H Mäkelä et al 2003 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 36 8555 doi:10.1088/0305-4470/36/32/302
H Mäkelä1, Y Zhang1,2 and K-A Suominen1,3
Show affiliationsWe investigate the structure of topological defects in the ground states of spinor Bose–Einstein condensates with spin F = 1 or F = 2. The type and number of defects are determined by calculating the first and second homotopy groups of the order-parameter space. The order-parameter space is identified with a set of degenerate ground state spinors. Because the structure of the ground state depends on whether or not there is an external magnetic field applied to the system, defects are sensitive to the magnetic field. We study both cases and find that the defects in zero and non-zero field are different.
03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical and structural properties
55U40 Topological categories, foundations of homotopy theory
Issue 32 (15 August 2003)
Received 9 May 2003
Published 29 July 2003
H Mäkelä et al 2003 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 36 8555
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