Quick search Find article
Quick search
Find article

Optical comb generators for laser frequency measurement

FEATURED ARTICLE REVIEW ARTICLE

P Maddaloni1, P Cancio2 and P De Natale1,2

Show affiliations


[1]
Udem T, Holzwarth R and Hänsch T W 2002 Optical frequency metrology Nature 416 233-7
CrossRef  PubMed 
[2]
Evenson K M, Wells J S, Petersen F R, Danielson B L and Day G W 1973 Accurate frequencies of molecular transitions used in laser stabilization: the 3.39-µm transition in CH4 and the 9.33- and 10.18-µm transitions in CO2 Appl. Phys. Lett. 22 192-5
CrossRef 
[3]
Pollock C R, Jennings D A, Petersen F R, Wells J S, Drullinger R E, Beaty E C and Evenson K M 1983 Direct frequency measurements of transitions at 520 THz (576 nm) in iodine and 260 THz (1.15 µm) in neon Opt. Lett. 8 133-5
CrossRef  PubMed 
[4]
Clairon A, Dahmani B, Filimon A and Rutman J 1985 Precise frequency measurements of CO2/OsO4 and HeNe/CH4- stabilized lasers IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 34 265-8
CrossRef 
[5]
Weiss C O, Cramer G, Lipphardt B and Garcia E 1988 Frequency measurement of a CH4 hyperfine line at 88 THz/optical clock IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24 1970-2
CrossRef 
[6]
Schnatz H, Lipphardt B, Helmcke J, Riehle F and Zinner G 1996 First phase-coherent frequency measurement of visible radiation Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 18-21
CrossRef  PubMed 
[7]
Bernard J E, Madej A A, Marmet L, Whitford B G, Siemsen K J and Cundy S 1999 Cs-based frequency measurement of a single, trapped ion transition in the visible region of the spectrum Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 3228-31
CrossRef 
[8]
Schwob C, Jozefowski L, de Beauvoir B, Hilico L, Nez F, Julien L, Biraben F, Acef O, Zondy J-J and Clairon A 1999 Optical frequency measurement of the 2S-12D transitions in hydrogen and deuterium: Rydberg constant and Lamb shift determinations Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4960-3
CrossRef 
[9]
Udem T, Huber A, Gross B, Reichert J, Prevedelli M, Weitz M and Hänsch T W 1997 Phase-coherent measurement of the hydrogen 1S-2S transition frequency with an optical frequency interval divider chain Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2646-9
CrossRef 
[10]
Kourogi M, Nakagawa K and Ohtsu M 1993 Wide-span optical frequency comb generator for accurate optical frequency difference measurement IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29 2693-701
CrossRef 
[11]
Nakagawa K, de Labachelerie M, Awaji Y and Kourogi M 1996 Accurate optical frequency atlas of the 1.5-µm bands of acetylene J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13 2708-14
CrossRef 
[12]
Hall J L, Ma L S, Taubman M, Tiemann B, Hong F L, Pfister O and Ye J 1999 Stabilization and frequency measurement of the I2-stabilized Nd:YAG laser IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 48 583-6
CrossRef 
[13]
Eckstein J N, Ferguson A I and Hänsch T W 1978 High-resolution two-photon spectroscopy with picosecond light pulses Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 847-50
CrossRef 
[14]
Spence D E, Kean P N and Sibbett W 1991 60-fsec pulse generation from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser Opt. Lett. 16 42-4
CrossRef  PubMed 
[15]
Asaki M T, Huang C P, Garvey D, Zhou J P, Kapteyn H C and Murnane M M 1993 Generation of 11-fs pulses from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser Opt. Lett. 18 977-9
CrossRef  PubMed 
[16]
Morgner U, Kärtner F X, Cho S H, Chen Y, Haus H A, Fujimoto J G, Ippen E P, Scheuer V, Angelow G and Tschudi T 1999 Sub-two-cycle pulses from a Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser Opt. Lett. 24 411-3
CrossRef  PubMed 
[17]
Sutter D H, Steinmeyer G, Gallmann L, Matusheck N, Morier-Genoud F, Keller U, Scheuer V, Angelow G and Tschudi T 1999 Semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror assisted Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser producing pulses in the two-cycle regime Opt. Lett. 24 631-3
CrossRef  PubMed 
[18]
Udem T, Reichert J, Holzwarth R and Hänsch T W 1999 Accurate measurement of large optical frequency differences with a mode-locked laser Opt. Lett. 24 881-3
CrossRef  PubMed 
[19]
Reichert J, Holzwarth R, Udem T and Hänsch T W 1999 Measuring the frequency of light with mode-locked lasers Opt. Commun. 172 59-68
CrossRef 
[20]
Reichert J, Niering M, Holzwarth R, Weitz M, Udem T and Hänsch T W 2000 Phase coherent vacuum-ultraviolet to radio frequency comparison with a mode-locked laser Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 3232-5
CrossRef  PubMed 
[21]
Jones D J, Diddams S A, Ranka J K, Stentz A, Windeler R S, Hall J H and Cundiff S T 2000 Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis Science 288 635-9
CrossRef  PubMed 
[22]
Bellini M and Hänsch T W 2000 Phase-locked white-light continuum pulses: toward a universal optical frequency-comb synthesizer Opt. Lett. 25 1049-51
CrossRef  PubMed 
[23]
Yariv A 1989 Quantum Electronics (New York: Wiley)

[24]
Cundiff S T, Ye J and Hall J L 2001 Optical frequency synthesis based on mode-locked lasers Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 3749-71
CrossRef 
[25]
Christov I P, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Zhou J P and Huang C P 1994 Fourth-order dispersion-limited solitary pulses Opt. Lett. 19 1465-7
CrossRef  PubMed 
[26]
Szipocs R, Ferencz K, Spielmann C and Krausz F 1994 Chirped multilayer coatings for broadband dispersion control in femtosecond lasers Opt. Lett. 19 201-3
CrossRef  PubMed 
[27]
Ranka J, Windeler R and Stentz A 2000 Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm Opt. Lett. 25 25-7
CrossRef  PubMed 
[28]
Birks T A, Wadsworth W J and Russell P S 2000 Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers Opt. Lett. 25 1415-7
CrossRef  PubMed 
[29]
Ippen E P, Haus H A and Liu L Y 1989 Additive pulse mode locking J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6 1736-45
CrossRef 
[30]
Tamura K, Ippen E P, Haus H A and Nelson L E 1993 77-fs pulse generation from a stretched-pulse mode-locked all-fiber ring laser Opt. Lett. 18 1080-2
CrossRef  PubMed 
[31]
Peng J L, Ahn H, Shu R H, Chui H C and Nicholson J W 2007 Highly stable, frequency-controlled mode-locked erbium fiber laser comb Appl. Phys. B 86 49-53
CrossRef 
[32]
Okuno T, Onishi M, Kashiwada T, Ishikawa S and Nichimura M 1999 Silica-based functional fibers with enhanced nonlinearity and their applications IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5 1385-91
CrossRef 
[33]
Nicholson J W, Abeeluck A K, Headley C, Yan M F and Jorgensen C G 2003 Pulsed and continuous-wave supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fibers Appl. Phys. B 77 211-8
CrossRef 
[34]
Pal P, Knox W H, Hartl I and Fermann M E 2007 Self referenced Yb-fiber-laser frequency comb using a dispersion micromanaged tapered holey fiber Opt. Express 15 12161-6
CrossRef  PubMed 
[35]
Lu F and Knox W H 2006 Generation, characterization, and application of broadband coherent, femtosecond visible pulses in dispersion micromanaged holey fibers J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23 1221-7
CrossRef 
[36]
Del'Haye P, Schliesser A, Arcizet O, Wilken T, Holzwarth R and Kippenberg T J 2007 Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator Nature 450 1214-7
CrossRef  PubMed 
[37]
Kippenberg T J, Spillane S M and Vahala K J 2004 Kerr-nonlinearity optical parametric oscillation in an ultrahigh-Q toroid microcavity Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 083904
CrossRef  PubMed 
[38]
Bartels A, Gebs R, Kirchner M S and Diddams S A 2007 Spectrally resolved optical frequency comb from a self-referenced 5 GHz femtosecond laser Opt. Lett. 32 2553-5
CrossRef  PubMed 
[39]
Jones R J, Moll K D, Thorpe M J and Ye J 2005 Phase-coherent frequency combs in the vacuum ultraviolet via high-harmonic generation inside a femtosecond enhancement cavity Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 193201
CrossRef  PubMed 
[40]
Gohle C, Udem T, Herrmann M, Rauschenberger J, Holzwarth R, Schuessler H A, Krausz F and Hänsch T W 2005 A frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet Nature 436 234-7
CrossRef  PubMed 
[41]
Witte S, Zinkstok R T, Ubachs W, Hogervorst W and Eikema K S E 2005 Deep-ultraviolet quantum interference metrology with ultrashort laser pulses Science 307 400-3
CrossRef  PubMed 
[42]
Thomann I, Bartels A, Corwin K L, Newbury N R, Hollberg L, Diddams S, Nicholson J W and Yan M F 2003 420 MHz Cr: forsterite femtosecond ring laser and continuum generation in the 1-2 µm range Opt. Lett. 28 1368-70
CrossRef  PubMed 
[43]
De Natale P, Borri S, Cancio P, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, Prevedelli M, De Mauro C and Inguscio M 2004 Extending the optical comb synthesizer to the infrared: from He at 1.083 µm to CO2 at 4.2 µm Laser Spectroscopy—Proc. 16th Int. Conf.

[44]
Foreman S M, Marian A, Ye J, Petrukhin E A, Gubin M A, Muecke O D, Wong F N C, Ippen R. P. and Kaertner F X 2005 Demonstration of a HeNe/CH4-based optical molecular clock Opt. Lett. 30 570-2
CrossRef  PubMed 
[45]
Sun J H, Gale B J S and Reid D T 2007 Composite frequency comb spanning 0.4-2.4 µm from a phase-controlled femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser and synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator Opt. Lett. 32 1414-6
CrossRef  PubMed 
[46]
Maddaloni P, Malara P, Gagliardi G and De Natale P 2006 Mid-infrared fibre-based optical comb New J. Phys. 8 262
IOPscience 
[47]
Maddaloni P, Gagliardi G, Malara P and De Natale P 2005 A 3.5-mW continuous-wave difference-frequency source around 3 µm for sub-Doppler molecular spectroscopy Appl. Phys. B 80 141-5
CrossRef 
[48]
Malara P, Maddaloni P, Gagliardi G and De Natale P 2008 Absolute frequency measurement of molecular transitions by a direct link to a comb generated around 3 µm Opt. Express 16 8242-9
CrossRef  PubMed 
[49]
Udem T, Reichert J, Holzwarth R and Hänsch T W 1999 Absolute optical frequency measurement of the cesium D1 line with a mode-locked laser Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 3568-71
CrossRef 
[50]
Mohr P J, Taylor B N and Newell D B 2008 CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 633-731
CrossRef 
[51]
Udem T, Reichert J, Holzwarth R, Hänsch T W and Kourogi M 2000 Absolute optical frequency measurement of the cesium D2 line Phys. Rev. A 62 031801
CrossRef 
[52]
Niering M et al 2000 Measurement of the hydrogen 1S-2S transition frequency by phase coherent comparison with a microwave cesium fountain clock Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5496-9
CrossRef  PubMed 
[53]
Cancio P, Giusfredi G, De Natale P, Hagel G, de Mauro C and Inguscio M 2004 Absolute frequency measurements of the 23S1-23P0,1,2 atomic helium transitions around 1083 nm Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 023001
CrossRef  PubMed 
 
Cancio P, Giusfredi G, De Natale P, Hagel G, de Mauro C and Inguscio M 2006 Absolute frequency measurements of the 23S1-23P0,1,2 atomic helium transitions around 1083 nm Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 139903 (erratum)
CrossRef 
[54]
Giusfredi G, De Natale P, Mazzotti D, Cancio P, de Mauro C, Fallani L, Hagel G, Krachmalnicoff V and Inguscio M 2005 Present status of the fine structure frequencies of the 23P helium level Can. J. Phys. 83 301-10
CrossRef 
[55]
Eyler E E, Chieda D E, Stowe M C, Thorpe M J, Schibli T R and Ye J 2007 Prospects for precision measurements of atomic helium using direct frequency comb spectroscopy Eur. Phys. J. D 48 43-55
CrossRef 
[56]
Oskay W H et al 2006 Single-atom optical clock with high accuracy Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 020801
CrossRef  PubMed 
[57]
Peik E, Lipphardt B, Schnatz H, Schneider T, Tamm C and Karshemboim S G 2005 Frequency comparison and absolute frequency measurements of 171Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standards Laser Phys. 15 1028-33

[58]
Margolis H S, Barwood G P, Huang G, Klein H A, Lea S N, Szymaniec K and Gill P 2004 Hertz-level measurement of the optical clock frequency in a single 88Sr+ ion Science 19 1355-8
CrossRef  PubMed 
[59]
Rosenband T et al 2007 Observation of the 1S0-3P0 clock transition in 27Al+ Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 220801
CrossRef  PubMed 
[60]
von Zanthier J et al 2000 Absolute frequency measurement of the 115In+ clock transition with a mode-locked laser Opt. Lett. 25 1729-31
CrossRef  PubMed 
[61]
Wilpers G et al 2007 Absolute frequency measurement of the neutral 40Ca optical frequency standard at 657 nm based on microkelvin atoms Metrologia 44 146-51
IOPscience 
[62]
Boyd M M, Ludlow A D, Blatt S, Foreman S M, Ido T, Zelevinsky T and Ye J 2007 87Sr lattice clock with inaccuracy below 10−15 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 083002
CrossRef  PubMed 
[63]
Poli N et al 2008 Frequency evaluation of the doubly forbidden 1S0-3P0 transition in bosonic 174Yb Phys. Rev. A 77 050501
CrossRef 
[64]
Mazzotti D, Cancio P, Giusfredi G, De Natale P and Prevedelli M 2005 Frequency-comb-based absolute frequency measurements in the mid-infrared with a difference-frequency spectrometer Opt. Lett. 30 997-9
CrossRef  PubMed 
[65]
Mazzotti D, De Natale P, Giusfredi G, Fort C, Mitchell J A and Hollberg L 2000 Saturated-absorption spectroscopy with low-power difference-frequency radiation Opt. Lett. 25 350-2
CrossRef  PubMed 
[66]
Mazzotti D, Borri S, Cancio P, Giusfredi G and De Natale P 2002 Low-power Lamb-dip spectroscopy of very weak CO2 transitions near 4.25 µm Opt. Lett. 27 1256-8
CrossRef  PubMed 
[67]
Telle H R, Lipphardt B and Stenger J 2002 Kerr-lens, mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements Appl. Phys. B 74 1-6
CrossRef 
[68]
Mazzotti D, Cancio P, Castrillo A, Galli I, Giusfredi G and De Natale P 2006 A comb-referenced difference-frequency spectrometer for cavity ring-down spectroscopy in the 4.5-µm region J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 S490-3
IOPscience 
[69]
Bartalini S, Cancio P, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, De Natale P, Borri S, Galli I, Leveque T and Gianfrani L 2007 Frequency-comb-referenced quantum-cascade laser at 4.4 µm Opt. Lett. 32 988-90
CrossRef  PubMed 
[70]
Borri S, Bartalini S, Galli I, Cancio P, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, Castrillo A, Gianfrani L and De Natale P 2008 Lamb-dip-locked quantum cascade laser for comb-referenced IR absolute frequency measurements Opt. Express 16 11637-46
CrossRef  PubMed 
[71]
Mücke O D, Kuzucu O, Wong F N C, Ippen E P, Kärtner F X, Foreman S M, Jones D J, Ma L, Hall J L and Ye J 2004 Experimental implementation of optical clockwork without carrier-envelope phase control Opt. Lett. 29 2806-8
CrossRef  PubMed 
[72]
Amy-Klein A, Goncharov A, Daussy C, Grain C, Lopez O, Santarelli G and Chardonnet C 2004 Absolute frequency measurement in the 28-THz spectral region with a femtosecond laser comb and a long-distance optical link to a primary standard Appl. Phys. B 78 25-30
CrossRef 
[73]
Amy-Klein A, Goncharov A, Guinet M, Daussy C, Lopez O, Shelkovnikov A and Chardonnet C 2005 Absolute frequency measurement of a SF6 two-photon line by use of a femtosecond optical comb and sum-frequency generation Opt. Lett. 30 3320-2
CrossRef  PubMed 
[74]
Marian A, Stowe M C, Lawall J R, Felinto D and Ye J 2004 United time-frequency spectroscopy for dynamics and global structure Science 306 2063-8
CrossRef  PubMed 
[75]
Park S E, Kim E B, Park Y H, Yee D S, Kwon T Y, Park C Y, Moon H S and Yoon T H 2006 Sweep optical frequency synthesizer with a distributed-Bragg-reflector laser injection locked by a single component of an optical frequency comb Opt. Lett. 31 3594-6
CrossRef  PubMed 
[76]
Marian A, Stowe M C, Felinto D and Ye J 2005 Direct frequency comb measurements of absolute optical frequencies and population transfer dynamics Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 023001
CrossRef  PubMed 
[77]
Aumiler D, Ban T, Skenderovic H and Pichler G 2005 Velocity selective optical pumping of Rb hyperfine lines induced by a train of femtosecond pulses Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 233001
CrossRef  PubMed 
[78]
Ban T, Aumiler D, Skenderovic H and Pichler G 2006 Mapping of the optical frequency comb to the atom-velocity comb Phys. Rev. A 73 043407
CrossRef 
[79]
Sautenkov V A, Rostovtsev Y V, Ye C Y, Welch G R, Kocharovskaya O and Scully M O 2005 Electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium vapor prepared by a comb of short optical pulses Phys. Rev. A 71 063804
CrossRef 
[80]
Arissian L and Diels J C 2006 Repetition rate spectroscopy of the dark line resonance in rubidium Opt. Commun. 264 169-73
CrossRef 
[81]
Gerginov V, Tanner C E, Diddams S A, Bartels A and Hollberg L 2004 Optical frequency measurements of 6s2S1/2 → 6p2P3/2 transition in a 133Cs atomic beam using a femtosecond laser frequency comb Phys. Rev. A 70 42505
CrossRef 
[82]
Gerginov V, Tanner C E, Diddams S A, Bartels A and Hollberg L 2005 High-resolution spectroscopy with a femtosecond laser frequency comb Opt. Lett. 30 1734-6
CrossRef  PubMed 
[83]
Gerginov V, Calkins K, Tanner C E, McFerran J J, Diddams S A, Bartels A and Hollberg L 2006 Optical frequency measurements of 6s 2S1/2 → 6p 2P1/2 (D1) transitions in 133Cs and their impact on the fine-structure constant Phys. Rev. A 73 32504
CrossRef 
[84]
Fortier T M, Le Coq Y, Stalnaker J E, Ortega D, Diddams S A, Oates C W and Hollberg L 2006 Kilohertz-resolution spectroscopy of cold atoms with an optical frequency comb Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 163905
CrossRef  PubMed 
[85]
Cruz F C, Stowe M C and Ye J 2006 Tapered semiconductor amplifiers for optical frequency combs in the near infrared Opt. Lett. 31 1337-9
CrossRef  PubMed 
[86]
Mbele V, Stalnaker J E, Gerginov V, Diddams S A, Tanner C E and Hollberg L Private communication

[87]
Zinkstok R T, Witte S, Ubachs W, Hogervorst W and Eikema K S E 2006 Frequency comb laser spectroscopy in the vacuum-ultraviolet region Phys. Rev. A 73 061801
CrossRef 
[88]
Diddams S A, Hollberg L and Mbele V 2007 Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb Nature 445 627-30
CrossRef  PubMed 
[89]
Thorpe M J, Moll K D, Jones R J, Safdi B and Ye J 2006 Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy for sensitive and rapid molecular detection Science 311 1595-9
CrossRef  PubMed 
[90]
Thorpe M J, Balslev-Clausen D, Kirchner M S and Ye J 2008 Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy: application to human breath analysis Opt. Express 16 2387-97
CrossRef  PubMed 
[91]
Gohle C, Stein B, Schliesser A, Udem T and Haensch T W 2007 Frequency comb Vernier spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution, high-sensitivity absorption and dispersion spectra Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 263902
CrossRef  PubMed 
[92]
Jin J, Kim Y J, Kim Y, Kim S W and Kang C S 2006 Absolute length calibration of gauge blocks using optical comb of a femtosecond pulse laser Opt. Express 14 5968-74
CrossRef  PubMed 
[93]
Schuhler N, Salvadè Y, Leveque S, Dändliker R and Holzwarth R 2006 Frequency-comb-referenced two-wavelength source for absolute distance measurement Opt. Lett. 31 3101-3
CrossRef  PubMed 
[94]
Ye J 2004 Absolute measurement of a long, arbitrary distance to less than an optical fringe Opt. Lett. 29 1153-5
CrossRef  PubMed 
[95]
Zhang J, Lu Z H, Menegozzi B and Wang L J 2006 Application of frequency combs in the measurement of the refractive index of air Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 083104
CrossRef 
[96]
Schliesser A, Gohle C, Udem T and Hänsch T W 2006 Complete characterization of a broadband high-finesse cavity using an optical frequency comb Opt. Express 14 5975-83
CrossRef  PubMed 
[97]
Thorpe M J, Jones R J, Moll K D, Ye J and Lalezari R 2005 Precise measurements of optical cavity dispersion and mirror coating properties via femtosecond combs Opt. Express 13 882-8
CrossRef  PubMed 
crossref member

View by subject




Export








Please login to access our web services, or create an account if you don't yet have one.

You must have cookies enabled in your web browser to be able to login.

Username
Password

Forgotten your password? Get a new one here.