Nucleosynthesis constraints on a massive gravitino in neutralino dark matter scenarios

doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2009/10/021

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Richard H. Cyburt et al JCAP10(2009)021 doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2009/10/021

Nucleosynthesis constraints on a massive gravitino in neutralino dark matter scenarios

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Richard H. Cyburt^a, John Ellis^b, Brian D. Fields^c, Feng Luo^d, Keith A. Olive^d,e and Vassilis C. Spanos^f

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cyburt@nscl.msu.edu John.Ellis@cern.ch bdfields@illinois.edu fluo@physics.umn.edu olive@umn.edu spanos@physics.umn.edu

^a Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (JINA), National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A.
^b TH Division, Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
^c Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Departments of Astronomy and of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A.
^d School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A.
^e William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A.
^f Department of Physics, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece

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The decays of massive gravitinos into neutralino dark matter particles and Standard Model secondaries during or after Big-Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) may alter the primordial light-element abundances. We present here details of a new suite of codes for evaluating such effects, including a new treatment based on PYTHIA of the evolution of showers induced by hadronic decays of massive, unstable particles such as a gravitino. We present several sets of results obtained using these codes, including general constraints on the possible lifetime and abundance of an unstable particle decaying into neutralino dark matter under various hypotheses for its decay mechanism. We also develop an analytical treatment of non-thermal hadron propagation in the early universe, and use this to derive analytical estimates for light-element production and in turn on decaying particle lifetimes and abundances, which confirm our numerical results and illuminate the underlying physics. We then consider specifically the case of an unstable massive gravitino within the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (CMSSM). We present upper limits on its possible primordial abundance before decay for different possible gravitino masses, with CMSSM parameters along strips where the lightest neutralino provides all the astrophysical cold dark matter density. We do not find any CMSSM solution to the cosmological ⁷Li problem for small m_3/2. Discounting this, for m_1/2 ~ 500 GeV and tan β = 10 the other light-element abundances impose an upper limit m_3/2n_3/2/n_γ lesssim

3 × 10⁻¹² GeV to lesssim

2 × 10⁻¹³ GeV for m_3/2 = 250 GeV to 1 TeV, which is similar in both the coannihilation and focus-point strips and somewhat weaker for tan β = 50, particularly for larger m_1/2. The constraints also weaken in general for larger m_3/2, and for m_3/2 > 3 TeV we find a narrow range of m_3/2n_3/2/n_γ, at values which increase with m_3/2, where the ⁷Li abundance is marginally compatible with the other light-element abundances.

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