Pulsed Gamma-rays from PSR J2021+3651 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1059

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A. A. Abdo et al. 2009 ApJ 700 1059 doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1059

PULSED GAMMA-RAYS FROM PSR J2021+3651 WITH THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE

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A. A. Abdo^1,54, M. Ackermann², M. Ajello², W. B. Atwood³, L. Baldini⁴, J. Ballet⁵, G. Barbiellini^6,7, D. Bastieri^8,9, M. Battelino¹⁰, B. M. Baughman¹¹, K. Bechtol², R. Bellazzini⁴, B. Berenji², E. D. Bloom², G. Bogaert¹², A. W. Borgland², J. Bregeon⁴, A. Brez⁴, M. Brigida^13,14, P. Bruel¹², T. H. Burnett¹⁵, G. A. Caliandro^13,14, R. A. Cameron², F. Camilo¹⁶, P. A. Caraveo¹⁷, J. M. Casandjian⁵, C. Cecchi^18,19, E. Charles², A. Chekhtman^20,1, A. W. Chen¹⁷, C. C. Cheung²¹, J. Chiang², S. Ciprini^18,19, I. Cognard²², J. Cohen-Tanugi²³, L. R. Cominsky²⁴, J. Conrad^10,25, S. Cutini²⁶, P. Demorest²⁷, C. D. Dermer¹, A. de Angelis²⁸, A. de Luca²⁹, F. de Palma^13,14, S. W. Digel², M. Dormody³, E. do Couto e Silva², P. S. Drell², R. Dubois², D. Dumora^30,31, C. Espinoza³², C. Farnier²³, C. Favuzzi^13,14, W. B. Focke², M. Frailis²⁸, P. C. C. Freire³³, Y. Fukazawa³⁴, S. Funk², P. Fusco^13,14, F. Gargano¹⁴, D. Gasparrini²⁶, N. Gehrels^21,35, S. Germani^18,19, B. Giebels¹², N. Giglietto^13,14, F. Giordano^13,14, T. Glanzman², G. Godfrey², I. A. Grenier⁵, M.-H. Grondin^30,31, J. E. Grove¹, L. Guillemot^30,31, S. Guiriec²³, Y. Hanabata³⁴, A. K. Harding²¹, M. Hayashida², E. Hays²¹, R. E. Hughes¹¹, G. Jóhannesson², A. S. Johnson², R. P. Johnson³, T. J. Johnson^21,35, W. N. Johnson¹, S. Johnston³⁶, T. Kamae², H. Katagiri³⁴, J. Kataoka³⁷, N. Kawai^38,37, M. Kerr¹⁵, B. Kiziltan³⁹, J. Knödlseder⁴⁰, N. Komin^5,23, M. Kramer³², F. Kuehn¹¹, M. Kuss⁴, J. Lande², L. Latronico⁴, S.-H. Lee², M. Lemoine-Goumard^30,31, F. Longo^6,7, F. Loparco^13,14, B. Lott^30,31, M. N. Lovellette¹, P. Lubrano^18,19, A. G. Lyne³², A. Makeev^20,1, R. N. Manchester³⁶, M. Marelli¹⁷, M. N. Mazziotta¹⁴, W. McConville²¹, J. E. McEnery²¹, M. A. McLaughlin⁴¹, C. Meurer²⁵, P. F. Michelson², W. Mitthumsiri², T. Mizuno³⁴, A. A. Moiseev⁴², C. Monte^13,14, M. E. Monzani², A. Morselli⁴³, I. V. Moskalenko², S. Murgia², P. L. Nolan², A. Noutsos³², E. Nuss²³, T. Ohsugi³⁴, N. Omodei⁴, E. Orlando⁴⁴, J. F. Ormes⁴⁵, M. Ozaki⁴⁶, D. Paneque², J. H. Panetta², D. Parent^30,31, M. Pepe^18,19, M. Pesce-Rollins⁴, F. Piron²³, T. A. Porter³, S. Rainò^13,14, R. Rando^8,9, S. M. Ransom²⁷, M. Razzano⁴, A. Reimer², O. Reimer², T. Reposeur^30,31, S. Ritz^21,35, L. S. Rochester², A. Y. Rodriguez⁴⁷, R. W. Romani², F. Ryde¹⁰, H. F.-W. Sadrozinski³, D. Sanchez¹², P. M. Saz Parkinson³, C. Sgrò⁴, A. Sierpowska-Bartosik⁴⁷, E. J. Siskind⁴⁸, D. A. Smith^30,31, P. D. Smith¹¹, G. Spandre⁴, P. Spinelli^13,14, B. W. Stappers³², J.-L. Starck⁵, M. S. Strickman¹, D. J. Suson⁴⁹, H. Tajima², H. Takahashi³⁴, T. Takahashi⁴⁶, T. Tanaka², J. B. Thayer², J. G. Thayer², G. Theureau²², D. J. Thompson²¹, S. E. Thorsett³, L. Tibaldo^8,9, D. F. Torres^50,47, G. Tosti^18,19, A. Tramacere^51,2, Y. Uchiyama², T. L. Usher², A. Van Etten², N. Vilchez⁴⁰, V. Vitale^43,52, A. P. Waite², E. Wallace¹⁵, K. Watters², P. Weltevrede³⁶, K. S. Wood¹, T. Ylinen^53,10 and M. Ziegler³

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kerrm@u.washington.edu smith@cenbg.in2p3.fr guillemo@cenbg.in2p3.fr

¹ Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
² W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
³ Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁵ Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
⁸ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁰ Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
¹¹ Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
¹² Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
¹³ Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
¹⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
¹⁵ Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1560
¹⁶ Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
¹⁷ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁸ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
¹⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
²⁰ George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
²¹ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
²² Laboratoire de Physique et Chemie de l'Environnement, LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330 Nançay, France
²³ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
²⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928-3609, USA
²⁵ Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
²⁶ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
²⁷ National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
²⁹ Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), I-27100 Pavia, Italy
³⁰ CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan, 33175, France
³¹ Université de Bordeaux, Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan, 33175, France
³² Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
³³ Arecibo Observatory, Arecibo 00612, Puerto Rico
³⁴ Department of Physical Science and Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
³⁵ University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
³⁶ Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
³⁷ Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
³⁸ Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
³⁹ UCO/Lick Observatories, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
⁴⁰ Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁴¹ Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
⁴² Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁴³ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," I-00133 Roma, Italy
⁴⁴ Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁴⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
⁴⁶ Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan
⁴⁷ Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁴⁸ NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560-1025, USA
⁴⁹ Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323-2094, USA
⁵⁰ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
⁵¹ Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
⁵² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," I-00133 Roma, Italy
⁵³ School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
⁵⁴ National Research Council Research Associate

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Abstract References Cited By

We report the detection of pulsed gamma-rays from the young, spin-powered radio pulsar PSR J2021+3651 using data acquired with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly GLAST). The light curve consists of two narrow peaks of similar amplitude separated by 0.468 ± 0.002 in phase. The first peak lags the maximum of the 2 GHz radio pulse by 0.162 ± 0.004 ± 0.01 in phase. The integral gamma-ray photon flux above 100 MeV is (56 ± 3 ± 11) × 10^–8 cm^–2 s^–1. The photon spectrum is well described by an exponentially cut-off power law of the form ${dF \over dE} = kE^{-\Gamma } e^{(-E/E_c)}$ , where the energy E is expressed in GeV. The photon index is Γ = 1.5 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 and the exponential cut-off is E_c = 2.4 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 GeV. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The integral photon flux of the bridge is approximately 10% of the pulsed emission, and the upper limit on off-pulse gamma-ray emission from a putative pulsar wind nebula is < 10% of the pulsed emission at the 95% confidence level. Radio polarization measurements yield a rotation measure of RM = 524 ± 4 rad m^–2 but a poorly constrained magnetic geometry. Re-analysis of Chandra X-ray Observatory data enhanced the significance of the weak X-ray pulsations, and the first peak is roughly phase aligned with the first gamma-ray peak. We discuss the emission region and beaming geometry based on the shape and spectrum of the gamma-ray light curve combined with radio and X-ray measurements, and the implications for the pulsar distance. Gamma-ray emission from the polar cap region seems unlikely for this pulsar.

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