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Black-hole excision with multiple grid patches

Jonathan Thornburg

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When using black-hole excision to numerically evolve a black-hole spacetime with no continuous symmetries, most 3 + 1 finite differencing codes use a Cartesian grid. It is difficult to do excision on such a grid because the natural r = constant excision surface must be approximated either by a very different shape such as a contained cube, or by an irregular and non-smooth 'LEGO1 sphere' which may introduce numerical instabilities into the evolution. In this paper I describe an alternate scheme which uses multiple {r × (angular coordinates)} grid patches, each patch using a different (nonsingular) choice of angular coordinates. This allows excision on a smooth r = constant 2-sphere. I discuss the key design choices in such a multiple-patch scheme, including the choice of ghost-zone versus internal-boundary treatment of the interpatch boundaries (I use a ghost-zone scheme), the number and shape of the patches (I use a 6-patch 'inflated-cube' scheme), the details of how the ghost zones are 'synchronized' by interpolation from neighbouring patches, the tensor basis for the Einstein equations in each patch, and the handling of non-tensor field variables such as the BSSN \tilde{\Gamma}^i (I use a scheme which requires ghost zones which are twice as wide for the BSSN conformal factor phgr as for \tilde{\Gamma}^i and the other BSSN field variables). I present sample numerical results from a prototype implementation of this scheme. This code simulates the time evolution of the (asymptotically flat) spacetime around a single (excised) black hole, using fourth-order finite differencing in space and time. Using Kerr initial data with J/m2 = 0.6, I present evolutions to t gap 1500m. The lifetime of these evolutions appears to be limited only by outer boundary instabilities, not by any excision instabilities or by any problems inherent to the multiple-patch scheme.


PACS

04.70.-s Physics of black holes

02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods

04.25.D- Numerical relativity

04.20.-q Classical general relativity

MSC

65M06 Finite difference methods

83C05 Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems)

83C57 Black holes

Subjects

Computational physics

Gravitation and cosmology

Dates

Issue 15 (7 August 2004)

Received 15 April 2004

Published 13 July 2004



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