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Force analysis of jamming with disks of different sizes in a two-dimensional hopper

Anthony Longjas, Christopher Monterola and Caesar Saloma

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We calculate using force analysis the jamming probability of mixed disks that move downwards under gravity in a two-dimensional hopper. Jamming happens when disks form an arc across the hopper opening and we determine the stability of the forces acting at different arc points. To test the accuracy of our technique, we performed hopper experiments (side-wall separation: 0.2 cm) using disks (average thickness: 0.198 ± 0.02 cm) at various d/R values where d is the hopper opening dimension and R is the disk radius. For N identical disks, the jamming probability is a sigmoidal function of N. We measured the jamming probability at d/R = 2.97, 3.48, 4.0, 4.3 and 4.97, and verified the presence of three possible flow regimes: (1) jam-free continuous flow for N less than the onset Nd, (2) transitory flow where the probability increases with N for NdNNu and (3) an N-independent jammed state for N greater than the saturation threshold Nu. Good agreement is found between theory and experiments. The existence of three flow regimes is confirmed for all d/R values with the Nu value increasing with d/R—the 2D hopper is more robust against jamming when relatively small homogeneous disks are used. We also experimented with mixtures of N large and n small disks and confirmed that jamming becomes more likely with increasing N for a constant n (and vice versa) until the maximum jamming probability is attained.


Keywords

jamming and packing

granular matter

PACS

45.70.Vn Granular models of complex systems; traffic flow

45.70.Cc Static sandpiles; granular compaction

MSC

76T25 Granular flows (See also 74C99, 74E20)

Subjects

Statistical physics and nonlinear systems

Dates

Issue 05 (May 2009)

Received 21 January 2009, accepted for publication 16 April 2009

Published 8 May 2009



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