P M Glover 2009 Phys. Med. Biol. 54 R99 doi:10.1088/0031-9155/54/21/R01
P M Glover
Show affiliationsIn this review, the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields encountered specifically during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are examined. The primary biological effect at frequencies of between 100 and 5000 Hz (typical of MRI magnetic field gradient switching) is peripheral nerve stimulation, the result of which can be a mild tingling and muscle twitching to a sensation of pain. The models for nerve stimulation and how they are related to the rate of change of magnetic field are examined. The experimental measurements, and analytic and computational modelling work in this area are reviewed. The review concludes with a discussion of current regulation in this area and current practice as both are applied to MRI.
87.61.Tg Clinical applications
87.19.R- Mechanical and electrical properties of tissues and organs
87.50.C- Static and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields effects
Issue 21 (7 November 2009)
Received 8 July 2009, in final form 14 September 2009
Published 14 October 2009
P M Glover 2009 Phys. Med. Biol. 54 R99
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