Thomas Foertsch et al 2003 Class. Quantum Grav. 20 4635 doi:10.1088/0264-9381/20/21/006
Thomas Foertsch1, Wolfgang Hasse2,3 and Volker Perlick4,5
Show affiliationsGiven, in an arbitrary spacetime (M, g), a two-dimensional timelike submanifold Σ and an observer field n on Σ, we assign gravitational, centrifugal, Coriolis and Euler forces to every particle worldline λ in Σ with respect to n. We prove that centrifugal and Coriolis forces vanish, for all λ in Σ with respect to any n, if and only if Σ is a photon 2-surface, i.e., generated by two families of lightlike geodesics. We further demonstrate that a photon 2-surface can be characterized in terms of gyroscope transport and we give several mathematical criteria for the existence of photon 2-surfaces. Finally, examples of photon 2-surfaces in conformally flat spacetimes, in Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordström spacetimes, and in Gödel spacetime are worked out.
04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
Issue 21 (7 November 2003)
Received 6 June 2003
Published 26 September 2003
Thomas Foertsch et al 2003 Class. Quantum Grav. 20 4635
Y Tsuchiya 1987 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 20 5001
R.J. Taylor et al 2005 Nucl. Fusion 45 1634
Hyunjung Kim et al 2004 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 S3491
Jinho Baik et al 2009 Nonlinearity 22 1021
B N Harmon and D D Koelling 1974 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 7 L210
L Almeida et al 2006 J. Micromech. Microeng. 16 1189
R H Ireland et al 2000 Physiol. Meas. 21 295
U Deka et al 2004 Phys. Scr. 69 303
Kh A Ziq 2001 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 14 30