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Deutsche Physikalische Gessellschaft IOP Institute of Physics

High-temperature macroscopic entanglement

Vlatko Vedral

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In this paper, we intend to show that macroscopic entanglement is possible at high temperatures. We have analysed multipartite entanglement produced by the η-pairing mechanism, which features strongly in the fermionic lattice models of high Tc superconductivity. This problem is shown to be equivalent to calculating multipartite entanglement in totally symmetric states of qubits. It is demonstrated that we can conclusively calculate the relative entropy of entanglement within any subset of qubits in the overall symmetric state. Three main results are then presented. First, the condition for superconductivity, namely existence of the off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO), is dependent not on two-site entanglement but just classical correlations as the sites become more and more distant. Secondly, the entanglement that does survive in the thermodynamical limit is the entanglement of the total lattice and, at half-filling, it scales with the log of the number of sites. It is this entanglement that will exist at temperatures below the superconducting critical temperature, which can currently be as high as 160 K. Finally, it is proved that a complete mixture of symmetric states does not contain any entanglement in the macroscopic limit. On the other hand, a mixture of symmetric states possesses the same two qubit entanglement features as the pure states involved, in the sense that the mixing does not destroy entanglement for a finite number of qubits, albeit it does decrease it. Furthermore, maximal mixing of symmetric states does not destroy ODLRO and classical correlations. We discuss generalizations to the subsystems of any dimensionality (i.e. higher than spin-half).


PACS

03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bell's inequalities, GHZ states, etc.)

05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics (Ising, Potts, etc.)

74.20.Rp Pairing symmetries (other than s-wave)

05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state

74.72.-h Cuprate superconductors (high-Tc and insulating parent compounds)

Subjects

Superconductivity

Statistical physics and nonlinear systems

Quantum information and quantum mechanics

Dates

Issue 1 (August 2004)

Received 21 May 2004

Published 9 August 2004



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