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The fluctuation-dissipation theorem

REVIEW ARTICLE

R Kubo

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The linear response theory has given a general proof of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem which states that the linear response of a given system to an external perturbation is expressed in terms of fluctuation properties of the system in thermal equilibrium. This theorem may be represented by a stochastic equation describing the fluctuation, which is a generalization of the familiar Langevin equation in the classical theory of Brownian motion. In this generalized equation the friction force becomes retarded or frequency-dependent and the random force is no more white. They are related to each other by a generalized Nyquist theorem which is in fact another expression of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. This point of view can be applied to a wide class of irreversible process including collective modes in many-particle systems as has already been shown by Mori. As an illustrative example, the density response problem is briefly discussed.


PACS

05.40.Jc Brownian motion

05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, etc.)

Subjects

Computational physics

Statistical physics and nonlinear systems

Dates

Issue 1 (Part I, 1966)



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