A Cold Neptune-Mass Planet OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: Cold Neptunes Are Common

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1641

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T. Sumi et al. 2010 ApJ 710 1641 doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1641

A COLD NEPTUNE-MASS PLANET OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: COLD NEPTUNES ARE COMMON

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T. Sumi^1,51, D. P. Bennett^2,51,52, I. A. Bond^3,51, A. Udalski^4,53, V. Batista^3,5,52,54, M. Dominik^6,52,55, P. Fouqué^7,52, D. Kubas^5,8,52,54, A. Gould^9,56, B. Macintosh¹⁰, K. Cook¹⁰, S. Dong^11,56, L. Skuljan^3,51, A. Cassan^5,12,52,54, F. Abe¹, C. S. Botzler¹³, A. Fukui¹, K. Furusawa¹, J. B. Hearnshaw¹⁴, Y. Itow¹, K. Kamiya¹, P. M. Kilmartin¹⁵, A. Korpela¹⁶, W. Lin³, C. H. Ling³, K. Masuda¹, Y. Matsubara¹, N. Miyake¹, Y. Muraki¹⁷, M. Nagaya¹, T. Nagayama¹⁸, K. Ohnishi¹⁹, T. Okumura¹, Y. C. Perrott¹³, N. Rattenbury¹³, To. Saito²⁰, T. Sako¹, D. J. Sullivan¹⁶, W. L. Sweatman³, P. J. Tristram¹⁵, P. C. M. Yock¹³ (The MOA Collaboration), J. P. Beaulieu^5,54, A. Cole²¹, Ch. Coutures^9,54, M. F. Duran²², J. Greenhill²¹, F. Jablonski²³, U. Marboeuf²⁴, E. Martioli²³, E. Pedretti⁶, O. Pejcha⁹, P. Rojo²², M. D. Albrow¹⁴, S. Brillant⁵⁶, M. Bode²⁵, D. M. Bramich²⁶, M. J. Burgdorf^27,28, J. A. R. Caldwell²⁹, H. Calitz³⁰, E. Corrales^5,54, S. Dieters^5,21,54, D. Dominis Prester³¹, J. Donatowicz^32,54, K. Hill^5,21, M. Hoffman³⁰, K. Horne⁶, U. G. Jørgensen³³, N. Kains⁶, S. Kane³⁴, J. B. Marquette^5,54, R. Martin³⁵, P. Meintjes³⁰, J. Menzies³⁶, K. R. Pollard¹⁴, K. C. Sahu³⁷, C. Snodgrass⁵⁶, I. Steele²⁵, R. Street³⁸, Y. Tsapras³⁸, J. Wambsganss¹², A. Williams³⁵, M. Zub¹² (The PLANET Collaboration), M. K. Szymański⁴, M. Kubiak⁴, G. Pietrzyński^4,39, I. Soszyński⁴, O. Szewczyk³⁹, Ł Wyrzykowski⁴¹, K. Ulaczyk⁴ (The OGLE Collaboration), W. Allen⁴¹, G. W. Christie⁴², D. L. DePoy⁴³, B. S. Gaudi⁹, C. Han⁴⁴, J. Janczak⁹, C.-U. Lee⁴⁵, J. McCormick⁴⁶, F. Mallia⁴⁷, B. Monard⁴⁸, T. Natusch⁴⁹, B.-G. Park⁴⁵, R. W. Pogge⁹ and R. Santallo⁵⁰ (The μFUN Collaboration)

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¹ Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
² Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
³ Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
⁴ Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
⁵ Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶ SUPA, Physics & Astronomy, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
⁷ Laboratoire d'Astrophysique (CNRS), Univ. Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3, 14, avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
⁸ European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Vitacura 19, Santiago, Chile
⁹ Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
¹⁰ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, IGPP, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
¹¹ Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
¹² Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie, Heidelberg University, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹³ Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
¹⁴ University of Canterbury, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
¹⁵ Mt. John Observatory, P.O. Box 56, Lake Tekapo 8770, New Zealand
¹⁶ School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
¹⁷ Department of Physics, Konan University, Nishiokamoto 8-9-1, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
¹⁸ Department of Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
¹⁹ Nagano National College of Technology, Nagano 381-8550, Japan
²⁰ Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
²¹ University of Tasmania, School of Maths and Physics, Private bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
²² Department of Astronomy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
²³ Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
²⁴ Observatoire de Besanon, BP 1615, 25010 Besanon Cedex, France
²⁵ Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Twelve Quays House, Egerton Wharf, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, UK
²⁶ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
²⁷ Deutsches SOFIA Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
²⁸ OFIA Science Center, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop N211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
²⁹ McDonald Observatory, 16120 St Hwy Spur 78 #2, Fort Davis, TX 79734, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics/Boyden Observatory, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
³¹ Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
³² Technical University of Vienna, Department of Computing, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 10, Vienna, Austria
³³ Niels Bohr Institute, Astronomical Observatory, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁴ NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech, MS 100-22, 770 South Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
³⁵ Perth Observatory, Walnut Road, Bickley, Perth 6076, Australia
³⁶ South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O. Box 9 Observatory 7935, South Africa
³⁷ Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
³⁸ Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, 6740B Cortona Dr, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
³⁹ Universidad de Concepción, Departamento de Fisica, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
⁴⁰ Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge University, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁴¹ Vintage Lane Observatory, Blenheim, New Zealand
⁴² Auckland Observatory, Auckland, New Zealand
⁴³ Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
⁴⁴ Department of Physics, Institute for Basic Science Research, Chungbuk National University, Chongju 361-763, Korea
⁴⁵ Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejon 305-348, Korea
⁴⁶ Farm Cove Observatory, Centre for Backyard Astrophysics, Pakuranga, Auckland, New Zealand
⁴⁷ Campo Catino Observatory, P.O. Box 03016, GUARCINO (FR), Italy
⁴⁸ Bronberg Observatory, Centre for Backyard Astrophysics, Pretoria, South Africa
⁴⁹ AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
⁵⁰ Southern Stars Observatory, IAU/MPC Code 930, Tahiti, French Polynesia
⁵¹ Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA).
⁵² Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET).
⁵³ Optical Gravitational Lens Experiment (OGLE).
⁵⁴ HOLMES Collaboration.
⁵⁵ Royal Society University Research Fellow.
⁵⁶ Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN).

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Abstract References Cited By

We present the discovery of a Neptune-mass planet OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb with a planet-star mass ratio of q = [9.5 ± 2.1] × 10^–5 via gravitational microlensing. The planetary deviation was detected in real-time thanks to the high cadence of the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics survey, real-time light-curve monitoring and intensive follow-up observations. A Bayesian analysis returns the stellar mass and distance at M_l = 0.64^+0.21 _–0.26 M _☉ and D_l = 5.9^+0.9 _–1.4 kpc, respectively, so the mass and separation of the planet are M_p = 20⁺⁷ _–8 M _⊕ and a = 3.3^+1.4 _–0.8 AU, respectively. This discovery adds another cold Neptune-mass planet to the planetary sample discovered by microlensing, which now comprises four cold Neptune/super-Earths, five gas giant planets, and another sub-Saturn mass planet whose nature is unclear. The discovery of these 10 cold exoplanets by the microlensing method implies that the mass ratio function of cold exoplanets scales as dN _pl/dlog q vprop q ^–0.7±0.2 with a 95% confidence level upper limit of n < –0.35 (where dN _pl/dlog q vprop qⁿ ). As microlensing is most sensitive to planets beyond the snow-line, this implies that Neptune-mass planets are at least three times more common than Jupiters in this region at the 95% confidence level.

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A COLD NEPTUNE-MASS PLANET OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: COLD NEPTUNES ARE COMMON

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