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Are moving punctures equivalent to moving black holes?

Jonathan Thornburg1,2, Peter Diener3,4, Denis Pollney1,3, Luciano Rezzolla1,4, Erik Schnetter3,4, Ed Seidel3,4 and Ryoji Takahashi3,5

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When simulating the inspiral and coalescence of a binary black hole system, special care needs to be taken in handling the singularities. Two main techniques are used in numerical-relativity simulations: A first and more traditional one 'excises' a spatial neighbourhood of the singularity from the numerical grid on each spacelike hypersurface. A second and more recent one, instead, begins with a 'puncture' solution and then evolves the full 3-metric, including the singular point. In the continuum limit, excision is justified by the light-cone structure of the Einstein equations and, in practice, can give accurate numerical solutions when suitable discretizations are used. However, because the field variables are non-differentiable at the puncture, there is no proof that the moving-punctures technique is correct, particularly in the discrete case. To investigate this question we use both techniques to evolve a binary system of equal-mass non-spinning black holes. We compare the evolution of two curvature 4-scalars with proper time along the invariantly-defined worldline midway between the two black holes, using Richardson extrapolation to reduce the influence of finite-difference truncation errors. We find that the excision and moving-punctures evolutions produce the same invariants along that worldline, thus providing convincing evidence that moving punctures are indeed equivalent to moving black holes.


PACS

04.70.-s Physics of black holes

04.25.D- Numerical relativity

97.80.-d Binary and multiple stars

95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation

97.60.Lf Black holes

MSC

83C57 Black holes

83C05 Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems)

Subjects

Gravitation and cosmology

Astrophysics and astroparticles

Dates

Issue 15 (7 August 2007)

Received 22 March 2007, in final form 8 June 2007

Published 17 July 2007



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