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Dynamic susceptibility evidence of surface spin freezing in ultrafine NiFe2O4 nanoparticles

Ronald J Tackett, Abdul W Bhuiya and Cristian E Botez1

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We investigated the dynamic behavior of ultrafine NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (average size langDrang = 3.5 nm) that exhibit anomalous low temperature magnetic properties such as low saturation magnetization and high-field irreversibility in both M(H) and ZFC–FC processes. Besides the expected blocking of the superspin, observed at T1≈45 K, the system undergoes a magnetic transition at T2≈6 K. For the latter, frequency- and temperature-resolved dynamic susceptibility data reveal characteristics that are unambiguously related to collective spin freezing: the relative variation (per frequency decade) of the in-phase susceptibility peak temperature is ~0.025, critical dynamics analysis yields an exponent zν = 9.6 and a zero-field freezing temperature TF = 5.8 K, and, in a magnetic field, TF(H) is excellently described by the de Almeida–Thouless line \delta T_{\mathrm {F}}=
1-T_{\mathrm {F}}(H)/T_{\mathrm {F}} \propto H^{2 / 3} . Moreover, out-of-phase susceptibility versus temperature datasets collected at different frequencies collapse on a universal dynamic scaling curve. All these observations indicate the existence of a spin-glass-like surface layer that surrounds the superparamagnetic core and undergoes a transition to a frozen state upon cooling below 5.8 K.


PACS

75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities

75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)

61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials

Subjects

Condensed matter: electrical, magnetic and optical

Nanoscale science and low-D systems

Dates

Issue 44 (4 November 2009)

Received 5 May 2009, in final form 24 August 2009

Published 7 October 2009



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