Quick search Find article
Quick search
Find article

Considerations on future redefinitions of the kilogram, the mole and of other units

FEATURED ARTICLE

P Becker1, P De Bièvre2, K Fujii3, M Glaeser1,6, B Inglis4, H Luebbig1 and G Mana5

Show affiliations


[1]
BIPM IEC IFCC ISO IUPAC IUPAP OIML ILAC 1993 The International Vocabulary for Basic and General Terms in Metrology (Geneva: ISO) (revised 2006)

[2]
Eichenberger A, Jeckelmann B and Richard P 2003 Tracing Planck's constant to the kilogram by electromechanical methods Metrologia 40 356-65
IOPscience 
[3]
Becker P 2003 Tracing the definition of the kilogram to the Avogadro constant using a silicon single crystal Metrologia 40 366-75
IOPscience 
[4]
Glaeser M 2003 Tracing the atomic mass unit to the kilogram by ion accumulation Metrologia 40 376-86
IOPscience 
[5]
Girard G 1994 The third periodic verification of national prototypes of the kilogram (1988-1992) Metrologia 31 317-36
IOPscience 
[6]
Davis R 2003 The SI unit of mass Metrologia 40 299-305
IOPscience 
[7]
Davis R S 1989 The stability of the SI unit of mass as determined from electrical measurements Metrologia 26 75-6
IOPscience 
[8]
Steiner R L, Williams E R and Newell D B 2005 Towards an electronic kilogram: an improved measurement of the Planck constant and electron mass Metrologia 42 431-41
IOPscience 
[9]
Fujii K, Waseda A, Kuramoto N, Mizushima S, Tanaka M, Valkiers S, Taylor P, Kessel R and de Bièvre P 2003 Evaluation of the molar volume of silicon crystals for a determination of the Avogadro constant IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 52 646-51
CrossRef 
[10]
Becker P, Bettin H, Danzebrink H-U, Gläser M, Kuetgens U, Nicolaus A, Schiel D, de Bièvre P, Valkiers S and Taylor P 2003 Determination of the Avogadro constant via the silicon route Metrologia 40 271-87
IOPscience 
[11]
Fujii K et al 2005 Present state of the Avogadro constant determination from silicon crystals with natural isotopic compositions IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54 854-9
CrossRef 
[12]
Kibble B P, Robinson I A and Belliss J H 1990 A realization of the SI Watt by the NPL moving-coil balance Metrologia 27 173-92
IOPscience 
[13]
Clothier W K, Sloggett G J, Bairnsfather H, Currey M F and Benjamin D J 1989 A determination of the volt Metrologia 26 9-46
IOPscience 
[14]
Funck T and Sienknecht V 1991 Determination of the volt with the improved PTB voltage balance IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 40 158-61
CrossRef 
[15]
Shiota F, Miki Y, Fujii Y, Morokuma T and Nezu Y 2000 Evaluation of equilibrium trajectory of superconducting magnetic levitation system for the future kg unit of mass IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 49 1117-21
CrossRef 
[16]
Riski K, Heikkinen P, Kajastie H, Manninen J, Rossi H, Nummila K, Frantsuz E and Khavinson V 2001 Design of a superconducting magnetic levitation system Proc. 17th Int. Conf. IMEKO TC 3, Istanbul, 17-21 September 2001 pp 239-46

[17]
Mills I M, Mohr P J, Quinn T J, Taylor B N and Williams E R 2005 Redefinition of the kilogram: a decision whose time has come Metrologia 42 71-80
IOPscience 
[18]
CIPM 2005 94th meeting (2005) Recommendation 1 (CI-2005) (Sèvres: BIPM) http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/publications_cc.html

[19]
CCM 2005 Rapport de la 7e session (Sèvres: BIPM) http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cc/ccm/publications_cc.html

[20]
Mills I M, Mohr P J, Quinn T J, Taylor B N and Williams E R 2006 Redefinition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole: proposed approach to implementing CIPM recommendation 1 (CI-2005) Metrologia 43 227-46
IOPscience 
[21]
De Bièvre P 2002 The Avogadro constant: the unit and the scaling factor Atti del convegno celebrativo, ‘Amedeo Avogadro di Quaregna’ (Oropa (Italia) 09-11 June 2002) Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale ‘Amedeo Avogadro’, and Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino

[22]
De Bièvre P, Valkiers S and Taylor P D P 1998 The importance of the Avogadro constant for amount-of-substance measurements Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 361 227-34
CrossRef 
[23]
Tazzari S and Ferrario M 2003 Trends in high energy particle accelerators Rep. Prog. Phys. 66 1045-94
IOPscience 
[24]
Okun L 1989 The concept of mass Phys. Today 42 31-6
CrossRef 
[25]
Wilczek F 2006 The origin of mass Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 701-12
CrossRef 
 
Wilczek F 2004 Whence the force of F = ma ? I: culture shock Phys. Today (October) 10

 
Wilczek F 2004 Whence the force of F = ma ? II: Rationalizations Phys. Today (December) 10

 
Wilczek F 2005 Whence the force of F = ma ? III: Cultural diversity Phys. Today (July) 11

 
Wilczek F 2005 Nobel lecture: asymptotic freedom: from paradox to paradigm Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 857-70
CrossRef 
[26]
Bernardeau F 2003 Dark matter, dark energy, gravitational lensing and the formation of structure in the universe Rep. Prog. Phys. 66 691-736
IOPscience 
[27]
Mohr P J and Taylor B N 2005 CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2002 Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 1-107
CrossRef 
[28]
Audi G, Wapstra A H and Thibault C: 2003 The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation Nucl. Phys. A 729 337-676 and references therein (16O: van Dyke 2001Va33, 2003Va.A)
CrossRef 
[29]
Coplen T B 1999 Atomic weights of the elements J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 30 701-12
CrossRef 
[30]
Lévy-Leblond J M 1979 The importance of being (a) constant Proc. Int. School of Physics E. Fermi: Problems in the Foundations of Physics, vol 19, Course LXXII (Varenna, Italy 25 July-6 August 1977) ed Toraldo di Francia G (Amsterdam: North-Holland)

[31]
De Bièvre P and Peiser S 1994 Calling for research of measurement, a process exemplified by redeterminations of the Avogadro constant Proc. 1994 NCSL Workshop & Symp. (Chicago, USA) pp 565-78 (Session 7A)

[32]
Bordé C J 2005 Métrologie fondamentale: unitées de base et constantes fondamentales C.R. Physique 5 813-20
CrossRef 
[33]
Bordé C 2005 Base units of the SI, fundamental constants and modern quantum physics Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 363 2177-201
CrossRef 
[34]
Wignall J W G 2005 An absolute replacement for the standard kilogram Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 682-4
IOPscience 
[35]
Rainville S et al 2005 A direct test of E = mc2, Nature 438 1096-97
CrossRef  PubMed 
[36]
Millikan R A 1916 A direct photoelectric determination of Planck's h Phys. Rev. 7 355-88
CrossRef 
[37]
CIPM 1988 Recommendation 1 and Recommendation 2 Metrologia 26 69-70
IOPscience 
[38]
Jeckelmann B and Jeanneret B 2001 The quantum Hall effect as an electrical resistance standard Rep. Prog. Phys. 64 1603-55
IOPscience 
[39]
Piquemal F and Genevès G 2000 Argument for a direct realization of the quantum metrological triangle Metrologia 37 207-11
IOPscience 
[40]
Schwitz W, Jeckelmann B and Richard P 2004 Towards a new kilogram definition based on a fundamental constant C. R. Physique 5 881-92
CrossRef 
[41]
Petley B W 1996 The mole and the unified atomic mass unit Metrologia 33 261-4
IOPscience 
[42]
Taylor B N and Mohr P J 1999 On the redefinition of the kilogram Metrologia 36 63-4
IOPscience 
[43]
Tuminsky V S 1999 Unit systems based on fundamental constants Metrologia 36 9-14
IOPscience 
[44]
Kose V, Siebert B R L and Woeger W 2003 General principles for the definition of the base units in the SI Metrologia 40 146-53
IOPscience 
[45]
Moldover M R and Ripple D C 2003 Comment on ‘General principles for the definition of the base units in the SI’ Metrologia 40 L9-10
IOPscience 
[46]
Flowers J L and Petley B W 2005 The kilogram redefinition-an interim solution Metrologia 42 L31-4
IOPscience 
[47]
Leonard B P 2006 Note on invariant redefinitions of SI base units for both mass and amount of substance Metrologia 43 L3-5
IOPscience 
[48]
Taylor B N 1991 The possible role of the fundamental constants in replacing the kilogram IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 40 86-91
CrossRef 
[49]
Krüger E, Nistler W and Weirauch W 1999 Re-evaluation of a precise measurement of h/mn Metrologia 36 147-8
IOPscience 
[50]
Cabiati F, Mana G and Peuto A 1993 Le costanti fondamentali e la Metrologia della massa Nuovo Saggiatore 9 51-61

[51]
Valdès J 2005 Features and future of the International System of Units Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics vol 138 ed P Hawkes (New York: Academic) pp 251-320

[52]
De Bièvre P et al 1997 The molar volume of silicon IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 46 592-5
CrossRef 
[53]
De Bièvre P, Lenaers G, Murphy T J, Peiser H S and Valkiers S 1995 The chemical preparation and characterization of specimens for ‘absolute’ measurements of the molar mass of an element, exemplified by silicon, for redeterminations of the Avogadro constant Metrologia 32 103-10
IOPscience 
[54]
Rainville S, Thompson J K and Pritchard D E 2004 An ion balance for ultra-high-precision atomic mass measurements Science 303 334-8
CrossRef  PubMed 
[55]
Gabrielse G, Hanneke D, Kinoshita T, Nio M and Odom B 2006 New determination of the fine structure constant from the electron g -value and QED Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 0308021-4
CrossRef  PubMed 
[56]
Becker P, Jentschel M, Mana G and Zosi G 2006 Towards an atomic realization of the kilogram: the measurement of NANAh Proc. Int. School of Physics E Fermi: Metrology and Fundamental Constants, Course CLXVI (Varenna, Italy 18-28 July 2006) ed S Leschiutta, T Hänsch and A Wallard (Amsterdam: North-Holland) submitted

[57]
Wicht A, Hensley J M, Sarajlic E and Chu S 2002 A preliminary measurement of the fine structure constant, based on atom interferometry Phys. Scr. T 102 82-8
IOPscience 
[58]
Lybeck L, Marton F, Strömdahl H and Tullberg A 2003 Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zum ‘Molbegriff’ Chim. Didactica 29 61-96

[59]
Comité Consultatif des unités 1970 2e session 1969 (Sèvres: BIPM)

[60]
Comité International des Poids et Mesures 1971 Procès-Verbaux des séances, 2e série-tome 37, 58e session-1969 (Sèvres: BIPM)

[61]
Comité International des Poids et Mesures 1971 Procès-Verbaux des séances, 2e série-tome 38, 59e session-1970 (Sèvres: BIPM)

[62]
Milton M J T and Quinn T J 2005 Primary methods for the measurement of amount of substance Metrologia 38 289-96
IOPscience 
[63]
CCQM 2005 Report on the 11th meeting (2005) (Sèvres: BIPM) Recommendation Q1 2005 On the possible redefinition of the kilogram http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cc/ccqm/publications_cc.html

[64]
De Bièvre P and Peiser H S 1997 The reliability of values of molar mass, the factor that relates measurements expressed in two base units (mass and amount-of-substance) Metrologia 34 49-59
IOPscience 
[65]
McGlashan M L 1994/1995 Amount of substance and the mole Metrologia 31 447-55
IOPscience 
[66]
BIPM 2006 The International System of Units 8th edn (Sèvres: BIPM) http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/general.html

[67]
Farnham D L, van Dyke R S Jr and Schwinberg P B 1995 Determination of the electron's atomic mass and the proton/electron mass ratio via Penning trap mass spectroscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 3598-601
CrossRef  PubMed 
[68]
Fischer J and Fellmuth B 2005 Temperature metrology Rep. Prog. Phys. 68 1043-94
IOPscience 
[69]
Davis R S 2005 Possible new definitions of the kilogram Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 363 2249-64
CrossRef 
crossref member

View by subject




Export








Please login to access our web services, or create an account if you don't yet have one.

You must have cookies enabled in your web browser to be able to login.

Username
Password

Forgotten your password? Get a new one here.