J Enkovaara et al 2010 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 22 253202 doi:10.1088/0953-8984/22/25/253202
Electronic structure calculations with GPAW: a real-space implementation of the projector augmented-wave method
REVIEW ARTICLEJ Enkovaara1, C Rostgaard2, J J Mortensen2, J Chen2, M Dułak2, L Ferrighi3, J Gavnholt4, C Glinsvad2, V Haikola5, H A Hansen2, H H Kristoffersen3, M Kuisma6, A H Larsen2, L Lehtovaara5, M Ljungberg7, O Lopez-Acevedo8, P G Moses2, J Ojanen6, T Olsen4, V Petzold2, N A Romero9, J Stausholm-Møller3, M Strange2, G A Tritsaris2, M Vanin2, M Walter10, B Hammer3, H Häkkinen8, G K H Madsen11, R M Nieminen5, J K Nørskov2, M Puska5, T T Rantala6, J Schiøtz4, K S Thygesen2 and K W Jacobsen2
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Electronic structure calculations have become an indispensable tool in many areas of materials science and quantum chemistry. Even though the Kohn–Sham formulation of the density-functional theory (DFT) simplifies the many-body problem significantly, one is still confronted with several numerical challenges. In this article we present the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method as implemented in the GPAW program package (https://wiki.fysik.dtu.dk/gpaw) using a uniform real-space grid representation of the electronic wavefunctions. Compared to more traditional plane wave or localized basis set approaches, real-space grids offer several advantages, most notably good computational scalability and systematic convergence properties. However, as a unique feature GPAW also facilitates a localized atomic-orbital basis set in addition to the grid. The efficient atomic basis set is complementary to the more accurate grid, and the possibility to seamlessly switch between the two representations provides great flexibility. While DFT allows one to study ground state properties, time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) provides access to the excited states. We have implemented the two common formulations of TDDFT, namely the linear-response and the time propagation schemes. Electron transport calculations under finite-bias conditions can be performed with GPAW using non-equilibrium Green functions and the localized basis set. In addition to the basic features of the real-space PAW method, we also describe the implementation of selected exchange–correlation functionals, parallelization schemes, ΔSCF-method, x-ray absorption spectra, and maximally localized Wannier orbitals.
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- PACS
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71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
- Subjects
- Dates
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Issue 25 (30 June 2010)
Received 6 April 2010, in final form 14 May 2010
Published 10 June 2010
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Electronic structure calculations with GPAW: a real-space implementation of the projector augmented-wave method
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