Quick search Find article
Quick search
Find article

Piezoelectric MEMS sensors: state-of-the-art and perspectives

FEATURED ARTICLE REVIEW ARTICLE

S Tadigadapa1 and K Mateti

Show affiliations


[1]
Setter N et al 2006 Ferroelectric thin films: review of materials, properties, and applications J. Appl. Phys. 100 051606
CrossRef 
[2]
Muralt P 2000 Ferroelectric thin films for micro-sensors and actuators: a review J. Micromech. Microeng. 10 136-46
IOPscience 
[3]
Trolier-McKinstry S and Muralt P 2004 Thin film piezoelectrics for MEMS J. Electroceram. 12 7-17
CrossRef 
[4]
Ruby R 2007 Review and comparison of bulk acoustic wave FBAR, SMR technology Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. vol 7 pp 1029-40
CrossRef 
[5]
http://www.systron.com/

[6]
DeVoe D L and Pisano A P 2001 Surface micromachined piezoelectric accelerometers (PiXLs) J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10 180-6
CrossRef 
[7]
Vellekoop M J et al 1990 Compatibility of zinc oxide with silicon IC processing Sensors Actuators A 23 1027-30
CrossRef 
[8]
Mancini R 2002 Op Amps for Everyone: Design Reference vol SLOD006B ed R Mancini (Dallas: Texas Instruments)

[9]
Ikeda T 1990 Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity (New York: Oxford University Press) p 9

[10]
Schwartz R W, Ballato J and Haertling G H 2004 Piezoelectric and electro-optic ceramics Ceramic Materials for Electronics ed R C Buchanan (New York: Dekker) pp 207-315

[11]
Xu Y 1991 Ferroelectric Materials and their Applications (Amsterdam: North-Holland) pp 61-3 226-9

[12]
Cady W G 1946 Piezoelectricity (New York: McGraw-Hill)

[13]
Setter N 2005 Electroceramics-based MEMS: fabrication-technology, and applications Electronic Materials: Science and Technology ed H L Tuller (New York: Springer)

[14]
Uchino K 2000 Ferroelectric Devices (New York: Dekker)

[15]
Muralt P 2006 Texture control and seeded nucleation of nanosize structures of ferroelectric thin films J. Appl. Phys. 100 051605
CrossRef 
[16]
Muralt P et al 2005 Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers based on PZT thin films IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 52 2276-88
CrossRef  PubMed 
[17]
Setter N 2002 ABC of piezoelectric materials Piezoelectric Materials in Devices ed N Setter (Lausanne: Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) pp 1-28

[18]
Naik R S et al 1999 Low-temperature deposition of highly textured aluminum nitride by direct current magnetron sputtering for applications in thin-film resonators J. Electrochem. Soc. 146 691-6
CrossRef 
[19]
Dubois M A and Muralt P 1999 Properties of aluminum nitride thin films for piezoelectric transducers and microwave filter applications Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 3032-4
CrossRef 
[20]
Bottom V E 1982 Introduction to Quartz Crystal Unit Design (New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold) p 4

[21]
Goyal A, Zhang Y and Tadigadapa S 2005 Y-cut quartz resonator based calorimetric sensor Proc. IEEE Sensors Conf. pp 1241-4

[22]
Rabe J et al 2003 Monolithic miniaturized quartz microbalance array and its application to chemical sensor systems for liquids Sensors J. IEEE 3 361-8
CrossRef 
[23]
Goyal A, Joshi P, Gupta A, Eklund P and Tadigadapa S 2005 Micromachined quartz resonator functionalized with single walled carbon nanotubes Proc. IEEE Sensors Conf. pp 841-4

[24]
Nakamura T 2007 Growth of quartz thin films by catalyst-enhanced vapour-phase epitaxy under atmospheric pressure Proc. IEEE Int. Freq. Control Symp. pp 1064-6

[25]
Zhang H et al 2002 Liquid phase epitaxy growth of langasite film for resonators and oscillators J. Cryst. Growth 234 660-5
CrossRef 
[26]
Liufu D and Kao K C 1998 Piezoelectric, dielectric, and interfacial properties of aluminum nitride films J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 2360-6
CrossRef 
[27]
Wang L-P, Ginsburg E, Gerfers F, Samara-Rubio D, Weinfeld B, Qing M, Rao V and He M Y 2006 Sputtered AlN thin films for piezoelectric MEMS devices Proc. IEEE Sensors Conf. pp 10-13

[28]
Tonisch K et al 2006 Piezoelectric properties of polycrystalline AlN thin films for MEMS application Sensors Actuators A 132 658-63
CrossRef 
[29]
Tabbal M et al 2001 Pulsed laser deposition of c-axis oriented aluminum nitride thin films on silicon Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 14 115-9
CrossRef 
[30]
Alexander T P, Bukowski T J, Uhlmann D R, Teowee G, McCarthy K C, Dawley J and Zelinski B J J 1996 Dielectric properties of sol-gel derived ZnO thin films Proc. 10th IEEE Int. Symp. on Applications of Ferroelectrics (ISAF ‘96) vol 2, pp 585-8
CrossRef 
[31]
Molarius J, Kaitila J, Pensala T and Ylilammi M 2003 Piezoelectric ZnO films by r.f. sputtering J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 14 431-5
CrossRef 
[32]
Dang W L et al 2007 Deposition and characterization of sputtered ZnO films Superlattices Microstruct. 42 89-93
CrossRef 
[33]
Villanueva Y Y, Liu D-R and Cheng P T 2006 Pulsed laser deposition of zinc oxide Thin Solid Films 501 366-9
CrossRef 
[34]
Xu F, Wolf R A, Yoshimura T and Trolier-McKinstry S 2002 Piezoelectric films for MEMS applications Proc. 11th Int. Symp. on Electrets pp 386-96

[35]
Es-Souni M et al 2005 Pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of thick PZT films produced by a new sol-gel route J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 25 2499-503
CrossRef 
[36]
Gentil S, Kohli M and Seifert A 2007 PZT thick films by Diol chemical solution deposition J. Electroceram. 19 307-10
CrossRef 
[37]
Wang Z J et al 2004 Preparation and characterization of PZT thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition on template layer J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24 1629-32
CrossRef 
[38]
Muralt P 2008 Recent progress in materials issues for piezoelectric MEMS J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 1385-96
CrossRef 
[39]
Grudkowski T W et al 1980 Fundamental-mode VHF/UHF miniature acoustic resonators and filters on silicon Appl. Phys. Lett. 37 993-5
CrossRef 
[40]
Lakin K M, Wang J S, Kline G R, Landin A R, Chen Y Y and Hunt J D 1982 Thin film resonators and filters Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 466-75

[41]
Zhou B, Wang J, Pan Y, Wang L and Peng H 2008 Fabrication and physical properties of high-quality zinc oxide thin films Proc. SPIE 6984 69840S
CrossRef 
[42]
Jiang H X, Ugolini C, Lin J Y and Zavada J M 2006 III-nitride wide bandgap semiconductors for optical communications 19th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society pp 36-7

[43]
Ballato A and Gualtieri J G 1994 Advances in high-Q piezoelectric resonator materials and devices IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 41 834-44
CrossRef  PubMed 
[44]
Ssakharov S A, Larionov I M and Medvedev A V 1992 Application of langasite crystals in monolithic filters operating in shear modes Proc. 46th IEEE Frequency Control Symp. pp 713-23

[45]
Kovacs G, Anhorn M, Engan H E, Visintini G and Ruppel C C W 1990 Improved material constants for LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. vol 1, pp 435-8

[46]
Ilyaev A B et al 1986 Temperature dependence of electromechanical properties of LGS crystals Phys. Status Solidi 98 5

[47]
Carr P H and O'Connell R M 1979 New method for determining temperature coefficients of bare piezoelectrics Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 595-7

[48]
Sliker T R and Koneval D J 1968 Frequency-temperature behavior of X-cut lithium tantalate resonators Proc. IEEE 56 1402
CrossRef 
[49]
Ledermann N et al 2003 {1 0 0}-Textured, piezoelectric Pb(Zrx, Ti1-x)O3 thin films for MEMS: integration, deposition and properties Sensors Actuators A 105 162-70
CrossRef 
[50]
Trolier-McKinstry S and Muralt P 2005 Electroceramic-Based MEMS ed N Setter (New York: Springer) pp 199-215
CrossRef 
[51]
Chang C, Wang J, Lin C and Chen K 2000 The fabrication and characterization of PZT thin film acoustic devices for application in underwater robotic systems Proc. National Science Council (Republic of China) 24 287-92

[52]
Wang L-P 2001 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films PhD Thesis Pennsylvania State University

[53]
Frantti J, Moilanen H, Leppavouri S and Uusimaki A 1993 Laser ablation of PZT films for use in bimorph actuator structures Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. 285 415
CrossRef 
[54]
Pandey S K et al 2004 Electrical properties of PZT thin films grown by sol-gel and PLD using a seed layer Mater. Sci. Eng. B 112 96-100
CrossRef 
[55]
Dorey R A and Whatmore R W 2005 Ceramic thick films for MEMS Electroceramic-Based MEMS: Fabrication-Technology and Applications ed N Setter (New York: Springer) pp 177-97
CrossRef 
[56]
Wolf R A 2001 Temperature dependence of the piezoelectric response of lead zirconate titanate films for MEMS applications PhD Thesis Pennsylvania State University

[57]
Hong E 2004 Surface micromachined peristaltic pumps using lead zirconate titanate film PhD Thesis Pennsylvania State University

[58]
Seung-Eek P and Shrout T R 1997 Characteristics of relaxor-based piezoelectric single crystals for ultrasonic transducers IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 44 1140-7
CrossRef 
[59]
Srinivasan P and Spearing S M 2008 Optimal materials selection for bimaterial piezoelectric microactuators J. Microelectromech. Syst. 17 462-72
CrossRef 
[60]
Zhang S et al 2002 Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of high Curie temperature single crystals in the PYN-PT solid solution series Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 41 722-6
CrossRef 
[61]
Deleuze M, Cambon O, Goiffon A, Ibanez A and Philippot E 1993 Controlled dissolution applied to berlinite and quartz materials Proc. IEEE 47th Int. Frequency Control Symp. pp 381-9

[62]
Vig J R, Lebus J W and Filler R L 1977 Chemically polished quartz Proc. IEEE 31st Annual Symp. on Frequency Control pp 131-43

[63]
Vondeling J K 1983 Fluoride-based etchants for quartz J. Mater. Sci. 18 304-14
CrossRef 
[64]
Danel J S and Delapierre G 1991 Quartz: a material for microdevices J. Micromech. Microeng. 1 187-98
IOPscience 
[65]
Sheng T Y, Yu Z Q and Collins G J 1988 Disk hydrogen plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition of aluminum nitride Appl. Phys. Lett. 52 576-8
CrossRef 
[66]
Dubois M A, Muralt P and Plessky V 1999 BAW resonators based on aluminum nitride thin films Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 907-10

[67]
Huang L et al 1996 Chemical etching of ion beam deposited AlN and AlN:H Thin Solid Films 279 43-8
CrossRef 
[68]
Vartuli C B et al 1996 Wet chemical etching of AlN and InAlN in KOH solutions J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 3681-4
CrossRef 
[69]
Bickermann M et al 2007 Wet KOH etching of freestanding AlN single crystals J. Cryst. Growth 300 299-307
CrossRef 
[70]
Pearton S J et al 2004 Recent advances in processing of ZnO J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22 932-48
CrossRef 
[71]
Li Y, Tompa G S, Liang S, Gorla C, Lu Y and Doyle J 1997 Transparent and conductive Ga-doped ZnO films grown by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition Proc. 43rd National Symp. of the American Vacuum Society vol 15, pp 1063-8

[72]
Beeby S P, Blackburn A and White N M 1999 Processing of PZT piezoelectric thick films on silicon for microelectromechancial systems J. Micromech. Microeng. 9 218-29
IOPscience 
[73]
Wang L-P, Wolf R, Zhou Q, Trolier-McKinstry S and Davis R J 2001 Wet-etch patterning of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. pp EE5.39.1-6

[74]
Zheng K, Jian L and Jiaru C 2003 Study on wet-etching of PZT thin film Proc. Int. Microprocesses and Nanotechnology Conf. pp 248-9

[75]
Gross S J, Zhang Q, Tadigadapa S, Trolier-McKinstry S, Jackson T N and Djuth F T 2001 Reliable integration of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate with MEMS fabrication processes Proc. SPIE 4558 72-80
CrossRef 
[76]
Steinbruchel C 1983 Langmuir probe measurements on CHF3 and CF4 plasmas: the role of ions in the reactive sputter etching of SiO2 and Si J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 648-55
CrossRef 
[77]
Zhuang D and Edgar J H 2005 Wet etching of GaN, AlN, and SiC: a review Mater. Sci. Eng. R 48 1-46
CrossRef 
[78]
Gardeniers J G E, Rittersma Z M and Burger G J 1998 Preferred orientation and piezoelectricity in sputtered ZnO films J. Appl. Phys. 83 7844-54
CrossRef 
[79]
Trolier S, Gelst C, Safari A, Newnham R E and Xu Q C 1986 Etched piezoelectric structures Proc. 6th IEEE Int. Symp. on Applications of Ferroelectrics pp 707-10

[80]
Leech P W 1998 Reactive ion etching of piezoelectric materials in CF4/CHF3 plasmas J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 2037-41
CrossRef 
[81]
Campbell S A 2001 The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press)

[82]
Li L, Abe T and Esashi M 2003 Smooth surface glass etching by deep reactive ion etching with SF6 and Xe gases J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21 2545
CrossRef 
[83]
Subasinghe S S, Goyal A and Tadigadapa S 2006 High aspect ratio plasma etching of bulk lead zirconate titanate Proc. SPIE 6109 100-8
CrossRef 
[84]
Khan F A et al 2002 High rate etching of AlN using BCl3/Cl2/Ar inductively coupled plasma Mater. Sci. Eng. B 95 51-4
CrossRef 
[85]
Engelmark F, Iriarte G F and Katardjiev I V 2002 Selective etching of Al/AlN structures for metallization of surface acoustic wave devices J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20 843-8
CrossRef 
[86]
Shul R J et al 1998 Selective inductively coupled plasma etching of group-III nitrides in Cl2- and BCl3-based plasmas J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 621
CrossRef 
[87]
Woo J C et al 2008 Etching characteristic of ZnO thin films in an inductively coupled plasma Surf. Coat. Technol. 202 5705-8
CrossRef 
[88]
Bale M and Palmer R E 2001 Deep plasma etching of piezoelectric PZT with SF6 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 19 2020-5
CrossRef 
[89]
Schreiter S and Poll H U 1992 A new plasma-etching technique for micromechanical structuring of quartz Sensors Actuators A 35 137-41
CrossRef 
[90]
Goyal A, Hood V and Tadigadapa S 2006 High speed anisotropic etching of Pyrex(R) for microsystems applications J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352 657
CrossRef 
[91]
Smith S A et al 1997 High rate and selective etching of GaN, AlGaN, and AlN using an inductively coupled plasma Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 3631-3
CrossRef 
[92]
Mastropaolo E et al 2007 Reactive ion etching of zinc oxide (ZnO) in SiCl4 based plasmas Electron. Lett. 43 1467-9
CrossRef 
[93]
Lim W T et al 2007 Comparison of plasma chemistries for the dry etching of bulk single-crystal zinc-oxide and rf-sputtered indium-zinc-oxide films Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 9228-33
CrossRef 
[94]
Lim W et al 2006 Comparison of ZnO dry etching in high density inductively coupled CH4/H2 and C2H6/H2-based chemistries ECS Trans. 2 ((5)) 209-16
CrossRef 
[95]
Efremov A M et al 2004 Etching characteristics and mechanism of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films in CF4/Ar inductively coupled plasma Vacuum 75 321-9
CrossRef 
[96]
Smith J H and Senturia S D 1995 Self-consistent temperature compensation for resonant sensors with application to quartz bulk acoustic wave chemical sensors 8th Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators and Eurosensors IX. Transducers ‘95 pp 724-7

[97]
Rabe J, Seidemann V and Buettgenbach S 2003 Monolithic fabrication of wireless miniaturized quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-R) array for biochemical sensing 12th Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, Transducers 03 pp 1875-8

[98]
Lin Z et al 1993 Operation of an ultrasensitive 30-MHz quartz crystal microbalance in liquids Anal. Chem. 65 1546-51
CrossRef 
[99]
Vu Ngoc H et al 2003 High-frequency one-chip multichannel quartz crystal microbalance fabricated by deep RIE Sensors Actuators A 108 91
CrossRef 
[100]
Goyal A, Tadigadapa S, Gupta A and Eklund P C 2005 Use of single-walled carbon nanotubes to increase the quality factor of an AT-cut micromachined quartz resonator Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 204102
CrossRef 
[101]
Kao P et al 2008 Human serum albumin adsorption study on 62-MHz miniaturized quartz gravimetric sensors Anal. Chem. 80 5930-6
CrossRef  PubMed 
[102]
Jiang X, Snook K, Hackenberger W S and Geng X 2007 Single crystal piezoelectric composites for advanced NDT ultrasound Proc. SPIE 6531 65310F
CrossRef 
[103]
Yuan J R, Jiang X, Cao P-J, Sadaka A, Bautista R, Snook K and Rehrig P W 2006 High frequency piezo composites microfabricated ultrasound transducers for intravascular imaging Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 264-8

[104]
Jiang X, Snook K, Walker T, Portune A, Haber R, Geng X, Welter J and Hackenberger W S 2008 Single crystal piezoelectric composite transducers for ultrasound NDE applications Proc. SPIE 6934 69340D
CrossRef 
[105]
Kommepalli H, Hirsh A, Tadigadapa S and Rahn C 2008 Piezoelectric T-beam microactuators Proc. ASME 2008 Int. Design Engineering Technical Conf. and Computers and Information in Engineering Conf. (IDETC/CIE) (New York)

[106]
Stoffel A, Kovacs A, Kronast W and Muller B 1996 LPCVD against PECVD for micromechanical applications J. Micromech. Microeng. 6 1-13
IOPscience 
[107]
Bustillo J M, Howe R T and Muller R S 1998 Surface micromachining for microelectromechanical systems Proc. IEEE 86 1552-74
CrossRef 
[108]
Gross S J 2004 Micromachined switches and cantilever actuators based on piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) PhD Thesis Pennsylvania State University

[109]
Hannink R H J, Kelly P M and Muddle B C 2000 Transformation toughening in zirconia-containing ceramics J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83 461-87
CrossRef 
[110]
Brenier R 2002 Stress and moisture-sorption in ozone-annealed films of zirconium oxide obtained from sol-gel J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 25 57-63
CrossRef 
[111]
Polcawich R 2007 Design, fabrication, test and evaluation of RF MEMS series switches using lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film actuators PhD Thesis Pennsylvania State University

[112]
Tabata O et al 1989 Mechanical property measurements of thin films using load-deflection of composite rectangular membranes Sensors Actuators 20 135-41
CrossRef 
[113]
Chang F I, Yeh R, Lin G, Chu P B, Hoffman E, Kruglick E J J, Pister K S J and Hecht M H 1995 Gas-phase silicon micromachining with xenon difluoride Proc. SPIE 2641 117-28
CrossRef 
[114]
Williams K R and Muller R S 1996 Etch rates for micromachining processing J. Microelectromech. Syst. 5 256-69
CrossRef 
[115]
Goyal A, Tadigadapa S and Islam R 2003 Solder bonding for microelectricalmechanical systems (MEMS) applications Proc. SPIE 4980 281-8
CrossRef 
[116]
Goyal A, Cheong J and Tadigadapa S 2004 Tin-based solder bonding for MEMS fabrication and packaging applications J. Micromech. Microeng. 14 819-25
IOPscience 
[117]
Cheong J, Goyal A, Tadigadapa S and Rahn C 2003 Reliable bonding using indium based solders Proc. SPIE 5343 114-20
CrossRef 
[118]
Cheong J, Tadigadapa S and Rahn C 2005 Fabrication and performance of a flextensional microactuator J. Micromech. Microeng. 15 1947-55
IOPscience 
[119]
Hanson C M 1993 Uncooled thermal imaging at Texas Instruments Proc. SPIE 2020 330-9

[120]
Bi F Z and Barber B P 2008 Bulk acoustic wave RF technology IEEE Microwave Magazine 8 65-80
CrossRef 
[121]
Krishnaswamy S V et al 1991 Compact FBAR filters offer low-loss performance Microw. RF 30 127-36

[122]
Lakin K M, Kline G R and McCarron K T 1993 High-Q microwave acoustic resonators and filters IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 41 2139-46
CrossRef 
[123]
Shockley W, Curran D R and Koneval D J 1967 Trapped-energy modes in quartz filter crystals J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41 981-93
CrossRef 
[124]
Rosenbaum J F 1988 Bulk Acoustic Wave Theory and Devices (Boston: Artech House Publishers)

[125]
Chandrahalim H et al 2008 Performance comparison of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-only and Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-on-silicon resonators Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 233504
CrossRef 
[126]
Lakin K M 1999 Thin film resonators and filters Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 895-906

[127]
Dubois M A, Muralt P, Matsumoto H and Plessky V 1998 Solidly mounted resonator based on aluminum nitride thin film Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 909-12

[128]
Xu F, Trolier-McKinstry S, Ren W and Xu B 2001 Domain wall motion and its contribution to the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate films J. Appl. Phys. 89 1336-48
CrossRef 
[129]
Nam K et al 2008 Monolithic 1-chip FBAR duplexer for W-CDMA handsets Sensors Actuators A 143 162-8
CrossRef 
[130]
Walls F L and Vig J R 1995 Fundamental limits on the frequency stabilities of crystal oscillators IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 42 576-89
CrossRef 
[131]
Bandey H L et al 1999 Modeling the responses of thickness-shear mode resonators under various loading conditions Anal. Chem. 71 2205-14
CrossRef  PubMed 
[132]
Lucklum R and Hauptmann P 2000 The quartz crystal microbalance: mass sensitivity, viscoelasticity and acoustic amplification Sensors Actuators B 70 30-6
CrossRef 
[133]
Rodahl M and Kasemo B 1996 On the measurement of thin liquid overlayers with the quartz-crystal microbalance Sensors Actuators A 54 448-56
CrossRef 
[134]
Voinova M V, Rodahl M, Jonson M and Kasemo B 1999 Viscoelastic acoustic response of layered polymer films at fluid-solid interfaces: continuum mechanics approach Phys. Scr. 59 391
IOPscience 
[135]
Mecea V and Bucur R V 1979 The mechanism of the interaction of thin films with resonating quartz crystal substrates: the energy transfer model Thin Solid Films 60 73-84
CrossRef 
[136]
Sauerbrey G 1959 Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wagung dunner Schichten und zur Mikrowagung Z. Phys. 155 206-22
CrossRef 
[137]
Vig J R, Filler R L and Kim Y 1996 Uncooled IR imaging array based on quartz microresonators J. Microelectromech. Syst. 5 131-7
CrossRef 
[138]
Kanazawa K K and Gordon J G 1985 Frequency of a quartz microbalance in contact with liquid Anal. Chem. 57 1770-1
CrossRef 
[139]
Rodriguez-Pardo L, Farina J, Gabrielli C, Perrot H and Brendel R 2004 Resolution in quartz crystal oscillator circuits for high sensitivity microbalance sensors in damping media Sensors Actuators B 103 318-24
CrossRef 
[140]
Janshoff A, Galla H-J and Steinem C 2000 Piezoelectric mass sensing devices as biosensors-an alternative to optical biosensors? Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 39 4004-32
CrossRef 
[141]
Ferrari V et al 2000 Multisensor array of mass microbalances for chemical detection based on resonant piezo-layers of screen-printed PZT Sensors Actuators B 68 81-7
CrossRef 
[142]
Michalzik M et al 2005 Development and application of a miniaturised quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as immunosensor for bone morphogenetic protein-2 Sensors Actuators B 105 508
CrossRef 
[143]
Kao P, Doerner S, Schneider T, Allara D, Hauptmann P and Tadigadapa S 2009 A micromachined quartz resonator array for biosensing applications J. Microelectromech. Syst. 18 522-30
CrossRef 
[144]
Kao P, Allara D and Tadigadapa S 2009 Characterization of viscoelastic properties of adsorbed biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies with high frequency micromachined quartz resonators Sensors Actuators B available online: doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.01.046
CrossRef 
[145]
Kao P, Allara D and Tadigadapa S 2009 Fabrication and performance characteristics of high-frequency micromachined bulk acoustic wave quartz resonator arrays Meas. Sci. Technol. at press

[146]
Kao P, Strutwolf J, Arrigan D, Allara D and Tadigadapa S 2009 Characterization of diffuse double layer viscoelasticity in electrochemical atom deposition using high frequency micromachined quartz crystal resonators Langmuir submitted

[147]
Ballantine D S et al 1997 Acoustic Wave Sensors: Theory, Design, and Physico-Chemical Applications. Applications of Modern Acoustics ed R Stern and M Levy (San Diego, CA: Academic)

[148]
Cavic B A, Hayward G L and Thompson M 1999 Acoustic waves and the study of biochemical macromolecules and cells at the sensor-liquid interface Analyst 124 1405-20
CrossRef  PubMed 
[149]
Thompson M and Stone D C 1997 Surface-launched Acoustic Wave Sensors: Chemical Sensing and Thin Film Characterization (New York: Wiley)

[150]
James D et al 2005 Chemical sensors for electronic nose systems Microchim. Acta 149 1-17
CrossRef 
[151]
Hoyt A E et al 1998 SAW sensors for the room-temperature measurement of CO2 and relative humidity Anal. Chem. 70 2137-45
CrossRef 
[152]
Kawalec A and Pasternak M 2008 A new high-frequency surface acoustic wave sensor for humidity measurement IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 57 2019-23
CrossRef 
[153]
Shen C-Y and Liou S-Y 2008 Surface acoustic wave gas monitor for ppm ammonia detection Sensors Actuators B 131 673-9
CrossRef 
[154]
Staples E J and Viswanathan S 2008 Detection of contrabands in cargo containers using a high-speed gas chromatograph with surface acoustic wave sensor Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47 8361-7
CrossRef 
[155]
Andrä J, Böhling A, Gronewold T M A, Schlecht U, Perpeet M and Gutsmann T 2008 Surface acoustic wave biosensor as a tool to study the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide model membranes Langmuir 24 9148-53
CrossRef  PubMed 
[156]
Chiu C-S et al 2008 Immobilization of DNA-Au nanoparticles on aminosilane-functionalized aluminum nitride epitaxial films for surface acoustic wave sensing Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 163106
CrossRef 
[157]
Wenzel S W and White R M 1989 Analytic comparison of the sensitivities of bulk-wave, surface-wave, and flexural plate-wave ultrasonic gravimetric sensors Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 1976-8
CrossRef 
[158]
Jakoby B and Vellekoop M 1997 Properties of Love waves: applications in sensors Smart Mater. Struct. 6 668-79
IOPscience 
[159]
Drafts B 2001 Acoustic wave technology sensors IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 49 795-802
CrossRef 
[160]
Watson G and Staples E 1990 SAW resonators as vapor sensors Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 311-14
CrossRef 
[161]
Grate J W, Wenzel S W and White R M 1991 Flexural plate wave devices for chemical analysis Anal. Chem. 63 1552-61
CrossRef 
[162]
Chou F-F and Shih J-S 2008 Electrochemical electrode/SAW system for metal ions and glucose in solutions Sensors Actuators B 129 176-83
CrossRef 
[163]
Luginbuhl P et al 1997 Microfabricated Lamb wave device based on PZT sol-gel thin film for mechanical transport of solid particles and liquids J. Microelectromech. Syst. 6 337-46
CrossRef 
[164]
Lin H-B and Shih J-S 2003 Fullerene C60-cryptand coated surface acoustic wave quartz crystal sensor for organic vapors Sensors Actuators B 92 243-54
CrossRef 
[165]
Pestov D et al 2007 Improving the stability of surface acoustic wave (SAW) chemical sensor coatings using photopolymerization Sensors Actuators B 126 557-61
CrossRef 
[166]
Jung J-P et al 2004 Fabrication and characterization of high frequency SAW device with IDT/ZnO/AlN/Si configuration: role of AlN buffer Thin Solid Films 447-448 605-9
CrossRef 
[167]
Cular S et al 2005 Removal of nonspecific binding on microsensors using surface acoustic waves AIChE Annual Meeting (Cincinnati, OH)

[168]
Cular S et al 2008 Removal of nonspecific binding on microsensors using surface acoustic waves IEEE Sensors J. 8 314-20
CrossRef 
[169]
Cular S et al 2005 Acoustic manipulation of biological samples for improved sensors AIChE Annual Meeting, Conf. Proc. (Cincinnati, OH)

[170]
Kruse P W 1995 Uncooled IR focal plane arrays Proc. SPIE 2552 556-63
CrossRef 
[171]
Tadigadapa S and Zhang Y 2006 Encyclopedia of Sensors vol 10 ed E D C Grimes and M Pishko (Valencia, CA: American Scientific Publishers) pp 247-77

[172]
Wood R A 1993 Uncooled thermal imaging with monolithic silicon focal planes Proc. SPIE 2020 322-9

[173]
Rogalski A 2003 Infrared detectors: status and trends Prog. Quantum Electron. 27 59
CrossRef 
[174]
Bogue R 2007 From bolometers to beetles: the development of thermal imaging sensors Sensor Rev. 27 278-81
CrossRef 
[175]
Putley E H 1970 The pyroelectric detector Semiconductors and Semimetals ed R K Willardson and A C Beer (New York: Academic) pp 259-85

[176]
Muralt P 2001 Micromachined infrared detectors based on pyroelectric thin films Rep. Prog. Phys. 64 1339-88
IOPscience 
[177]
Hanson C M, Beratan H R and Belcher J F 2001 Uncooled infrared imaging using thin-film ferroelectrics Proc. SPIE 4288 298-303
CrossRef 
[178]
Belcher J F et al 1998 Uncooled monolithic ferroelectric IRFPA technology Proc. SPIE 3436 611-22
CrossRef 
[179]
Hanson C M, Beratan H R and Arbuthnot D L 2008 Uncooled thermal imaging with thin-film ferroelectric detectors Proc. SPIE 6940 694025
CrossRef 
[180]
Hamrour M R and Galliou S 1994 Analysis of the infrared sensitivity of a quartz resonator application as a thermal sensor IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. vol 1 pp 513-6

[181]
Hamrour M R, Galliou S and Dulmet B 1998 A new type of infrared-sensitive resonator used as a thermal sensor Sensors Actuators A 65 147-51
CrossRef 
[182]
Kim Y and Vig J R 1997 Experimental results on a quartz microresonator IR sensor Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 449-53

[183]
Vig J R, Filler R L and Kim Y 1995 Microresonator sensor arrays Proc. 49th IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. pp 852-69

[184]
Kao P and Tadigadapa S 2009 Micromachined quartz resonator based infrared detector array Sensors Actuators A 149 189-92
CrossRef 
[185]
Willis J and Jimerson B D 1964 A piezoelectric accelerometer Proc. IEEE 52 871-2
CrossRef 
[186]
Motamedi M E, Andrews A P and Brower E 1982 Accelerometer sensor using piezoelectric ZnO thin films Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 303-7

[187]
DeVoe D L and Pisano A P 2001 Surface micromachined piezoelectric accelerometers (PiXLs) J. Microelectromech. Syst. 10 180-6
CrossRef 
[188]
Hui Y and Hang G 2007 Design of a bulk-micromachined piezoelectric accelerometer Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 2598-601

[189]
Zou Q et al 2008 Single- and triaxis piezoelectric-bimorph accelerometers J. Microelectromech. Syst. 17 45-57
CrossRef 
[190]
Gerfers F, Kohlstadt M, Bar H, He M-Y, Manoli Y and Wang L-P 2007 Sub-ug ultra-low-noise MEMS accelerometers based on CMOS-compatible piezoelectric AlN thin films Proc. Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Int. Conf., TRANSDUCERS 2007 pp 1191-4

[191]
Aoyagi S et al 2007 Surface micromachined accelerometer using ferroelectric substrate Sensors Actuators A 139 88-94
CrossRef 
[192]
Beeby S P, Ross J N and White N M 2000 Design and fabrication of a micromachined silicon accelerometer with thick-film printed PZT sensors J. Micromech. Microeng. 10 322-8
IOPscience 
[193]
Hindrichsen C C, Thomsen E V, Lou-Moller R and Bove T 2006 MEMS accelerometer with screen printed piezoelectric thick film Proc. IEEE Sensors Conf. pp 1477-80

[194]
Nemirovsky Y et al 1996 Design of novel thin-film piezoelectric accelerometer Sensors Actuators A 56 239-49
CrossRef 
[195]
Wang L P et al 2002 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers using lead zirconate titanate thick films IEEE Electron Device Lett. 23 182-4
CrossRef 
[196]
Wang L-P et al 2003 Design, fabrication, and measurement of high-sensitivity piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems accelerometers J. Microelectromech. Syst. 12 433-9
CrossRef 
[197]
Yu H G et al 2003 Lead zirconate titanate MEMS accelerometer using interdigitated electrodes Sensors Actuators A 107 26-35
CrossRef 
[198]
André B et al 1992 Thin film PVDF sensors applied to high acceleration measurements Sensors Actuators A 33 111-4
CrossRef 
[199]
Benech P, Chambered E and Monllor C 1996 Acceleration measurement using PVDF IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 43 838-43
CrossRef 
[200]
Daku B L F, Mohamed E M A and Prugger A F 2004 A PVDF transducer for low-frequency acceleration measurements ISA Trans. 43 319-28
CrossRef  PubMed 
[201]
Marat-Mendes R, Dias C J and Marat-Mendes J N 1999 Measurement of the angular acceleration using a PVDF and a piezo-composite Sensors Actuators A 76 310-3
CrossRef 
[202]
Marcal R F M, Kovaleski J L and Suzim A A 1997 A poly vinylidene fluoride (PVF2) piezoelectric film based accelerometer Proc. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf., ‘Sensing, Processing, Networking' pp 908-13

[203]
Spineanu A, Benabes P and Kielbasa R 1997 Digital piezoelectric accelerometer with sigma-delta servo technique Sensors Actuators A 60 127-33
CrossRef 
[204]
de Reus R, Gullov J O and Scheeper P R 1999 Fabrication and characterization of a piezoelectric accelerometer J. Micromech. Microeng. 9 123-6
IOPscience 
[205]
Senturia S D 2001 Microsystem Design (Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic) p 689

[206]
Levinzon F A 2004 Fundamental noise limit of piezoelectric accelerometer Sensors J. IEEE 4 108-11
CrossRef 
[207]
http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/data_sheets/ADXL335.pdf

[208]
Madni A M and Wan L A 1998 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): an overview of current state-of-the-art Proc. IEEE Aerospace Conf. pp 421-7

[209]
Madni A M, Wan L A and Hammons S 1996 A microelectromechanical quartz rotational rate sensor for inertial applications Proc. IEEE Aerospace Applications Conf. pp 315-32

[210]
Madni A M, Costlow L E and Knowles S J 2003 Common design techniques for BEI GyroChip quartz rate sensors for both automotive and aerospace/defense markets Sensors J. IEEE 3 569-78
CrossRef 
[211]
Eloy J C, Mounier E and Roussel P 2005 Status of the inertial MEMS-based sensors in the automotive Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2005 ed J Valldorf and W Gessner (Berlin: Springer)
CrossRef 
[212]
Madni A M and Geddes R D 2000 Micromachined quartz angular rate sensor for automotive and advanced inertial applications Shock Vib. Dig. 32 51

[213]
Bernstein J J et al 1997 Micromachined high frequency ferroelectric sonar transducers IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 44 960-9
CrossRef 
[214]
Vernet J L, Steichen W, Lardat R, Garcia O and Gelly J F 2001 PMUTS design optimization for medical probes applications Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 899-902

[215]
Muralt P 2005 Micromachined ultrasonic transducers and acoustic sensors based on piezoelectric thin films Electroceramics-based MEMS: Fabrication-Technology, and Applications ed N Setter (New York: Springer) pp 37-48
CrossRef 
[216]
Dogheche K et al 2005 Piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) for energy harvesting Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 939-42

[217]
Percin G et al 1998 Micromachined two-dimensional array piezoelectrically actuated transducers Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1397-9
CrossRef 
[218]
Belgacem B, Calame F and Muralt P 2007 Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers with thick PZT sol gel films J. Electroceram. 19 369-73
CrossRef 
[219]
Wang Q et al 2006 Application of aluminum nitride thin film for micromachined ultrasonic transducers Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. pp 0892-FF13-01.1

[220]
Akasheh F et al 2004 Development of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers Sensors Actuators A 111 275-87
CrossRef 
[221]
Jiang X, Snook K, Hackenberger W S, Yuan J R, Cheng A, Schafer M and Geng X 2007 PC-MUT arrays for ophthalmologic ultrasound Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp. pp 309-12

[222]
Yamashita K et al 2002 Arrayed ultrasonic microsensors with high directivity for in-air use using PZT thin film on silicon diaphragms Sensors Actuators A 97-98 302-7
CrossRef 
[223]
Yamashita K et al 2004 Ultrasonic micro array sensors using piezoelectric thin films and resonant frequency tuning Sensors Actuators A 114 147-53
CrossRef 
crossref member

Related review articles

What's this?
View review articles related to this research to gain an insight into the key trends in this subject area. Related review articles are selected based on PACS/MSC codes, and are no more than three years old.

  1. Morphing unmanned aerial vehicles

View by subject




Export








Please login to access our web services, or create an account if you don't yet have one.

You must have cookies enabled in your web browser to be able to login.

Username
Password

Forgotten your password? Get a new one here.