, Samarinda, East Kalimantan. Bacteria identified molecularly based on 16S rDNA sequence. The results of identification showed the bacteria is Bacillus subtilis A8. In the research showed the cellulase enzyme activity of B. subtilis A8 on the rice bran media have optimum of incubation time 3 days at pH 6.0 and temperature 60°C, activated by Na+, Co⁺², Cu⁺², Mg⁺², and Zn⁺² ions and the protein content 0.13 μg/mL. The cellulase enzyme activity of B. subtilis A8 on the corncob media have optimum of incubation time 3 days at pH 7.0 and temperature 50°C and activated by Na+ and Co⁺², whereas Cu⁺², Mg⁺², and Zn⁺² are inhibitor and the protein content 0.04 μg/mL.

Indonesian has been used Curcuma zedoaria as a herbal in cancer treatment. The bioactive compounds contained in the medicinal plants are products by the plant itself or by endophytes living inside the plant. Zebrafish has been used for the study in several areas of cancer research, including angiogenesis, metastasis, antitumor drug screening, and toxicity. This study was to investigate the antimicrobial and toxicity activity of secondary metabolite from endophytic bacteria isolated from C. zedoaria. Endophytic isolates were screened for antimicrobial activities against six microbial pathogens Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Four of endophytic bacteria showed antimicrobial activity were tested in toxic compound producing through Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test using zebrafish. The results indicated that from 73 selected isolates, 16 isolates (21.92%) showed antimicrobial activities against at least one of the test organisms. Four of endophytic bacteria that showed high antimicrobial activities, were identified as Citrobacter freundii, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas otitidis, and Burkholderia cenocepacia. FET test of ethyl acetate extracts from the four those selected isolates revealed that they had LC₅₀ values 63.5; 24.7; 13.4; and 12.6 ppm, respectively. These result showed that the highest toxicity was obtained from B. cenocepacia extract.

Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C content that important for nutrient recycling of natural substrates and degradation of soil organic material. Actinomycetes can secrete enzymes to degrade organic material such as lignocellulose. Some enzymes produced by actinomycetes for degradation of lignocellulose including cellulase and xylanase. The aim of this study was to isolate actinomycetes from soil originated from Mamasa, West Sulawesi, Indonesia, and screen their cellulase and xylanase activity. A total of 57 isolates of actinomycetes have been isolated using SDS-YE method. Those isolates were screened for their cellulase and xylanase activity. The abilities of actinomycetes to degrade cellulose and xylan were observed by clear zone on CMC agar medium and xylan agar medium. Out of 57 isolates, 17 isolates produced cellulase; five isolates produced xylanase and three isolates produced both cellulase and xylanase. After the identification of potential isolates, the cellulolytic actinomycetes were identified belong to 6 genera (Asanoa, Dactylosporangium, Kitasatospora, Nonomurae, Streptomyces, and Streptosporangium). Meanwhile, the xylanolytic actinomycetes were identified belong to 3 genera (Asanoa, Kribella, and Streptomyces). The result showed that the ability of actinomycetes to produce cellulase and xylanase were very low. Therefore isolation of actinomycetes from the specific substrate is necessary to be conducted.

Kediri is well known as a city of cigarette, sugar refinery, and tofu industries. This condition has an impact on high waste disposal to the environment such as rivers. One of the cases in Dermo village Kediri, where the river water turned black and well water turn yellow, high turbidity and smelly when the factory worked. The solution to provide a healthy sanitary water is the use of membrane for filtering the water. Chitosan from Pila ampullacea shell, PVA and PEG were mixed to make a membrane. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of chitosan membranes as polluted well water filters. Twelve samples of water collected from the wells at a distance in range 10 meters from the river aseptically. Then the water was filtered using the membrane that varies 1, 2, 3, 4 mm thickness. This research compared the water quality before and after filtered by membrane. Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), pH, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved CO₂ and bacterial presence parameters were measured. The result show that chitosan membrane with 4 mm thickness had the most effective membrane to filter and provide the best water quality.

The utilization of natural materials is likely to increase nowadays, including for aromatherapy purposes. In this research, aromatherapy candle had been made from the volatile oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (citronella grass). The aims of this research is to observe the influence of aromatherapy candle containing citronella grass oil toward the blood pressure of hypertension patients at Community Health Center Kapuk II Jakarta, Indonesia. This research used pre-experiment design with one group pretest-posttest design. The population was elderly who had high blood pressure. A sample of 43 peoples were obtained by simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was done by t-dependent test (paired t-Test) with significance value α = 0,05. The result of paired t-Test from pretest and posttest of systole blood pressure was obtained with P value 0,000 and paired t-test from pretest and posttest of diastolic blood pressure was obtained with P value 0,012. It can be concluded that there was an influence of aromatherapy candles of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle toward lowering blood pressure in hypertension patient at Puskesmas Kapuk II Jakarta Indonesia.

The revegetation on the nickel post-mining area requires symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi to support the plant growth because it faces major obstacles of harsh soil condition. The study was conducted to identify the AMF status on the nickel post-mining land and its association with pioneer plant roots. Soil and root sampling werewas collected on 4 type areas of nickel post-mining land i.e TR (top soil + revegetation), TNR (top soil + no revegetation), NTR (no top soil + revegetation) and NTNR (no top soil + no revegetation) to determine spore density, soil chemical properties and AMF colonization. The results showed that the nickel mining activities interfere in soil fertility and soil microbial population. It was denoted by lack available nutrient and low AMF diversity. Population of AMF only 7 – 83 spore per gram soil. Glomus or Acaulospora is dominating genus in each area. However, AMF occurrence is a vital to help the pioneer plants growth. It was proven by 163 species of pioneer plants that colonize nickel post-mining land associated with the AMF in their root system. Grass species have highest AMF colonization level. Therefore, inoculation of AMF indigenous isolate is needed as an intervention ion post-mining reclamation effort, so the possibility of symbiosis between plant roots and AMF becomes increasing. Eventually the development of natural plants will be accelerated to catalytic the natural succession process.

Application of indigenous Rhizobia on degraded land reclamation, especially post mining land allegedly can promote plant growth and development.. The research was to determine effectiveness of indigenous Rhizobia isolates from nickel post mining land to the growth of P. falcataria (L) Nielsen seedlings. Three types of native Rhizobia isolates (R1, R2, R3) and their combination (R4, R5, R6, R7) were applied as treatments in randomized completely design. All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal Walis. Significant differences between treatments were analyzed using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and Mann Whitney. The result showed most of growth variables of seedlings was not significantly influenced by Rhizobia inoculation, except stem diameter and biomass. This research also indicated correlation between N content in plant tissue with number of nodules, diameter and biomass although not significant. Single inoculation of Rhizobia did not show optimal results on P. falcataria (L) Nielsen seedlings so double inoculation using other potential microbes or input organic fertilizers at certain levels allegedly can increase the potential of Rhizobia on plants, especially in nickel post mining reclamation.

Many plant-associated bacteria synthesize the phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). Three bacterial isolates (H1, H2 and H3) were isolated from root nodules of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and tested for their productivity of indole acetic acid by spectrophotometric method. Isolate H3 showed the highest IAA production (12.28 μg/ml) in culture medium supplemented with L-Tryptophan. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolate H3 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. The cultures condition optimized for maximum IAA production by using different pH and tryptophan concentrations. IAA production of isolate H3 was maximum at pH 6 and 5 mg/ml of tryptophan concentration. The highest IAA producing isolate selected for determining its capability and compatibility to support the germination of soybean. The results showed that germination percentage and rate of soybean were not significantly different between control and isolate H3 treatment.

Rhizobia bacteria have been well known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria which could promote the growth of soybean plants. The bacteria could establish a symbiosis living with crops and trees legume. The successful symbiosis living is normally identified by the specific compatibilities between the bacteria and host plants. However, there is a chance that the bacteria which was isolated from trees legumes could also infect and be compatible in developing the symbiosis living with crops plant such as soybean. This study aims to confirm that Rhizobium bacteria isolated from tree legume, Acacia mangium, could successfully develop the symbiosis living with soybean. In addition, this research also studies the possibility of Rhizobium bacteria in working with other potential soil microbes such as mycorrhizae and others potential microbes on supporting the growth of soybean. Green house experiment showed that Rhizobium tropici combined with other potential soil microbes could significantly support the growth of soybean. This is shown with the increase of upper plant biomass. A number of pods although the data of visible soybean seed did not make significant different. This research finally opens the possibility of using biodiversity of nitrogen-fixing microbes to be packed as an update quality biofertilizer for soybean.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) are legume plants that can establish symbiosis with Rhizobacteria to fix N2 from air. Research on isolation, physiological characters and effectiveness of bacteria isolates of root nodules from various plants on the growth of Vigna radiata L has been carried out.The objective of study was to get effective Rhizobacteria isolates which can be potentially used as biological fertilizer agents. Characterization of 16 isolates were carried out and all were included in the fast growing group. For physiological characters of 16 isolates showed that11 isolates were able to produce IAA, 7 isolates were able to solubilize phosphate, 13 isolates were able to produce siderophore, and 16 isolates had protease enzyme and catalase activities. Ten isolates that have growth support activities: AD (1), AD (2), AD (3), AD (4), AD (7), AD (10), LK (2), EKP (1), EKP (2 ), and KcKP (1) were tested for its effectiveness on Vigna radiata L. As a control plant without inoculation on soil media (K1) and plants without being inoculated in plants in soil and compost media (K2).The design used was Completely Randomized Design. The plants were harvested at the age of 55 days. The parameters which were observed were: height of plant, number of leaves, dry weight of canopy, roots, root nodules, total of plants, wet weight of pods, number of pods and chlorophyll content. Inoculation of isolate AD (7) had increased the growth of Vigna radiata L compared to control.

Nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) play an important role to promote plant growth through nitrogen fixation and IAA hormone production. The objective of this research was to obtain the functional bacteria (nitrogen fixing bacteria) isolated from POME disposal pond that show the ability in nitrogen fixation and the potential as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as well as to investigate the potential of these bacteria through in vitro and in vivo growth of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Sw, and its effect on bacterial populations in media contaminated by POME. In vitro plant growth promoting activity characterization included N-fixing activity, Indole Acetic Acid production, and C. pulcherrima germination (inoculant + POME). In vivo plant growth promoting activity used sterile sand inoculated with NFB and watered with POME, whereas the control was not inoculated and watered with aquadest. Five strains were found as potential PGPR, namely Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp1-3., and Rhizobium sp. In addition, Azospirillum sp.1 is the best PGPR that produced highest seed vigour index (SVI), seed germination in vitro, and seed germination in vivo respectively. Azospirillum sp. 1 and Rhizobium sp. have the ability to promote growth of C. pulcherrima in vitro and in vivo with bacterial populations as much as 10⁷cfu mL⁻¹ in POME contaminated media. The bacteria and C. pulcherrima are potential for reclaiming infertile soil.

Medium particle size plays an important role in plant growth and absorbtion of nutrients. Pore types affect root development and infiltration. In addition, zeolite can increase the efficiency of nutrient use by increasing the availability of phosphate rock and exchange cation without structural changes. The experimental to determine the optimal particle size of zeolite in absorbing phosphate with design a complete random block. Media composition consists of coarse zeolite (ZK) and fine zeolite (ZH) with ratio of 50% ZK + 50% ZH (A1), 25% ZK + 75% ZH (A2) and 75% ZK + 25% ZH (A3). ZK and ZH distribution by mixing it in the tray. The result show that the percentage of survival is A3 which has 78%, A2 and A1 having 33%. Respectively, medium 75% ZK + 25% ZH (A3) was tested for phosphate absorption test, using 5 different levels namely 0 mM phosphate levels (A31), 0.3 mM (A32), 1 mM (A33), 3 mM (A34), and 10 mM (A35). Experimental results that addition of 10 mM phosphate (A35) increased plant length by 51.35%, leaf width 42.50%, wet and dry weight by 156.52% and 195, 54%, weight wet root 53.46% and phosphate content 195.58%. It can be concluded that A3 support the phosphate absorption to sorghum growth.

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is one of the agricultural commodities that has important economic value. The use of fertilizer is done to increase productivity in order to follow the demand for sorghum which is quite high. Farmers widely use chemical fertilizers because they are cheap and easy to apply, but it has a negative impact on the environment. Sorghum growth naturally depends on microbes in the root area such as arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobacteria which have been known to increase sorghum growth. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobacteria as biological fertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. This research aimed to study the effect of a combination of arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobacteria and doses of NPK fertilizer on sorghum growth. This study used two treatment factors, namely combination of microbes (arbuscular mycorrhiza, Azospirillum sp. and Klebsiella sp.) and doses of NPK (without NPK, 25% NPK, 50% NPK, 75% NPK, 100% NPK). Sorghum seeds of each treatment were individually grown on zeolite medium and were maintained in the greenhouse for two months. Plant growth parameters, colonization percentage of arbuscular mycorrhiza, rhizobacterial population, and root phosphate content were measured. Combination of Azospirillum sp. and Klebsiella sp. significantly increased shoot height and number of leaves. Combination of arbuscular mycorrhiza, Azospirillum sp. and Klebsiella sp. produced the highest dry weight. The dose of 25% NPK significantly increased all plant growth parameters. Combination of two rhizobacteria produced the highest root P content.

The decrease of plant growth and productivity may be due to environmental stresses that induce excessive ethylene synthesis. ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase-producing bacteria are known to decrease plant ethylene levels by converting the ethylene precursor, ACC to ammonia and α-ketobutyrate. This study was aimed to understanding ecological and physiological characters of ACC deaminase-producing bacteria. The bacterial strains used were Sphingobacterium multivorum BK1, Bacillus mycoides CB2, Pantoea dispersa CK4, Pantoea agglomerans KD6.2, Enterobacter ludwigii KW3, Bacillus aryabhattai TW7, Pseudomonas monteilii KS12, Pseudomonas putida KS16.2, Pseudomonas putida PIR 3C, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia PIR5, Lysinibacillus pakistanensis PIC5, Bacillus aryabhattai PIC11, and Roultella terrigena PCM8. It was observed that all bacterial strains demonstrated optimal growth at pH 6-8, temperature 25–30°C, and oxygen requirement of aerobic to facultative anaerobic. All of strains have Phosphate Solubilizing Index between 1,1–3,04 and IAA (Indole-3-Acetic Acid) production level between 0,11-10,33 ppm.hour-1. In terms of antagonistic properties, all bacterial strains were found incapable of inhibiting Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Ralstonia solanacearum growth. All bacterial strains were capable of using glucose, sucrose, cellulose and mannitol as the source of carbon and energy. In addition, all bacterial strains also demonstrated Cr6+ tolerance ofs 100–300 mg.L-1.

Natural forest area is decreasing but planted forest is increasing by years. The main target of establishment of industrial plantation forest is rehabilitating unproductive production forest areas (mitigate land degradation). Plantation forest ecosystem also expected provide some goods and services even though timber production usually become the main service. This paper aims to present data and information about the value of goods and services derived from plantations forest with case studies in the South Sumatra Province. The Total Economic Value (TEV) concept used as the framework to quantify value of the goods and services derived from plantations forest. The TEV concept widely use to measure the utilitarian value of ecosystems to support efficient resources allocation. The result indicates that the economic value of goods and services derived from plantaton forest that reflected by the TEV of plantation forest is about 17,242.72 USD. This value is higher than TEV of natural secondary forest and abandoned peatswamp forest. Its indicates that plantation forest can provide both timber and non-timber benefits that generated by the ecological functions of plantation forest. In peat swamps area, development of plantation forest with adaptive species will support timber producion and mitigate forest land degradation.

The gall rust disease is the diseases of sengon plant (Falcataria moluccana), that it caused by Uromycladium spp. which can cause the decreased productivity. However, at this time not yet retrieved the right techniques to reduce attacks of gall rust disease on sengon plant. Efforts to control gall rust disease at the level of seeds can be through by seed irradiation technique. Irradiation techniques on seeds can be used to increase productivity through increased vigour and seed quality. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of gamma rays irradiation techniques on sengon seeds its shown by the growth and percentage of damage caused gall rust at sengon plantation at Pandantoyo Sub Forest District (RPH), Pare Forest District (BKPH), Kediri Forest Management Unit (KPH), East Java. The research design used a randomized block design consisting of 3 blocks. Each block consists of 10 treatments based on irradiated doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 Gy) and each treatment consist of 20 plants. The parameters observed were percentage of attacked plants that divided into four level of damage: healthy (0%); low (≤ 10%), moderate (≥ 11%-45%) and severe (≥ 46%) and growth of diameter and height. Generally, the health conditions of sengon plantation were affected by gall rust. At 18-months-old, the gamma rays irradiation at 75 Gy was the largest percentage of healthy plants (42.5%) and better than control (24 %). At 25-months-old, the plants derived from seeds that were not irradiated (control) was the largest percentage of plants with severe damage. Gamma rays irradiation does not affect the growth of diameter and height. The highest percentage of healthy plants were at 1^st block but the fastest growth of plant diameter was 2^nd block.

The restoration of peat swamp forests in Sumatra island has become Indonesian government's priority to restore ecological functions and their utilization. Indigenous. However, little information is available on the status of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in Sumatera. The objective of this research was to know AM fungi colonization in indigenous of tropical peat swamp forests. Root samples of 28 tree species in 14 families grown in a peat swamp forest of Jambi, Riau, and South Sumatera. All soil and tree roots were grown in zeolite media and trapped in Pueraria javanica and Shorgum bicolor as host plants for four months in a green house. Roots were stained with 0.1% trypan blue and vesicles, arbuscles and internal hyphae of AM fungi observed under a compound microscope. The results have shown that 20 tree species (72%) were colonized by AM fungi, 4 tree species of the dipterocarps family (14%) were colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), and four other tree species (14%) did not find FMA or ECM colonization. It is suggested that utilization of mycorrhizas can increase early growth of some tree species grown in peat swamp forests and mycorrhizal application will be expected as a key technology to restore degraded peatlands.

Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre) is one of biodiesel source raw material plants. Natural site conditions and an appropriate planting technique of this species are necessary to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of natural growing site and the cultivation of pongamia through the plantation of seedlings based on provenances. The seedlings were originated from 5 different populations of Java Island. Soil was sampled at each location to determine the rate of soil fertility in natural habitat compared to soil sample at cultivation site. The plantation was carried out in Parungpanjang Research Forest with spacing of 3 m x 3 m. Characteristics of growth observed up to 6 months old were total height, stem base diameter, seedling survival percentage and leaf number. The results showed that pongamia in Java grows in less fertile natural habitats. The initial growth of pongamia provenance test in Parungpanjang showed that seedlings from Carita had the best growth of height (83.75 cm) and diameter (0.85 cm). Pongamia was able to adapt to the environmental conditions which are different from its natural conditions, indicated by the high percentage of survival i.e ranging from 88% (Kebumen) to 100% (Batukaras).

The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) applications or known as quadcopter drones have been considerably growing since the 20th century through now. In this project, we introduce the use of drone to support the revegetation practices. The project aims to develop a quadcopter drone that is capable of dispersing Tamarindus indica seeds in revegetation fields with potential for revegetation. T. indica is tree species that commonly used for revegetation in Indonesia. This work includes following steps. First, a drone takes an aerial photo of the demonstration plots to highlight existing vegetation and obstruction. The result is the information that is used to develop the best seed dropping and planting pattern. The map then is uploaded into the drone. Second step is developing mechanized canisters containing a germinated seed. The seeds then released from canisters installed in drone and break open upon impact with the soil to allow the germinated seeds to take root in the predetermined positions. The proposed drone assisted seed dropping system will provide an essential tool for an efficient revegetation. Due to the effectiveness, this system is also suitable for revegetation in ecosystem where germination has not occurred or for planting in areas with difficult access.

Trema (Trema orientalis Linn. Blume) is a potential multipurpose tree species belongs to Cannabaceae, that can be used for producing biomass energy, light construction, charcoal and herbal medicine. In relation to the seed procurement, the objective of this research is to find out the effect of sieve mesh size for seed selection of trema to seed viability and seedling growth. The research design used completely random design with treatments of (1) control (without using sieve mesh), (2) 1.18 mm in size of sieve mesh, (3) and 1.70 mm in size of sieve mesh. Every treatment contains 4 replications. The observed parameters were of Germination Percentage (GP), Germination Rate (GR), seedling height and seedling diameter. The results of this research indicated : (1) the sieve mesh size has been significantly influence the GP, GR, seedling height and seedling diameter, (2)1.70 mm in size of sieve mesh was the best method for seed selection of trema, with the average of 83% in GP, 4.2391 %/etmal in SG, 13.6 cm for seedling height and 2.1 mm in seedling diameter.

Rattan agroforest is a swidden cultivation systems, which apply slash-burning and fallow rotation in its development. This system is commonly practised by local farmers of Dayak in Central Kalimantan. The objective of the study was to assess soil characteristics of 5 land use types, namely forest, secondary forest (baliang), young rattan agroforest (bahu), complex ruber-rattan agroforest (CRR), and simple rubber agroforest (SR) in two villages in Katingan. The method used in the study was regular methods of soil analysis, such as pH (H₂O &KCl), C_organic(Walkley & Black), P_available (Bray), Ntotal (Kjeldahl), and soil texture. The result showed that in the top layer (0-10 cm depth), forest has the highest C/N ratio, but the lowest ratio of C_org/C_ref compare to others. Forest has the lowest P_content (4.02 ppm), while SR has the highest P_content (12.06 ppm). CRR and SR tends to have higher clay content than sand content. In general, farming systems determine characteristics of the soils. Forest conserves soil characteristics, while management that applied by farmers in the agroforestry system may improve soil fertility.

Tailing deposited on rice field in Burn District Indonesia poses a severe environment problem since rice does not grow on tailing with low fertility. The aim of this study was to verify the natural vegetation grown naturally on mercury contaminated tailing which covered the top soil of rice field, as well as the development of legume tree, Trembesi, Rain Tree (Albizia saman F. Muell) grown in purpose between the pioneer plants. Plant succession observations were carried out for 2,5 years on 524 m² of rice fields. As presumed, the succession was similar to the general pattern of primary revegetation. The study area increased diversity of weed as primary vegetation which influenced the better growth of Trembesi. A total of 17 natural plants were recorded as pioneer weed as well as late colonizer. Weed grazing by livestock, mainly cow, promoted the diversity of plants due to their role as seed dispersal agents.

Open mining of non-renewable energy from coal in tropical regions causes land degradation, temperature stress, water stress, high acidity, aluminum toxicity, and other poor soil characteristics. Kranji (Pongamia pinnata)) is an exotic fast-growing species whose tolerance to drought conditions and marginal soils are potential for the revegetation of degraded areas. This research aimed to analyze the effect of coal mining media, watering interval, and their interaction on the growth of kranji seedlings. This research was conducted in October 2015 with a 4-months observations period. The research used a completely randomized factorial design comprising soil media and watering interval. Three soil media treatments comprising secondary forest soil, disposal, and overburden in coal mining media were performed in PT Berau Coal, Berau, East Kalimantan. The watering interval was every 3 and 7 days. Organic pot made from leaf litter was used as basic treatment in this research, and kranji seedlings were obtained from Banyuwangi Protected Forest. The total chlorophyll, height, diameter, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and top/root ratio parameters were measured. Soil media and watering interval significantly affected the height, shoot dry weight, and top/root ratio of kranji seedlings. The interaction between watering interval and soil media was not significant for all parameters. P. pinnata was tolerance to drought and poor nutrient of post-coal mining soil. Exotic fast-growing species of P. pinnata is suitable for the rehabilitation of post-coal mining land in tropical regions.

Guludan technique becomes an alternative for mangrove rehabilitation in the disused fishponds. This technique has been implemented since 2005 on the coast of Jakarta. The wider application of this technique requires several studies in advance to see growth of the mangrove in the already planted guludan. This study aims to measure the growth of mangroves planted by guludan techniques, identify environmental factors that affect their mangrove growth, and analyze their relationship. Measurements were performed on 40 guludan samples which planted by Rhizopora mucronata in 2010 - 2013. R. mucronata can grew in guludans with highest growth percentage in the 2013 group of 56.53%. The 2010 planting group showed highest average height, average diameter and basal average area of 4.59 m; 3.91 cm and; 28.87 m²/ha respectively. S. Caseolaris grew naturally in guludans and become competitor of R. mucronata in obtaining space to grow. The 2012 group was the highest in terms of S. caseolaris density, that is 15 individuals/guludan with average height, average diameter and basal area of 9.38 cm, 5.29 m, and 24.79 m²/ha, respectively. The growth of R. mucronatawas affected by nutrients (N, P, Ca), clay texture, and other soil factors (CEC and pH), whereas S. caseolaris was only affected by nutrients (N, P, and Ca).

The Bio and organic fertilizers are cheap and environmentally friendly source of plant nutrients for agricultural yields and environmental quality improvement. The study aimed to evaluate the application of biofertilizer and Palm oil mills effluent (POME) either singly or in combination on growth of Paraserianthes falcataria under greenhouse condition. The study was laid out in factorial based Completely Randomized Design (CRD) design which was comprised of biofertilizer treatments (Control without bacteria, Klebsiella sp, Rhizobium radiobacter, Klebsiella sp + Rhizobium radiobacter) and five concentrations of POME treatments (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%) with 3 replicates for each treatment. The results revealed that inoculation with biofertilizer treatments along with POME significantly enhanced plant growth parameters, soil available P, soil phosphatase activity and soil bacterial population. Combination of Rhizobium radiobacter and POME 50% induced the highest increase of shoot length (10.17 ± 0.83cm), root length (28.67±0.88cm), shoot dry weight (0.48± 0.006g), and root dry weight (0.25±0.013g). The highest soil phosphatase activity was obtained in the combination Klebsiella sp. and POME 25% treated soil. The application of Rhizobium radiobacter along with POME at 10% and 25% concentrations reached its highest level of soluble soil P (4.07 ppm) and soil bacterial population (48.33 10⁷ cfu/g of soil) respectively.

Garlic is one of the main commodities in Indonesia.Various constraints in the cultivation system such as the condition of the land and attacks of diseases such as root wilting are problem of increasing the productivity of this plant. This study aims to obtain information about the effect of giving inoculants of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium sp on the growth of garlic in different media planting until the age of 20 days. Garlic bulb were obtained from local farmers, with a size of weight 6-7 gram/bulb. The experiment was carried out at the greenhouse scale using a completely randomized design with 5 replications. Treatment includes the type of planting media, soil, sand and soil + sand (ratio1:1), three type of inoculant, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp and mixing Aspergillus niger + Fusarium sp and control. Inoculants are given 10 mL (5 x 10¹⁰ CFU/mL) in liquid on pots containing 300 grams of planting media. Observations are carried out after 20 days planting. The results showed that Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus niger + Fusarium sp inoculants had a positif significant effect on the growth of garlic in all treatment media soil, sand and soil + sand. Fusarium sp inoculant inhibits growth of 30% - 60%, Aspergillus niger inoculant can increase growth of 40% - 90% when compared to controls on all planting media. The use of Aspergillus niger inoculant can overcome diseases caused by Fusarium sp, it can even increase the growth of 30% - 40% in sand and sand + soil media planting.

The use of mycorrhizae as phosphate solubilizing fungus has been known since decade. Mycorrhizae could promote the growth of almost all species of plants. Biofertilizer product based on mycorrhizae fungus has been produced commercialization and easily found in the market. This study was aimed to understand the positive effect of mycorrhizae inoculation when it mixed with other microbes especially nitrogen fixing bacteria and growth hormone production bacteria. An experiment was set up at green house to run the activities of microbes inoculation on soybean plants. Soybean was mainly used for testing the potential of soil microbes since the target of the experiment is increasing the production of soybean seed and decreasing the used of chemical fertilizer. The result of this study showed that multi strains inoculation was better that single inoculation. Single mycorrhizae inoculation produced slightly higher number of pods. However when the mycorrhizae was combining with other potential microbes the number of pods produced by the plants even significantly higher than only single inoculation. Updating the quality of biofertilizer is needed by including the biodiversity of soil microbes to gain the promotion of green farming program.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the most common plant hormones that regulate many aspects of growth and development of plants. Trichoderma harzianum, a plant growth promoting fungus, has the ability to produce IAA. However, various environmental factors influence the formation of the hormone. The objective of this study was to optimize the environmental condition for the production of IAA by Trichoderma harzianum InaCC F88 strain. The effects of L-tryptophan concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, and incubation time on IAA production and biomass were studied. The in vitro evaluations were carried out in the axenic condition of Luria-Bertani Medium. Supplementation of 1% L-tryptophan in the medium gives maximum IAA production. The most favourable initial pH and temperature for IAA production are 6.0 and 27°C, respectively. In the salinity test, the medium containing 1% NaCl yielded maximum IAA formation. After 4 days of incubation, the concentration of IAA reached equilibrium. Hence, optimum IAA production in liquid fermentation could be achieved by manipulating those factors.

Reduction of chemical application for disease control is important to reduce environmental pollution. An environmental friendly alternative was used Glyocompost. Glyocompost is medium with double functions, there were fungicide and fertilizer. The objectives of the study was to find out best composition of glyocompost and bamboo moss in media for propagation anthurium clones. Anthurium clone "CC" was clone from breeding programme as materials. CC was crossing of Anthurium cv. Cromosum x Anthurium cv. Castano. The composition of media were 1: 18, 1:19, 1: 20 and 1:21 as treatment to apply in CC clones. The parameter observation were plant height, total number of leaves, leaves length, leaves width and total number of shoots. The best composition of glyocompost was obtained 1:19 (glyocompost : bamboo) for leaves width and leaves length. The best of total number of shoots were obtained by composition media 1: 18. While, all treatments were not significantly different for leaves length and total number of leaves. Glyocompost was also accelerated blooming in anthurium clones.

Teak (Tectona grandis L.) is an important hardwood species in Indonesia. Morphological description of Indonesian teak remains inadequate. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological traits of teak from the different provenances: Malabar, Java and Muna. The study was observed eight macroscopic morphology variables (anthocyanin color, intensity of anthocyanin color, leaf color, leaf size, edge of the leaf, base of blade, top surface texture of leaf, and veins color) and five microscopic morphology variables (adaxial epidermal density, abaxial stomatal density, abaxial stomatal size, trichomes density, and number of trichomes types). The leaf materials were collected from trees sample of each provenance. The Java and Muna provenance presented six similarities of macroscopic morphology of traits. The Malabar provenance materials were the least similar macroscopic morphology, with only one similar trait. Malabar provenance had the highest density of trichomes and stomata. The Malabar provenance had the lowest percentage of similarity coefficient among provenance.

Interspecific hybridization can be an effective strategy in ornamental plant breeding. Interspecific hybridization in the genus Dianthus is relatively easy to do. Therefore, the introduction of good character carriers from other Dianthus species into carnations will give prospect. The objective of this study was to produce new type interspecific carnation genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute experiment station in Cipanas – Cianjur, from November 2014 – July 2015. The experiment was conducted with an experimental method using randomized block design (RBD). The treatment consisted of six genotypes of interspecific carnation, female parent "Liberty" and male parent "SK 11-1" with four replications. The result showed that the flower color of the purplish red and red interspecific genotypes was different from the female parent yellow-flowered. The character of flower type, petal edges and leaf texture of the six progeny genotypes resemble male parent, while the flower shape character of the six interspecific carnation genotypes resemble female parent. Genotype D1 had a combination of the character of plant height, stem diameter and diameter of the appropriate flower as carnations of cut flowers, while genotype D5 had the character of plant height, the number of flowers blooming at one time, the diameter of the flower, the freshness of the flower suitable as garden carnations or pots.

Chrysanthemum is an ornamental crop with high economic value and consistently received hight demand attributed to its amazing beautifulness. However, white rust disease has drastically suppressed the growth and production of chrysanthemum. The purpose of this study was to obtain genetic and phenotypic diversity characters of peroxidase (pod), polyphenol oxidase (ppo), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) and their resistant component of enzymes activity. The eksperiment was conducted using a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of 37 mutants and 11 genotypes chrysanthemum parents with two replications. Observations were made for pod, ppo and pal enzyme activities. Results showed pod, ppo, and pal enzyme activities had narrow genetic and phenotypic variabilities. Further, chrysanthemum mutant obtained enzyme activities is better than the best control, namely 18.30.068, 10.10.010, 1.30.038, 20.35.056, 18.20.112, 18.25.079, 9.35.162, 18.20.089 and 16.35.086 genotypes. Pod, ppo and pal enzymes activity are more resistant to higher than the susceptible genotype chrysanthemum white rust disease. The other finding is as revealed by negative correlation between disease intensity character and pod, ppo and pal enzymes activity, while disease incidence and the rate disease development characters did not correlate with the third enzymes activity characters.

Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious worldwide pest of greenhouse crops on horticultural commodities, especially in chrysanthemum. Besides being able to affect the plant vigor and reduce the quality of chrysanthemums, B. tabaci also transmits the plant virus. This study aims to determine the distribution and abundance of whitefly populations in six chrysanthemum cultivars (Sazeta, Nameswari, Cayapati, Yulimar, Kusuma Patria and Sabia) under glasshouse conditions. Numbers of whitefly adults, eggs, nymphs and pupa were observed every one week from the underside of the young, mature and old leaves. The total mean numbers of adults, eggs, nymphs and pupa were tested using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test at p <0.05. Our results showed that the population distribution of B. tabaci adults in six chrysanthemum cultivars was higher in young leaves than mature and old leaves. Number of eggs and nymphs were higher in mature and old leaves. Whitefly abundance (adults, eggs, nymphs and pupa) on chrysanthemums cultivar Sabia were the highest, implies that there is a need search for appropriate control strategy so that the yield losses of chrysanthemum can be reduced.

Sulawesi has unique mammalian fauna with high level of endemism. One of the endemic fauna in Sulawesi is Bunomys chrysocomus (Rodentia: Muridae). This study aimed to observed the nematode species parasitizing B. chrysocomus by using scanning electron microscope. Based on the observation nematodes obtained from gastric mucosa was Gongylonema neoplasticum Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914, while from the caecum was Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866. Both nematodes are cosmopolite nematodes which have wide host range and worldwide distribution. The detail morphology and taxonomic status of both nematodes from B. chrysocomus of Sulawesi will be presented here.

Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz (Thymelaceae) or ramin is an important species producing valuable timber. The existence of this species has now under severe threat due to illegal logging and habitat conversion. Ramin is found only on peat swamp forests, scatteredly distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo. Genetic diversity of ramin in the Malesian region has been studied previously for Sumatran populations as well as East and West of Malaysian populations. This present study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and population structures of ramin from Sumatra and Kalimantan using Sequence Random Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP). Five combinations of SRAP primers used to amplify seventy seven samples of ramin from eight populations. Eighty-three putative loci of SRAP were scored and analysed using Popgene and MVSP software. Among eight populations studied, NPL were ranged between 14 – 68 with PPL varied at 16.87 – 81.93%. Number of observed alleles and effective allele numbers were ranged between 1.17 – 1.76 and 1.13 – 1.36 respectively. The lowest gene diversity was accounted for population 2 (He = 0.08) while the highest gene diversity was population 7 and 8 (He = 0.22). The Sumatran and Kalimantan populations were genetically structured at medium level (Gst = 0.25). The pairwise genetic distance among Sumatran and Kalimantan population was considered low (0.04-0.07), and is between Sumatran populations (0.01 – 0.17). The results from this study can be used as an essential information to design conservation strategy for ramin in Indonesia.

A physiological and genetic study was conducted to profile two selected of Monascus purpureus strains based on lovastatin produce which was analyzed by HPLC and its gene expression. After completed on producing angkak, a fermented rice product, by each M. purpureus strains at 25°C, HPLC analysis on the yield of citrinin and lovastatin was conducted. The expression of citrinin or lovastatin encoding gene of the two strains was analyzed by using reverse transverse (RT)-PCR of its RNA. Each RNA was extracted from mycelial masses by using Trizol (Invitrogen) kit. The primers used for RT-PCR were pksCT and LovB for citrinin and lovastatin encoding gene respectively. The results showed that the two strains were different physiologically and genetically. M. purpureus Skw2 was high potency as a good producer of lovastatin (38.5 mg/g). Unfortunately, this strain still produced citrinin although at low concentration (13.03 ppm). While M. purpureus Serasi was not good producer of lovastatin (7.4 mg/g). However, based on safety concern on health, M. purpureus Serasi was potential for future use for its benefits application because of its negative result based on the citrinin analysis result. Therefore, enhancement of lovastatin produce would be of one of the interests for further research of this Monascus strain.

Maintaining and preserving microbes such as fungal cultures are essential elements in systematics and biodiversity studies, fundamental part in ex situ conservation and underpinning biotechnology. Majority of Basidiomycetous fungal strains and mushroom cultures in Indonesia are maintained and preserved by serial transfer. This short term active metabolism-based preservation was simple, but it can not be implemented for maintain and storage in the large numbers of fungal cultures due to time consuming and labour intensive. Recently, permanent long term and inactive metabolism-based preservation such as cryopreservation were introduced and implemented for resolved the problems. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cryopreservation at -80° C with 10% (v/v) glycerol and 5% (g/v) trehalose as cryoprotectant into the 50 strains of the Basidiomycetous fungi from Indonesian Culture Collection (InaCC). The Basidiomycetous fungal cultures were used consists of several taxa such as; Agaricus, Agrocybe, Auricularia, Coprinus, Ganoderma, Lentinula, Phanerochaete, Pleurotus and Trametes. The accelerated storage and viability tests were performed by thawed and revived the stored cultures after 2 weeks and 12 months storage at -80°C. The results showed there are no viability loss among the 50 strains were observed, however there is a distinct acclimatization time and growth rate between cultures were stored at -80°C for 48 hours and more than 3 years. Strains were stored for 48 hours at -80°C begin to grow after 3 days of incubation, whereas cultures were stored at -80°C for more than 3 years begin to grow optimally after 5 days of incubation. Nevertheless, significant differences in acclimatization time and growth rate in both storage periods were not seen in Ganoderma, Phanerochaete, Pleurotus, and Trametes cultures. In general, this long term inactive metabolism-based preservation method is effectively applied for maintain and keep the viability of Basidiomycetous fungal cultures in InaCC.

Endophytic fungi are a group of microorganisms that grow in plant tissue without causing symptoms of disease in host plants. Fungal endophytes have a great diversity and potential as an agent of bioactive compound and metabolites that are important in the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and environment. In this study isolation and identification of fungal endophytes inhabiting an assemblages of medicinal plants collected from Toba and Samosir Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia were carried out. Fungal endophytes were isolated using surface sterilization methods with slightly modification and totally 88 selected endophytic fungal strains were isolated from roots, stems, barks, leaves, and fruits of 12 species of medicinal plants. The fungal strains identification through morphological observation showed that selected fungal endophytes were associated with host plant belonging to the taxa Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Neopestalotiopsis, Phoma, Phomopsis, Phyllosticta, Schizophyllum, Trichoderma, and Xylaria. In this study endophytic Phomopsis dominating the obtained strains where 30% (27/88) strains of them were isolated from 8 species of medicinal host plants. Preliminary exploration of fungal endophytes through isolation and identification was the first step in order to discover the potential strains were able to produce promising metabolites and bioactive materials. The results of the study are expected to be initial microbial resources and information for screening and utilization of endophytic fungi through bioprospecting.

At present most of the peatland in the OKI district, South Sumatra was damaged by forest fires. One way to restore the condition and function of peatlands as before is to rehabilitate by replanting suitable species on peatlands. One of the obstacles to the planting success on peatlands is the presence of pests and diseases. This study aims to determine pests and diseases of forest plants in several locations of burned peatlands in South Sumatra. The method used in this study was a survey method by direct observation of sample plants. Parameters observed were species of insect pests and pathogen, incidence and intensity of the attack. The results showed that several insect pests and diseases were found on burned peatland in Ogan Komering Ilir district, South Sumatra and identified as Cycnotrachelus sp., Valanga nigricornis, bagworm, Daphnis hypothous, Macrophoma sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., and Cephaleuros sp. The highest incidence of bagworm attacks was on Shorea balangeran and categorized as very heavy damage. The highest intensity was occurred on Dyera lowii that were attacked by Cephaleuros sp. and was categorized as moderately heavy damage. Even though the pest and disease attacks brought no economic losses, they must be watched closely by continuous monitoring.

Lake Matano is one of the oligotrophic lake in Indonesia that has unique phytoplankton characteristic. This study was aimed to find out the composition and abundance of phytoplankton at Lake Matano. Observations were conducted in 2015 (April and August) and 2016 (May and August). A total 10-20 L of water samples were collected from eight locations in the Lake Matano. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity were measured to determine the water quality. Phytoplankton abundance was calculated using the Sedgewick Rafter method. Phytoplankton community structure was analysed by Diversity Index (H'), Evenness Index (E) and Simpson Dominance Index (D). A total five phyla and 80 species of phytoplankton were found in Lake Matano, comprised of Chlorophyta (26 species), Dinophyta (2 species), Bacillariophyta (43 species), Chrysophyta (1 species) and Cyanophyta (8 species). The abundance of phytoplankton ranged between 0.36 × 10² – 1.281 × 10⁴ individual/L. Peridinium inconspicuum and P.cinctum (Dinophyta) was found highest in abundance in April and August 2015 (96.38% of the abundance). Low to moderate community (H'=0.122 to 3.454) and low uniformity (E = 0.065 to 0.556) among species in phytoplankton community was found in Lake Matano. Dominance species (D = 0.216 to 0.967) occurred in several locations at Lake Matano. CCA ordination shows that the presence of all phytoplankton groups is strongly influenced by turbidity of which the lower turbidity value causes the higher phytoplankton abundance.

Peat land deterioration is global issue. Exploitation of peatland ecosystem, especially extreme drainage has caused severe environmental problem. Among other destruction of fresh water stock, emission of greenhouse gas in the form of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The objective study was to assess the influence of land use type on fungal diversity and its activity which indirectly contribute plant growth promotion or associated with greenhouse emission from peatland in Central Kalimantan. Four land use types: Nearly-pristine peat swamp forest (n-PSF), Un-drained deforested peatlands (UDP), Drained deforested peatlands (DDP), and Degraded peatlands under agriculture (DPA) were evaluated representing the disturb and less disturb peatland ecosystem. The hydrolytic enzymes assessment, particularly those linking to polymeric substances mineralization, was conducted to estimate microbial activities which contribute to greenhouse gas emission. The result indicates that fungal diversity and its activities of less disturb peatland was quite distinctive from exploited areas, which implies that higher greenhouse gas emission in exploited areas. It is recommended that exploitation of peatland ecosystem should consider water regimes through managing oxic and anaerobic environment to limit greenhouse gas emission. The presence of IAA, phosphatase producing fungi could be important for genetic resources for the growth promotion in peatland ecosystem.

Lombok is a part of the Lesser Sunda Islands located in the West Nusa Tenggara Province. The diversity of mosses reported by Touw in 1992. The mosses research at surrounding Rinjani National Park was be conducted. The result reported 72 species of mosses including 46 genera and 21 families. The higher of mosses diversity is Meteoriaceae. More than 27% of mosses at the site is suggested as new records from Lombok.

Social forestry program is intended to improve people's welfare and at the same time as an effort to conserve the forest. This paper examines the awareness of local communities toward social forestry programmes implemented by Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Republic Indonesia. This research was taken place in Bumi Kawa Village, Ogan Komering Ulu District. Survey, interview and focus group discussion methods were employed to collect the data. Descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the data obtained during the research. Almost all of the people interviewed have a particularly favourable perception of the social forestry programmes implemented. Currently, the community has accessed the forest area and planted it with coffee. With the existence of social forestry program, community access to forests becomes a legal activity. The community can manage the land by implementing agroforestry system that is developing agricultural crops under forest trees. The type of tree that has been well known by the community is bambang lanang (Michelia champaca). This type of plant is suitable to grow in this region and has economic value. Based on the discussion, social forestry program is the best type of management for running the forests in this area. Communities were willing to further participate in tree planting activities. Moreover, women also had positive perception towards social forestry program although they were not fully involved in managing the forest. Some incentives were needed so that the local people will continue to participate in the long term environmental preservation.

Common porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) is one of the protected mammals in Indonesia. The existence of this species is threatened due to habitat destruction and uncontrolled poaching. In order to maintain the sustainability of porcupine from extinction, the rescue is through captive breeding (ex situ conservation). The process of domestication of porcupine begins with observing the development of its behavior, making it easier to manage in captivity. The aim of the study was to determine the development of porcupine behavior related to the domestication process in captivity. The materials used were four porcupines (two males and two females) around 18 months old and a female porcupine and a young. Each pair of porcupines is placed inside an individual cage (3.9 m long, 2.1 m wide, and 2.6 m high), which has been equipped with a place to feed and drink. The parameters observed were eating and drinking activities, locomotion, resting, eliminative (urinating and defecating), grooming, and agonistic. Whereas the female porcupine and a young observed maternal porcupine care for the young. The observation method is based on one-zero sampling. Observations began at 6:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. with a time interval of 15 minutes. The results showed that daily activity of porcupines included 52.01% resting, 19.95% locomotion, 12.73% grooming, 10.05% feeding, 2.95% agonistic, 1.74% urinating, 0.39% drinking, and 0.18% defecating. Porcupine parental activity in the lactation period is breastfeeding (49.26%), cleansing the young's body (36.16%), teaching grooming (5.71%), teaching opening the cage door (4.10%), teaching meal (2.89%), and agonistic (1.88%).

Cage aquaculture that has been growing enormously in Lake Maninjau, West Sumatera, Indonesia, is supposed to have an impact on benthic fauna including Corbicula moltkiana, the species of bivalves. The objective of this study addresses the population structure, growth and production of C. moltkiana that describing the impact potential of cage aquaculture activity. The result show that annual 2013-2014 production [P] of C. moltkiana were 465-1559 g AFDM m⁻² y⁻¹ and the annual biomass [B] was 183-453 g AFDM m⁻², resulting in P/B ratio of 2.54-3.44 y⁻¹. Even though the P/B ratio was not consistent with the cage density level, as consequently of different L∞ in determined zones. The increased cage aquaculture activity that marked by adding number of cage from <225 cages km⁻¹ to > 675 cages km⁻¹ impact to decrease of biomass [B] and production [P] of C. molktiana.

Calliandra callothyrsus is a woody plant that grows quickly and well in a wide range of natural conditions. C. callothyrsus is a tree species which easily cultivated and can be harvested in a short time (short-rotation wood crops). However, information about time and harvesting techniques that explain harvesting biomass is still needed. The aimed of this study is measured growth after trimming, the best time interval for harvesting and the results of cutting both biomass and the heating value contained. The method used is a destructive method. Observations are carried out repeatedly in a permanent plot. The permanent plot as treatment level cutting. So, this study evaluated the correlation between time and cutting level to growth and biomass harvested. The results showed that the best cutting limit was 50 cm above ground level. It is due to the high harvest biomass and the number of new stems that grow more. Meanwhile, to ensure business sustainability, the best harvest interval is 1 year. It will ensure adequate growth of new stems, large harvesting biomass and high calorific value of harvest. Harvesting potential can reach 25 m³.ha-1.yr1. While the heating value will be at an interval of 3016 - 3757 kcal.kg⁻¹.

The research was aimed at utilizing more adequate methods of long-term preservation, cryopreservation (freezing at -80 °C). Samples obtained from three islands were used as sources of samples, i.e., Enggano, Riau, and Sumba. Direct isolation and single spore isolation were conducted to isolate the microfungi. All the cultures were grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The growth rate of selected microfungi was calculated every day for a week. The growth rate for selected ten microfungi of each island, approximately 0.1-0.7 cm/day. All the cultures are maintained in InaCC (Indonesian Culture Collections), Cibinong, LIPI.

Diospyros spp. is one of the genera of the Ebenaceae that has the highest distribution in tropical Asia and Africa. The high rate of deforestation in the tropics, so we need for preservation of species in conservation ex-situ at the Botanical Gardens. Research on the basic information and potential of Diospyros spp., the collection of the Bogor Botanical Gardens has been carried out through direct observation of all the Gardens' Diospyros collections, both in the field and in the nursery. The results obtained as many as 32 species of Diospyros spp. which have been collected with the most specimens of the species Diospyros celebica, D. buxifolia, and D. maritima. Meanwhile, the source collection Diospyros spp. mostly from Sulawesi. The general potential of Diospyros spp. used as a valuable timber (ebony) and edible fruit.

Indonesia is a country with a large part of the population being Muslim with the characteristics of Islamic boarding schools. Islamic boarding schools are the oldest informal education institutions in Indonesia that influence the development of Indonesia. Santri, including pesantren people who have a higher mindset in understanding life than non-santri. The spiritual provision of the santri will be applied in the actions and behaviour of daily life starting from the smallest things like eating. Food consumption activities affect the environmental damage with carbon emissions produced. Carbon footprint can be used as a concept to calculate santri's daily food consumption habits. The analytical method used to read data is the One-way Anova analysis program. Respondents of this research were Semarang Darul Falah Besongo's Pesantren, who are 100% students of Walisongo State Islamic University Semarang. The spiritual knowledge of santri is the basis for optimally managing food. Pesantren with good food management principles, like food efficiency can minimize carbon emissions that damage the environment. The achievement of food safety will safeguard natural resources so that they remain sustainable.

Paphiopedilum (Slipper Orchid/Venus orchid) is a genus belongs to subfamily of Cypripedioideae. All Paphiopedilum species are covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Cluster analysis has been used to grouping of plant variation. The aim of the research was to estimate the relationship between parents (Paph. Maudiae "Black" & Paph. tonsum) and their 19 progenies. 23 morphological Qualitative traits and 13 morphometrical/quantitative traits were used in multivariate analysis. The morphological qualitative data was scored numerically as present (1) and absent (0), and then analyzed using NTSYS PC (Rohlf, 1998). Similarity between accessions was estimated using Dice coefficient. Average taxonomic distance was used to group the quantitative data using Dist coefficient. Result showed that hierarchical clustering of 21 genotipes indicated two main groups based on qualitative data as well of quantitative data. Group 1 had 5 accessions (PH1-01, PH1-16, PH1-51, Ph1-73, PH1-78, and group 2 had 10 accessions. Four accessions were separated and stand alone. Group 1 had morphological resemblance with Paph. Maudiae and group 2 had morphological resemblance with Paph. Maudiae and Paph. tonsum. Based on quantitative data, group 1 (11 accessions) had quantitative trait resemblance with Paph. Tonsum. Group 2 (7 accessions) had quantitative trait resemblance with Paph. Maudiae. Morphological trait of Paph. Maudiae was dominant inherited to their progenies.

The research of Sumatran endemic flora species for the establishment of a database of biodiversity loss has been conducted on March 2018 around Lake Toba areas. The exploration method was applied to collect the flora endemic and identified with specimen reference collection in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) and related references. 28 species from six families were rediscovered as Sumatran endemic flora. Orchidaceae (15 species) and Ericaceae (5 species) were the most commonly families found. Meanwhile, Taman Eden 100 and Jangga Dolok were the most common location for the rediscovery of Sumatran endemic flora.