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The ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) proportional drift tube: design and performance
The ATLAS TRT collaboration1, E Abat1, T N Addy10, T P A Åkesson13, J Alison21, F Anghinolfi3, E Arik1, M Arik1, G Atoian26, B Auerbach26, O K Baker26, E Banas6, S Baron3, C Bault3, N Becerici1, A Beddall1,27, A J Beddall1,27, J Bendotti3, D P Benjamin7, H Bertelsen4, A Bingul1,27, H Blampey3, A Bocci7, M Bochenek5, V G Bondarenko16, V Bychkov12, J Callahan11, M Capeáns Garrido3, L Cardiel Sas3, A Catinaccio3, S A Cetin1,28, T Chandler26, R Chritin8, P Cwetanski11, M Dam4, H Danielsson3, E Danilevich22, E David3, J Degenhardt21, B Di Girolamo3, F Dittus3, N Dixon3, O B Dogan1, B A Dolgoshein16, N Dressnandt21, C Driouchi4, W L Ebenstein7, P Eerola13, U Egede13, K Egorov11, H Evans11, P Farthouat3, O L Fedin22, A J Fowler7, S Fratina21, D Froidevaux3, A Fry10, P Gagnon11, I L Gavrilenko15, C Gay25, N Ghodbane18, J Godlewski3, M Goulette3, I Gousakov12, N Grigalashvili12, Y Grishkevich17, J Grognuz3, Z Hajduk6, M Hance21, F Hansen4, J B Hansen4, P H Hansen4, G A Hare21, A Harvey Jr10, C Hauviller3, A High21, W Hulsbergen3, W Huta3, V Issakov26, S Istin1, V Jain11, G Jarlskog13, L Jeanty25, V A Kantserov16, B Kaplan26, A S Kapliy21, S Katounine22, F Kayumov15, P T Keener21, G D Kekelidze12, E Khabarova12, A Khristachev22, B Kisielewski6, T H Kittelmann23, C Kline11, E B Klinkby4, N V Klopov22, B R Ko7, T Koffas3, N V Kondratieva16, S P Konovalov15, S Koperny5, H Korsmo13, S Kovalenko22, T Z Kowalski5, K Krüger22, V Kramarenko17, L G Kudin22, A-C Le Bihan22, B C LeGeyt21, K Levterov12, P Lichard3, A Lindahl4, V Lisan12, S Lobastov12, A Loginov26, C W Loh25, S Lokwitz26, M C Long10, S Lucas3, A Lucotte9, F Luehring11, B Lundberg13, R Mackeprang4, V P Maleev22, A Manara11, M Mandl3, A J Martin26, F F Martin21, R Mashinistov16, G M Mayers21, K W McFarlane10, V Mialkovski12, B M Mills25, B Mindur5, V A Mitsou24, J U Mjörnmark13, S V Morozov16, E Morris11, S V Mouraviev15, A M Muir25, A Munar21, A V Nadtochi22, S Y Nesterov22, F M Newcomer21, N Nikitin17, O Novgorodova15, E G Novodvorski22, H Ogren11, S H Oh7, S B Oleshko22, D Olivito21, J Olszowska6, W Ostrowicz6, M S Passmore3, S Patrichev22, J Penwell11, F Perez-Gomez3, V D Peshekhonov12, T C Petersen3, R Petti2, A Placci3, A Poblaguev26, X Pons3, M J Price3, O Rø hne20, R D Reece21, M B Reilly21, C Rembser3, A Romaniouk16, D Rousseau19, D Rust11, Y F Ryabov22, V Ryjov3, M Söderberg13, A Savenkov12, J Saxon21, M Scandurra11, V A Schegelsky22, M I Scherzer21, M P Schmidt26, C Schmitt3, E Sedykh22, D M Seliverstov22, T Shin10, A Shmeleva15, S Sivoklokov17, S Yu Smirnov16, L Smirnova17, O Smirnova13, P Smith11, V V Sosnovtsev16, G Sprachmann3, S Subramania11, S I Suchkov16, V V Sulin15, R R Szczygiel6, G Tartarelli14, E Thomson21, V O Tikhomirov15, P Tipton26, J A Valls Ferrer24, R Van Berg21, V I Vassilakopoulos10, L Vassilieva15, P Wagner21, R Wall26, C Wang7, D Whittington11, H H Williams21, A Zhelezko16 and K Zhukov15
Published 29 February 2008 •
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
Journal of Instrumentation,
Volume 3,
February 2008
Citation The ATLAS TRT collaboration et al 2008 JINST3 P02013DOI 10.1088/1748-0221/3/02/P02013
4 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK - 2100 Kobenhavn 0, Denmark
5 Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science of the AGH-University of Science and Technology, (FPACS, AGH-UST), al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland
6 The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, PL - 31342 Krakow, Poland
7 Duke University, Department of Physics, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
8 Universite de Geneve, Section de Physique, 24 rue Ernest Ansermet, CH - 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
9 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS-IN2P3, Universite Joseph Fourier, INPG, 53 avenue des Martyrs, FR - 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
10 Hampton University, Department of Physics, Hampton, VA 23668, United States of America
11 Indiana University, Department of Physics, Swain Hall West, Room 117, 727 East Third St., Bloomington, IN 47405-7105, United States of America
12 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, RU - 141 980 Moscow Region, Russia
13 Lunds Universitet, Fysiska Institutionen, Box 118, SE - 221 00 Lund, Sweden
14 INFN Milano and Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, IT - 20133 Milano, Italy
15 P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 53, RU - 117 924 Moscow, Russia
16 Moscow Engineering & Physics Institute (MEPhI), Kashirskoe Shosse 31, RU - 115409 Moscow, Russia
17 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, RU - 119 992 Moscow Lenskie gory 1, Russia
18 Max Planck Institut fuer Physik, Postfach 401212, Foehringer Ring 6, DE - 80805 Muenchen, Germany
19 LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, IN2P3/CNRS, Orsay, France
20 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Blindern, NO - 0316 Oslo 3, Norway
21 University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
22 Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, RU - 188 300 Gatchina, Russia
23 University of Pittsburgh, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
24 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto UVEG-CSIC, Apdo. 22085, ES-46071 Valencia; Dept. Física At., Mol. y Nuclear, Univ. of Valencia and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
25 University of British Columbia, Dept of Physics, 6224 Agricultural Road, CA - Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z1, Canada
26 Yale University, Department of Physics, PO Box 208121, New Haven CT, 06520-8121 , United States of America
A straw proportional counter is the basic element of the
ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT). Its detailed properties as
well as the main properties of a few TRT operating gas mixtures are
described. Particular attention is paid to straw tube performance in
high radiation conditions and to its operational stability.