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Energy intensity ratios as net energy measures of United States energy production and expenditures

C W King

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In this letter I compare two measures of energy quality, energy return on energy invested (EROI) and energy intensity ratio (EIR) for the fossil fuel consumption and production of the United States. All other characteristics being equal, a fuel or energy system with a higher EROI or EIR is of better quality because more energy is provided to society. I define and calculate the EIR for oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity as measures of the energy intensity (units of energy divided by money) of the energy resource relative to the energy intensity of the overall economy. EIR measures based upon various unit prices for energy (e.g.  $/Btu of a barrel of oil) as well as total expenditures on energy supplies (e.g. total dollars spent on petroleum) indicate net energy at different points in the supply chain of the overall energy system. The results indicate that EIR is an easily calculated and effective proxy for EROI for US oil, gas, coal, and electricity. The EIR correlates well with previous EROI calculations, but adds additional information on energy resource quality within the supply chain. Furthermore, the EIR and EROI of oil and gas as well as coal were all in decline for two time periods within the last 40 years, and both time periods preceded economic recessions.


 
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PACS

91.90.+p Other topics in solid Earth physics (restricted to new topics in section 91)

89.30.Aa Fossil fuels

89.60.-k Environmental studies

93.30.Hf North America

Subjects

Environmental and Earth science

Dates

Issue 4 (October-December 2010)

Received 22 July 2010, accepted for publication 14 October 2010

Published 10 November 2010


A Perspective for this article has been published in 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 011006


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