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A fast apparent horizon finder for three-dimensional Cartesian grids in numerical relativity*

Jonathan Thornburg

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In 3 + 1 numerical simulations of dynamic black-hole spacetimes, it is useful to be able to find the apparent horizon(s) (AH) in each slice of a time evolution. A number of AH finders are available, but they often take many minutes to run, so they are too slow to be practically usable at each time step. Here I present a new AH finder, AHFINDERDIRECT, which is very fast and accurate: at typical resolutions it takes only a few seconds to find an AH to ~10−5m accuracy on a GHz-class processor. I assume that an AH to be searched for is a Strahlkörper ('star-shaped region') with respect to some local origin, and so parametrize the AH shape by r = h(angle) for some single-valued function h:S2real+. The AH equation then becomes a nonlinear elliptic PDE in h on S2, whose coefficients are algebraic functions of gij, Kij, and the Cartesian-coordinate spatial derivatives of gij. I discretize S2 using six angular patches (one each in the neighbourhood of the ±x, ± y, and ±z axes) to avoid coordinate singularities, and finite difference the AH equation in the angular coordinates using fourth-order finite differencing. I solve the resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations (for h at the angular grid points) by Newton's method, using a 'symbolic differentiation' technique to compute the Jacobian matrix. AHFINDERDIRECT is implemented as a thorn in the CACTUS computational toolkit, and is freely available by anonymous CVS checkout.


Footnote
*  Appendix B on 'multiprocessor and parallelization issues' and appendix C on 'searching for the critical parameter of a 1-parameter initial data sequence' also appear in the preprint-archive version of this paper (gr-qc/0306056).
PACS

04.25.D- Numerical relativity

04.70.-s Physics of black holes

02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods

02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems

97.60.Lf Black holes

MSC

65M06 Finite difference methods

83C25 Approximation procedures, weak fields

83C57 Black holes

35J60 Nonlinear PDE of elliptic type

Subjects

Computational physics

Gravitation and cosmology

Astrophysics and astroparticles

Dates

Issue 2 (21 January 2004)

Received 16 July 2003

Published 29 December 2003



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