Table of contents

Preface

The International Conference on Combustion, Incineration/Pyrolysis, Emission and Climate Change (i-CIPEC) is an important conference focusing on thermal engineering related research topics. The main target of this conference is building a platform for the scientists and engineers to share their research output and experience. i-CIPEC began at Korea since 2000 and following seven conferences were successfully held in Jeju of Korea in 2002, in Hangzhou, China in 2004, in Kyoto, Japan in 2006, in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2008, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2010, back to Seoul, Korea in 2012 and Hangzhou, China in 2014, in Kyoto, Japan in 2016. More than 180 specialists from 14 countries have participated in the previous conference.

The 10^th i-CIPEC was hosted by the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand. The conference was held at Arnoma Grand Hotel, Bangkok, during 18-21^th December, 2018. The scientific program covered a wide range of topics, including combustion, waste to energy conversion, conversion to clean energy, emission control, global warming, environmental health effect, economy and policy and other related topics. This year conference brought together more than 150 delegates from Asia, Europe and North America to exchange knowledge by in-depth discussions and to promote international and multidisciplinary collaborations under the theme of "Waste Resources to Renewable Energy". This volume of IoP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science includes 22 selected papers presented in the conference. These peer-reviewed manuscripts are qualified representations of the conference topics and will raise readers' interest in these areas. On behalf of the editing team, we would like to express our gratitude to the members of both the Conference Program Committee and the Organizing Committee, whose commitment and tireless devotion led to the success of this conference. We are also pleased to acknowledge our partners, sponsors, and participants for their contribution. Finally, we are grateful to King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok for the financial support of i-CIPEC 2018.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somrat Kerdsuwan

Conference Chair of i-CIPEC 2018

List of Conference Program Committee and Host and Organization Committee are available in this pdf.

List of Honorary Speaker and Keynote Speakers are available in this pdf.

List of Government, Academic and Industrial Partners are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Electricity has an important role to improve economy in a region. However, currently, part of the people Indonesia still have lack access electricity, especially those in the backward, outer, and advance areas (called 3T in Indonesia mean tertinggal, terluar, dan terdepan), that one of which is in uninhabited islands. Increasing the target of the electrification ratio in the regions, Government of Indonesia has responsibility to power that area. One of ways is to work with private parties to build renewable energy power plant by utilizing the potential of local natural resources. The development of power plant in Siberut Island, West Sumatera utilizes bamboo resources in the local area. This development will be done by private parties in three villages namely Madobag, Matotoan Village in South Siberut District, and Saliguma Village in Central Siberut District. This research uses mixed method, qualitative method using descriptive approach, while quantitative method using Cost Benefit Analysis approach. The cumulative Net Cash Flow generated from the bamboo Biomass Power Plant project is Rp 144,287,730,000 in the 30^th year with a payback period of the 16th year. The IRR of the project, if not using grant, is 4.7%.

The combustion characteristics of lean non-premixed Thai synthetic natural gas on improved inverse diffusion flame (IDF) burner were investigated. Air and fuel nozzles were improved from normal diffusion flame burner (NDF) and set as inside and outside exits on burner, respectively. The combustion flames were studied with variations of fuel and air velocity. The luminous flame length was lower and premixed flame length was higher by designed IDF burner due to enhance of mixing between inside air and ambient air. When the equivalence ratio decreased, lower flame length and flame temperature were obtained. Moreover, the highest premixed combustion flames and the maximum temperature were observed equivalence ratio between Φ = 0.76-0.80 on lean non-premixed synthetic Thai natural gas flames with designed IDF burner.

To investigate the origin of toxic/beneficial metals in incineration residues, we tried to estimate the contribution of each combustible waste to various elements in incineration residue. Municipal solid waste (MSW) sample to be incinerated was collected from a waste pit of incineration plant A by a crane and compressed according to the quarter method. After excluding metals and incombustibles, the MSW sample was divided along with the material such as kitchen waste, vinyl and plastic, wood, rubber, and so on. Each sample was dried at 105°C for 2 hours to obtain the water content, and cut into small piece. Each sample was placed in a magnetic crucible and closed with a lid, then, heated at 650°C in a muffle furnace to obtain constant weight after ignition loss. After the heat-up and cool down, two-stage extraction consisting of aqua regia decomposition and alkali fusion was carried out on each ash. Each extract was subject to ICP-OES and ICP-MS to determine the element content in each combustible. Element composition of the ash was well correlated with the element composition of actual incineration residues collected at the same incineration plant on the same day of sampling. As a source of toxic metals, 68% of Pb was proved to originate from vinyl and plastic. As for Cd, woods accounted for 38% and rubber and leather accounted for 29%, respectively.

This work reports a kinetic analysis of tire tread and sidewall char in a thermogravimetic analyzer between 850°C and 1100°C to determine intrinsic kinetic parameters between 10 and 60% conversion. Experimental data was modeled using the volumetric, grain and random pore model, the random pore model described the reactions best and activation energy was found to be 116 and 130kJ/mol for tire tread and sidewall respectively. The onset for diffusion control was observed at 925-950°C for both samples. An increase in tire proportion was shown to decrease coal reactivity during co-gasification at different tire proportion and it was demonstrated that tire tread and sidewall are similar in gasification behavior save the inhibition effect caused by residual ash on tread at high conversions. The reactivity of both tire tread and side wall was lower than that of coal but almost equal therefore, this does not justify separation of tire components prior to gasification.

Food waste gasification can be inhibited by high moisture content in food waste. Two common pre-treatments technologies are proposed to treat food waste. The comparative analysis chars derived from different pre- treatments were conducted regarding char properties and gasification reactivity. Cabbage and chicken were pre-treated by two different processes, hydrothermal carbonization at 180-220°C and pyrolytic carbonization at 300-400°C. The result showed that HTC-chars has higher VM but a decrease in O and ash content were seen. The nitrogen content can also be significantly reduced by HTC. However, HTC-chars showed slower char gasification reactivity. To determine the best pre-treatment method for food waste, information from a further study such as the syngas analysis, the tar concentration, and gas emission from gasification should be acquired.

Rice husk is one of the most widely available agriculture residues. It was a promising eco-friendly alternative source of renewable energy in the context of current energy scenarios. Fast pyrolysis technologies can transform rice husk into bio-oil considering its physical and chemical properties. Catalytic pyrolysis experiments have been carried out on Japanese rice husk to obtain bio-oil using a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor with the use of the catalyst and comparison was done to analyze the changes in the bio-oil properties and yield. The fast pyrolysis of rice husk has been performed in the temperature range of 400-600 °C using the experimental pyrolysis reactor. The objective of this research is to explore the possibility to upgrade bio-oil produced from rice husk. The catalytic cracking is the most promising bio-oil upgrading processes, and it can remove oxygenated compounds from bio-oil via H₂O, CO and CO₂. The result showed that by using two heating units, even without catalyst, the upgrading was achieved well. In this research, two heating units were employed so that the raw bio-oil will separate in the first heating unit and the cracking in the second heating unit. The raw rice husk bio-oil produced and the upgraded bio-oil were characterized by measuring their element content, water content and the chemical composition of its organic fraction. The catalysts used were HZSM-5 zeolite and other non-commercial catalyst like rice husk ash which were appropriately effective in the bio-oil crack upgrading to reduce cost.

The iron and steel industry needs for every ton of finished steel product a minimum of 250 kg of fossil coke. A CO₂-neutral substitute of coke is biocoke to improve the carbon footprint of iron and steelmaking industry. Unused woody and straw-like biomass residue can be agglomerated to briquettes and using a pyrolysis technique transformed to biocoke. Objective of this study was the production and analysis of this biocoke regarding its possible use within the blast furnace by applying various pyrolysis temperatures of 200, 350, and 500 °C. Physical (mechanical strength) and chemical fuel qualities (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific value) were investigated. It is asserted that with a rise in the pyrolysis temperature the physical fuel qualities are negative and the chemical ones positive effected. None of the used temperatures created a biocoke that can entire substitute the hitherto in the metallurgical industry used fossil coke with all its characteristics. Nevertheless, extensive knowledge about the behavior of various fuel qualities while rising the pyrolysis temperature was gained.

Effects of wavy-ribbed surface chamber on combustion temperature/efficiency and exhaust gas behaviours in a fluidized bed combustor were investigated. In the experiments, the five wavy-rib pairs were placed at the bottom chamber for inducing longitudinal vortex flow which enhanced the fuel and fluid/combustion-air mixing in the top chamber for giving better combustion efficiency. The experiments were examined at five percent excess airs of EA = 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% and were tested at the constant air mass flow rate of 95 kg/hr. From experimental results, it can be showed that a fluidized bed combustor with wavy-ribbed surface chamber can be promoted the high combustion efficient for all test runs especially at the percent excess airs of EA = 75%.

Dry type acid gas pollutants removal processes offer the significant advantages of low capital and operating costs when compared to wet type acid gas removal processes. They hold great potential for the economical reduction of SO₂ and HCl emissions from power and incineration utilities that use high-sulfur coal and high halide base acids wastes. One of the project's major goals was the development of dry, calcium-based sorption processes for removing sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride from the combustion gases and incineration gases produced by high-sulfur coal and high halide base acids wastes. Dry sorbent circulating reactor system for flue gas cleaning highlights a number of experimental research findings that have had a significant and lasting impact in term of scientific understanding. For example, the experimental investigation in demonstration test unit SO₂ and HCl capture by dry sorbent obtained removal efficiency more than 99%, thereby revealing the well fluid mixing with sorbent and flue gas and longer residence time in the reactor. The average HCl concentration at the inlet of the reactor maintained at 878 ppm. The HCl removal efficiency maintained at over 99.9%, and the HCl emission concentration maintained at below 5 ppm under the conditions that the flow amount of the flue gas was 40,000 Nm³/hr, the SR was below 2.0, and the pressure loss at the baghouse was 150 mmH₂O. We also identified a number of important areas for future research, including reaction mechanisms, sorbent material, transport effects, simulation of particle fluid dynamics and efficient system development.

In this study, the productions of sugars as well as inhibitory compounds, e.g hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural, from paragrass (Brachiaria mutica) were investigated using dilute acid hydrolysis. Sulphuric acid concentration of 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0 wt% and reaction temperature of 120, 130, 140 and 150 °C for either 30 or 60 min were investigated. Xylose was found to be the major product at a maximum yield of 99±3 mg/g grass using 1.2 wt% H₂SO₄ and reaction temperature of 140 °C for 30 min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that for the reaction temperature between 120-140 °C, sulphuric acid concentration was the most important factor affecting the yields of hemicellulose sugars from paragrass. However, the temperature ≥ 150 °C caused the marked drop in all sugar compounds. At the optimal condition, the concentration of HMF was 0.16 g/l and furfural 0.09 g/l. The formation of HMF and furfural was almost linearly increased with increasing hydrolysis temperature between 120 and 150 °C. Furthermore, longer reaction times led to higher levels of HMF and furfural. The dilute acid hydrolysis in series with enzyme saccharification of paragrass yielded 122 mg total reducing sugar (TRS) per g grass in the enzyme hydrolysate.

The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development encourages both public and private sectors to contribute in achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which include 169 targets covering all social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Thai government incorporated SDGs as the key agenda to be addressed in its 12^th National Economic and Social Development Plan and the 20-yr National Strategy. The government has to rely on private sector's contribution to achieve the national targets. In the past few years, the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and some Thai listed companies have been very active in promoting sustainability practices; however, their understanding and contribution to the SDGs remain unclear. This study investigated their perspectives, policy, and planned actions towards SDGs using structural equation modelling technique. The results show that investor is the key driver for SDGs and can influence business strategies of companies towards achieving the SDGs. The findings can contribute to understanding current directions and conditions of Thai listed companies to integrate government sustainability policies in their business strategies.

In human health risk assessment (HHRA), oral ingestion of soil can be a major route of exposure to many immobile soil contaminants. Development and validation of in vitro assays is currently being undertaken to avoid overestimation of pollutants absorbed by the human body when calculating total pollutant concentrations in HHRA. In this study, arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) bioaccessibility in polluted Australian soils (n = 6) was assessed using three in vitro assays: a physiologically based extraction test (PBET), Solubility/Bioavailability Research Consortium Assay (SBRC) and Unified Bioaccessibility Research Group Of Europe Method (UBM). In vitro results were compared among these three assays and the possible causes of their differences were discussed. A bioaccessibility-corrected HHRA was then conducted. Bioaccessibility varied greatly among metal(loid)s and methods, and extending the three assays from the gastric to the intestinal phase generally resulted in decreased As and Pb bioaccessibility. Using these bioaccessibility values, both hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were calculated, and were found to be higher than threshold values in most samples, indicating a potential health risk to local inhabitants.

Due to the increase of public environmental awareness especially in terms of climate change and resource depletion problems, consumers tend to change their consumption preference towards sustainable development and circular economy concepts. Green and environmentally friendly products are becoming more demanded in various business sectors. Therefore, manufacturers are driven to change their products to be more eco-friendly. Theoretically, being green should save some costs; however, this business transformation requires some investment and may cause product's price to increase. Thus, it is important to understand whether or not the consumers are willing to pay more for being "green" along with other factors that influence their green purchasing decisions. The study found that approximately 90% of the respondents are willing to pay more for green ophthalmic lens products compared to typical ophthalmic lens products. There is relationship between green awareness and willingness to pay more for green products. The results of the study can be used to enact government sustainability policies and business strategies.

This paper presents optimum design and performance investigation of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine (FPSE) by using genetic algorithm (GA). Mechanical and thermal analyses were considered in the optimization. Power and frequency were chosen primarily as the output performance. The mathematical model of the FPSE was provided from equation of motion in state space. The required engine operation frequency was set. The root of equation of motion is function of five unknowns including piston mass, displacer mass, stiffness of piston, stiffness of displacer and damping due to load. The engine operation with desired frequency occurs when two roots of equation of motion are imaginary part, which indicates operation frequency of the engine and other two roots are negative real part. The difference of operation frequency from equation of motion and desired frequency was set as the first objective function. The damping due to load which represents the work output of the engine was set as second objective function. Both objective functions were solved by GA.

Combustion of woodchip is one of the key areas in the clean energy strategy, but there is still a lack of detailed and systematic theoretical study on the fixed bed burning. The advantage of theoretical study lies in its ability to reveal features of the detailed structure of the burning process inside a solid bed, such as reaction zone thickness, the rate of individual sub-processes, gas emission, and char burning characteristics. These characteristics are hard to measure by conventional experimental techniques. In this study, a mathematical simulation was carried out for the combustion of lucaena woodchip in bench-top fixed bed and the effects of air flow rate have been assessed over wide ranges were investigated. It was found that volatile release as well as char burning intensify with an increase in the air flow until critical point was reached where a further increase in the air flow results in slowing down of the combustion process; a higher air flow also reduces the char fraction burned in the char burning stage and reduces CO emission in the gas exiting at the bed top.

This descriptive research determined the conventional farmers' health effects and attitude towards agrochemicals use. A five-level Likert scale questionnaire was applied to measure the respondents' attitude. The conventional farmers were asked to express their health problems and attitude related to agrochemicals use. The majority of them were old men with small and middle farm size and working in their fields between 21-40 years. The empirical results of conventional farmers' health problems informed that most of health problems the participants faced were itching symptom after using agrochemicals. In term of attitude towards agrochemicals use, they indicated a highly favorable attitude (average score: 4.32 out of 5).

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technology becomes crucial option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal and recovery clean energy. Thermal conversion technology by steam gasification plays important key role for sustainable solution of WTE and enrich the production of Hydrogen. In this work, gasification experiment was conducted in small dropped tube fixed bed reactor by feeding surrogate MSW which including of food & kitchen waste, plastic (polyethylene & polypropylene), paper, rubber & leather, textile and biomass. The experimental conditions were varied at temperature 700, 800 and 900°C. Steam was supplied as gasifying agent with flow rate of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ml/min. The main purpose was to produce hydrogen by water gas-shift reaction, nevertheless, other related producer gas e.g. carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and light hydrocarbon gas were also examined. The result showed reaction temperature 800°C with steam flow rate 0.2 ml/min offer the optimized hydrogen yield as 34.84 gh2/kgmsw whereas it trended to decrease when reaction temperature increase. In addition, the overall performance of experimental condition was evaluated by energy output and energy conversion efficiency which were calculated from volumetric of combustible gas. The minimum energy output and energy conversion efficiency were 7,638 kJ/kg_sample and 31.11%, respectively, obtained at reaction temperature 700°C with steam flow rate 0.2 ml/min while the maximum value was offered by reaction temperature 900°C with same steam flow rate as 17,756 kJ/kg_sample and 72.32%, respectively.

Waste to Energy is one of the solutions for the waste management widely used in the world. Since the Waste to Energy plant is an important infrastructure for local waste management, it should be reliable. To realize the reliability of the plant, it is necessary to choose and apply appropriate technologies in accordance with waste condition. Waste condition, like mass flow, heat value and compositions, varies widely depending on the local characteristics, waste management system, economical status, population, life style and so on. Waste to Energy technical should adapt to such variation. Steinmüller moving forward grate owned by Steinmüller Babcock Environment GmbH (SBENG) and Nippon Steel & Sumikin Engineering Co., Ltd. (NSENGI) has been developed as high-efficient waste to energy technologies with approximately 500 reference plants and long-time experience. The history had started from Europe, and it has been extended to all over the world including Asia. Nowadays, more opportunities can be seen in Asia. This paper introduces technical measures and application criteria for various waste conditions. Modification of the length and width of grate system can cover various scales of waste flow. For the variation of waste property and compositions, it is corresponded by means of grate cooling system, combustion chamber design, combustion air condition and other related technologies. These technologies can be the solutions for Asian waste conditions. Appropriate combination of these technologies can contribute for the development of waste to energy in Asia.

This study discusses the effects of addition of small amount of ethanol on performance and emission behaviour of a gasoline fuelled lean burn SI engine. Experiments were carried out in a single cylinder diesel engine which is made to operate as SI engine on lean condition with gasoline as a fuel. The engine was operated at wide open throttle at a compression ratio of 10.5:1 and 1500 rpm at diverse equivalent ratios by injecting the fuel into manifold. The test outcomes stipulated that use of ethanol-gasoline blend (10% by volume) was better compared with pure gasoline. The test results also revealed that there was an accountable increase in brake power output, brake thermal efficiency and an apparent extension in the lean limit of operation with ethanol-gasoline blend. In emission front, reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were observed. There was an increase in carbon dioxide and NO emissions due to better combustion and high in-cylinder temperature. On the whole it is concluded that small ethanol addition to gasoline improves performance and reduces emission for lean operating SI engine.

This paper presents an effective experimental approach that can be applied to stationary single cylinder LPG fuelled lean burn SI engine. This approach has been applied to operate the engine under different equivalence ratio at wide open throttle condition. Experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and at compression ratio of 10.5:1. In this study the effects of adding small amount of ethanol (5%, 10% and 20%) along with LPG were investigated. Ethanol on volume basis was injected along with carburetted LPG. A maximum brake thermal efficiency of 28.5% with 10% ethanol addition for LPG were observed at an equivalence ratio of 0.7. The ethanol addition with LPG extended the lean limit as compared to pure LPG. Also, it was observed that 10% Ethanol addition resulted in reduced HC and CO emissions due to oxygen present in the ethanol. The combustion parameter shows increased heat release rate and reduced cyclic variations with 10% ethanol addition. The optimal ethanol blend with LPG was found to be 10% for better performance and reduced emissions.

Identifying suitable locations for biomass base facility is a tremendous task. This study developed a GIS-AHP based methodology to determine the suitable locations for 9.5 MW biomass facility considering para rubberwood as a biomass resource in southernmost provinces of Thailand. In total 10 siting criteria under environment and socio-economic capacity was assessed. The area needed to secure a feedstock for a 9.5 MW facility for sustainable operation, using an assumption-based method was also conducted. This study found that out of 13,941 km2 of the study area, 4,890 km2 (35%) is either highly or moderately suitable to establish para rubberwood-based energy facilities. Where 21 power plant can be constructed in the study area considering both high and moderately suitable areas and that capacitates to generate 1580 GWh/year.

The aims of this paper are to investigate the energy balance on an integrated energy production system using water hyacinth as biomass fuel with no electricity supply to the system. The conceptual framework of the present study is to use water hyacinth as primary energy source input into gasifier through the gasification process. The producer gas produced will be used as energy input to drive the other parts of the system that be connected with the gasifier. The integrated energy production system comprise of three main parts such as (1) collection system of fresh water hyacinth from canal or river (2) briquetting system of water hyacinth and (3) gasification system using briquetted water hyacinth as biomass fuel. Based on the concept of the system that will be operated with no electricity supply to the system, thus every engines of the production system will be driven with the producer gas. The investigation was conducted based on the calculation of energy balance in the system. The calculation results based on the average value of biomass gasification rate showed that the gasifier with the capacity of 100 kg/hr can produce the producer gas at the rate of 300 m3/hr. And the total amount of the producer gas required to operate the engines installed within the system are 165.75 m3/hr in which equivalent with the amount of briquetted water hyacinth around 55 kg/hr. Thus from the energy balance analysis found that the producer gas produced from the gasifier with the capacity of 100 kg/hr can supply the energy to drive all engines installed at the site. Moreover there are the extra amount of water hyacinth briquettes produced from the system around 45 kilogram per hour.