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Two-parameter nonlinear spacetime perturbations: gauge transformations and gauge invariance

Marco Bruni1, Leonardo Gualtieri2 and Carlos F Sopuerta1

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An implicit fundamental assumption in relativistic perturbation theory is that there exists a parametric family of spacetimes that can be Taylor expanded around a background. The choice of the latter is crucial to obtain a manageable theory, so that it is sometime convenient to construct a perturbative formalism based on two (or more) parameters. The study of perturbations of rotating stars is a good example: in this case one can treat the stationary axisymmetric star using a slow rotation approximation (expansion in the angular velocity Ω), so that the background is spherical. Generic perturbations of the rotating star (say parametrized by λ) are then built on top of the axisymmetric perturbations in Ω. Clearly, any interesting physics requires nonlinear perturbations, as at least terms λΩ need to be considered. In this paper, we analyse the gauge dependence of nonlinear perturbations depending on two parameters, derive explicit higher-order gauge transformation rules and define gauge invariance. The formalism is completely general and can be used in different applications of general relativity or any other spacetime theory.


PACS

04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations

95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation

MSC

41A58 Series expansions (e.g. Taylor, Lidstone series, but not Fourier series)

83Cxx General relativity

Subjects

Gravitation and cosmology

Astrophysics and astroparticles

Dates

Issue 3 (7 February 2003)

Received 1 August 2002

Published 17 January 2003



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