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Atmospheres of polygons and knotted polygons

E J Janse van Rensburg1 and A Rechnitzer2

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In this paper we define two statistics a+(ω) and a(ω), the positive and negative atmospheres of a lattice polygon ω of fixed length n. These statistics have the property that langa+(ω)rang/langa(ω)rang = pn+2/pn, where pn is the number of polygons of length n, counted modulo translations. We use the pivot algorithm to sample polygons and to compute the corresponding average atmospheres. Using these data, we directly estimate the growth constants of polygons in two and three dimensions. We find that

\fl\mu = \left\{
\begin{array}{@{}l@{\qquad}l@{}}
2.638\, 05 \pm 0.000\, 12, & \hbox{in two dimensions}; \\
4.683\, 980 \pm 0.000\, 042 \pm 0.000\, 067, & \hbox{in three dimensions},
\end{array}\right.

where the error bars are 67% confidence intervals, and the second error bar in the three-dimensional estimate of μ is an estimated systematic error. We also compute atmospheres of polygons of fixed knot type K sampled by the BFACF algorithm. We discuss the implications of our results and show that different knot types have atmospheres which behave dramatically differently at small values of n.


PACS

02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics

02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology

MSC

62Exx Distribution theory (See also 60Exx)

51E12 Generalized quadrangles, generalized polygons

Subjects

Mathematical physics

Computational physics

Dates

Issue 10 (14 March 2008)

Received 12 December 2007, in final form 30 January 2008

Published 26 February 2008



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