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Study of the effects induced by lead on the emulsion films of the OPERA experiment

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A Anokhina22, S Aoki16, A Ariga23, L Arrabito18, D Autiero18, A Badertscher36, F Bay1, A Bergnoli28, F Bersani Greggio33, M Besnier2, D Bick13, C Bozza31, T Brugiere18, R Brugnera29, G Brunetti8, S Buontempo24, E Carrara29, A Cazes11, L Chaussard18, M Chernyavsky21, V Chiarella11, N Chon-Sen32, A Chukanov24, L Consiglio8, M Cozzi8, F Dal Corso28, G D'Amato31, N D'Ambrosio3, G De Lellis25, Y Déclais18, M De Serio5, F Di Capua24, D Di Ferdinando7, A Di Giovanni17, N Di Marco17, C Di Troia11, S Dmitrievski26, A Dominjon18, M Dracos32, D Duchesneau2, B Dulach11, S Dusini28, J Ebert13, O Egorov20, R Enikeev19, A Ereditato6, L S Esposito3, J Favier2, G Felici11, T Ferber13, R Fini5, A Franceschi11, T Fukuda23, C Fukushima12, V I Galkin22, V A Galkin27, A Garfagnini29, G Giacomelli8, M Giorgini8, C Goellnitz13, D Golubkov20, Y Gornoushkin26, G Grella31, F Grianti33, M Guler1, G Gusev21, C Gustavino3, C Hagner13, T Hara16, M Hierholzer13, S Hiramatsu23, K Hoshino23, M Ieva5, K Jakovcic35, J Janicsko Csathy26, B Janutta13, C Jollet32, F Juget26, T Kawai23, M Kazuyama23, S H Kim14, M Kimura12, J Knuesel6, K Kodama15, M Komatsu23, U Kose1, I Kreslo6, I Laktineh18, C Lazzaro36, J Lenkeit13, A Ljubicic35, A Longhin28, G Lutter26, K Manai18, G Mandrioli7, S Manzoor8, A Marotta24, J Marteau18, H Matsuoka23, N Mauri8, F Meisel26, A Meregaglia32, M Messina6, P Migliozzi24, S Miyamoto23, P Monacelli17, K Morishima23, U Moser6, M T Muciaccia4, N Naganawa23, T Naka23, M Nakamura23, T Nakamura23, T Nakano23, V Nikitina22, K Niwa23, Y Nonoyama23, S Ogawa12, V Osedlo22, D Ossetski27, A Paoloni11, B D Park14, I G Park14, A Pastore4, L Patrizii7, E Pennacchio18, H Pessard2, C Pistillo6, N Polukhina21, M Pozzato7, K Pretzl6, P Publichenko22, F Pupilli17, T Roganova22, G Rosa30, I Rostovtseva20, A Rubbia36, A Russo24, O Ryazhskaya19, D Ryzhikov27, Y Sato34, O Sato23, V Saveliev27, G Sazhina22, A Schembri3, L Scotto Lavina24, H Shibuya12, S Simone4, M Sioli8, C Sirignano31, G Sirri7, J S Song14, M Spinetti11, L Stanco28, N Starkov21, M Stipcevic35, T Strauss36, P Strolin25, V Sugonyaev29, Y Taira23, S Takahashi23, M Tenti8, F Terranova11, V Tioukov24, V Togo7, P Tolun1, V Tsarev21, S Tufanli1, N Ushida15, C Valieri7, P Vilain9, M Vladimirov21, L Votano11, J L Vuilleumier26, G Wilquet9, B Wonsak13, J Wurtz32, C S Yoon14, J Yoshida23, Y Zaitsev20, S Zemskova26, A Zghiche2 and R Zimmermann13

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The OPERA neutrino oscillation experiment is based on the use of the Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC). In the OPERA ECC, nuclear emulsion films acting as very high precision tracking detectors are interleaved with lead plates providing a massive target for neutrino interactions. We report on studies related to the effects occurring from the contact between emulsion and lead. A low radioactivity lead is required in order to minimize the number of background tracks in emulsions and to achieve the required performance in the reconstruction of neutrino events. It was observed that adding other chemical elements to the lead, in order to improve the mechanical properties, may significantly increase the level of radioactivity on the emulsions. A detailed study was made in order to choose a lead alloy with good mechanical properties and an appropriate packing technique so as to have a low enough effective radioactivity.

Keywords

Particle identification methods

Hybrid detectors

Particle tracking detectors

Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics

 

E-print Number: 0805.0123

Cited: by |

Refers: to

PACS

29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors

29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions

29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors

Subjects

Accelerators, beams and electromagnetism

Nuclear physics

Instrumentation and measurement

Particle physics and field theory

Dates

Issue 07 (July 2008)

Received 9 May 2008, accepted for publication 23 June 2008

Published 14 July 2008



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