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Exploring the Variable Sky with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

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Branimir Sesar1, Željko Ivezić1, Robert H. Lupton2, Mario Jurić3, James E. Gunn2, Gillian R. Knapp2, Nathan De Lee4, J. Allyn Smith5, Gajus Miknaitis6, Huan Lin6, Douglas Tucker6, Mamoru Doi7, Masayuki Tanaka8, Masataka Fukugita9, Jon Holtzman10, Steve Kent6, Brian Yanny6, David Schlegel11, Douglas Finkbeiner12, Nikhil Padmanabhan11, Constance M. Rockosi13, Nicholas Bond2, Brian Lee11, Chris Stoughton6, Sebastian Jester14, Hugh Harris15, Paul Harding16, Jon Brinkmann17, Donald P. Schneider18, Donald York19, Michael W. Richmond20 and Daniel Vanden Berk18

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We quantify the variability of faint unresolved optical sources using a catalog based on multiple SDSS imaging observations. The catalog covers SDSS stripe 82, which lies along the celestial equator in the southern Galactic hemisphere (22h24m < αJ2000.0 < 04h08m, -1.27° < δJ2000.0 < +1.27°, ~290 deg2), and contains 34 million photometric observations in the SDSS ugriz system for 748,084 unresolved sources at high Galactic latitudes (b < -20°) that were observed at least four times in each of the ugri bands (with a median of 10 observations obtained over ~6 yr). In each photometric bandpass we compute various low-order light-curve statistics, such as rms scatter, χ2 per degree of freedom, skewness, and minimum and maximum magnitude, and use them to select and study variable sources. We find that 2% of unresolved optical sources brighter than g = 20.5 appear variable at the 0.05 mag level (rms) simultaneously in the g and r bands (at high Galactic latitudes). The majority (2 out of 3) of these variable sources are low-redshift (<2) quasars, although they represent only 2% of all sources in the adopted flux-limited sample. We find that at least 90% of quasars are variable at the 0.03 mag level (rms) and confirm that variability is as good a method for finding low-redshift quasars as the UV excess color selection (at high Galactic latitudes). We analyze the distribution of light-curve skewness for quasars and find that it is centered on zero. We find that about one-fourth of the variable stars are RR Lyrae stars, and that only 0.5% of stars from the main stellar locus are variable at the 0.05 mag level. The distribution of light-curve skewness in the g - r versus u - g color-color diagram on the main stellar locus is found to be bimodal (with one mode consistent with Algol-like behavior). Using over 600 RR Lyrae stars, we demonstrate rich halo substructure out to distances of 100 kpc. We extrapolate these results to the expected performance by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and estimate that it will obtain well-sampled, 2% accurate, multicolor light curves for ~2 million low-redshift quasars and discover at least 50 million variable stars.


Keywords

Galaxy: halo; Galaxy: stellar content; quasars: general; stars: Population II; stars: variables: other


Dates

Issue 6 (2007 December)

Received 2007 March 23, accepted for publication 2007 July 19

Published 2007 October 26



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