Searching for a Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

doi:10.1086/511329

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B. Abbott et al. 2007 ApJ 659 918 doi:10.1086/511329

Searching for a Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

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B. Abbott¹, R. Abbott¹, R. Adhikari¹, J. Agresti¹, P. Ajith², B. Allen³, R. Amin⁴, S. B. Anderson¹, W. G. Anderson³, M. Araya¹, H. Armandula¹, M. Ashley⁵, S Aston⁶, C. Aulbert⁷, S. Babak⁷, S. Ballmer⁸, B. C. Barish¹, C. Barker⁹, D. Barker⁹, B. Barr¹⁰, P. Barriga¹¹, M. A. Barton¹, K. Bayer⁸, K. Belczynski¹², J. Betzwieser⁸, P. Beyersdorf¹³, B. Bhawal¹, I. A. Bilenko¹⁴, G. Billingsley¹, E. Black¹, K. Blackburn¹, L. Blackburn⁸, D. Blair¹¹, B. Bland⁹, L. Bogue¹⁵, R. Bork¹, S. Bose¹⁶, P. R. Brady³, V. B. Braginsky¹⁴, J. E. Brau¹⁷, A. Brooks¹⁸, D. A. Brown¹, A. Bullington¹³, A. Bunkowski², A. Buonanno¹⁹, R. Burman¹¹, D. Busby¹, R. L. Byer¹³, L. Cadonati⁸, G. Cagnoli¹⁰, J. B. Camp²⁰, J. Cannizzo²⁰, K. Cannon³, C. A. Cantley¹⁰, J. Cao⁸, L. Cardenas¹, M. M. Casey¹⁰, C. Cepeda¹, P. Charlton¹, S. Chatterji¹, S. Chelkowski², Y. Chen⁷, D. Chin²¹, E. Chin¹¹, J. Chow⁵, N. Christensen²², T. Cokelaer²³, C. N. Colacino⁶, R. Coldwell²⁴, D. Cook⁹, T. Corbitt⁸, D. Coward¹¹, D. Coyne¹, J. D. E. Creighton³, T. D. Creighton¹, D. R. M. Crooks¹⁰, A. M. Cruise⁶, A. Cumming¹⁰, C. Cutler²⁵, J. Dalrymple²⁶, E. D'Ambrosio¹, K. Danzmann^2,27, G. Davies²³, G. de Vine⁵, D. DeBra¹³, J. Degallaix¹¹, V. Dergachev²¹, S. Desai²⁸, R. DeSalvo¹, S. Dhurandar²⁹, A. Di Credico²⁶, M. Díaz³⁰, J. Dickson⁵, G. Diederichs²⁷, A. Dietz⁴, E. E. Doomes³¹, R. W. P. Drever³², J.-C. Dumas¹¹, R. J. Dupuis¹, P. Ehrens¹, E. Elliffe¹⁰, T. Etzel¹, M. Evans¹, T. Evans¹⁵, S. Fairhurst³, Y. Fan¹¹, M. M. Fejer¹³, L. S. Finn²⁸, N. Fotopoulos⁸, A. Franzen²⁷, K. Y. Franzen²⁴, R. E. Frey¹⁷, T. Fricke³³, P. Fritschel⁸, V. V. Frolov¹⁵, M. Fyffe¹⁵, J. Garofoli⁹, I. Gholami⁷, J. A. Giaime⁴, S. Giampanis³³, K. Goda⁸, E. Goetz²¹, L. Goggin¹, G. González⁴, S. Gossler⁵, A. Grant¹⁰, S. Gras¹¹, C. Gray⁹, M. Gray⁵, J. Greenhalgh³⁴, A. M. Gretarsson³⁵, D. Grimmett¹, R. Grosso³⁰, H. Grote², S. Grunewald⁷, M. Guenther⁹, R. Gustafson²¹, B. Hage²⁷, C. Hanna⁴, J. Hanson¹⁵, C. Hardham¹³, J. Harms², G. Harry⁸, E. Harstad¹⁷, T. Hayler³⁴, J. Heefner¹, I. S. Heng¹⁰, A. Heptonstall¹⁰, M. Heurs²⁷, M. Hewitson², S. Hild²⁷, N. Hindman⁹, E. Hirose²⁶, D. Hoak¹⁵, P. Hoang¹, D. Hosken¹⁸, J. Hough¹⁰, E. Howell¹¹, D. Hoyland⁶, W. Hua¹³, S. Huttner¹⁰, D. Ingram⁹, M. Ito¹⁷, Y. Itoh³, A. Ivanov¹, D. Jackrel¹³, B. Johnson⁹, W. W. Johnson⁴, D. I. Jones¹⁰, G. Jones²³, R. Jones¹⁰, L. Ju¹¹, P. Kalmus³⁶, V. Kalogera¹², D. Kasprzyk⁶, E. Katsavounidis⁸, K. Kawabe⁹, S. Kawamura³⁷, F. Kawazoe³⁷, W. Kells¹, F. Ya. Khalili¹⁴, A. Khan¹⁵, C. Kim¹², P. King¹, S. Klimenko²⁴, K. Kokeyama³⁷, V. Kondrashov¹, S. Koranda³, D. Kozak¹, B. Krishnan⁷, P. Kwee²⁷, P. K. Lam⁵, M. Landry⁹, B. Lantz¹³, A. Lazzarini¹, B. Lee¹¹, M. Lei¹, V. Leonhardt³⁷, I. Leonor¹⁷, K. Libbrecht¹, P. Lindquist¹, N. A. Lockerbie⁶, M. Lormand¹⁵, M. Lubinski⁹, H. Lück^2,27, B. Machenschalk⁷, M. MacInnis⁸, M. Mageswaran¹, K. Mailand¹, M. Malec²⁷, V. Mandic¹, S. Márka³⁶, J. Markowitz⁸, E. Maros¹, I. Martin¹⁰, J. N. Marx¹, K. Mason⁸, L. Matone³⁶, N. Mavalvala⁸, R. McCarthy⁹, D. E. McClelland⁵, S. C. McGuire³¹, M. McHugh³⁸, K. McKenzie⁵, J. W. C. McNabb²⁸, T. Meier²⁷, A. Melissinos³³, G. Mendell⁹, R. A. Mercer²⁴, S. Meshkov¹, E. Messaritaki³, C. J. Messenger¹⁰, D. Meyers¹, E. Mikhailov⁸, S. Mitra²⁹, V. P. Mitrofanov¹⁴, G. Mitselmakher²⁴, R. Mittleman⁸, O. Miyakawa¹, S. Mohanty³⁰, G. Moreno⁹, K. Mossavi², C. MowLowry⁵, A. Moylan⁵, D. Mudge¹⁸, G. Mueller²⁴, H. Müller-Ebhardt², S. Mukherjee³⁰, J. Munch¹⁸, P. Murray¹⁰, E. Myers⁹, J. Myers⁹, G. Newton¹⁰, K. Numata²⁰, B. O'Reilly¹⁵, R. O'Shaughnessy¹², D. J. Ottaway⁸, H. Overmier¹⁵, B. J. Owen²⁸, Y. Pan²⁵, M. A. Papa^3,7, V. Parameshwaraiah⁹, M. Pedraza¹, S. Penn³⁹, M. Pitkin¹⁰, M. V. Plissi¹⁰, R. Prix⁷, V. Quetschke²⁴, F. Raab⁹, D. Rabeling⁵, H. Radkins⁹, R. Rahkola¹⁷, M. Rakhmanov²⁸, K. Rawlins⁸, S. Ray-Majumder³, V. Re⁶, H. Rehbein², S. Reid¹⁰, D. H. Reitze²⁴, L. Ribichini², R. Riesen¹⁵, K. Riles²¹, B. Rivera⁹, D. I. Robertson¹⁰, N. A. Robertson^10,13, C. Robinson²³, S. Roddy¹⁵, A. Rodriguez⁴, A. M. Rogan¹⁶, J. Rollins³⁶, J. D. Romano²³, J. Romie¹⁵, R. Route¹³, S. Rowan¹⁰, A. Rüdiger², L. Ruet⁸, P. Russell¹, K. Ryan⁹, S. Sakata³⁷, M. Samidi¹, L. Sancho de la Jordana⁴⁰, V. Sandberg⁹, V. Sannibale¹, S. Saraf¹³, P. Sarin⁸, B. S. Sathyaprakash²³, S. Sato³⁷, P. R. Saulson²⁶, R. Savage⁹, S. Schediwy¹¹, R. Schilling², R. Schnabel², R. Schofield¹⁷, B. F. Schutz^7,23, P. Schwinberg⁹, S. M. Scott⁵, S. E. Seader¹⁶, A. C. Searle⁵, B. Sears¹, F. Seifert², D. Sellers¹⁵, A. S. Sengupta²³, P. Shawhan¹, B. Sheard⁵, D. H. Shoemaker⁸, A. Sibley¹⁵, X. Siemens³, D. Sigg⁹, A. M. Sintes^7,40, B. Slagmolen⁵, J. Slutsky⁴, J. Smith², M. R. Smith¹, P. Sneddon¹⁰, K. Somiya^2,7, C. Speake⁶, O. Spjeld¹⁵, K. A. Strain¹⁰, D. M. Strom¹⁷, A. Stuver²⁸, T. Summerscales²⁸, K. Sun¹³, M. Sung⁴, P. J. Sutton¹, D. B. Tanner²⁴, M. Tarallo¹, R. Taylor¹, R. Taylor¹⁰, J. Thacker¹⁵, K. A. Thorne²⁸, K. S. Thorne²⁵, A. Thüring²⁷, K. V. Tokmakov¹⁴, C. Torres³⁰, C. Torrie¹, G. Traylor¹⁵, M. Trias⁴⁰, W. Tyler¹, D. Ugolini⁴¹, C. Ungarelli⁶, H. Vahlbruch²⁷, M. Vallisneri²⁵, M. Varvella¹, S. Vass¹, A. Vecchio⁶, J. Veitch¹⁰, P. Veitch¹⁸, S. Vigeland²², A. Villar¹, C. Vorvick⁹, S. P. Vyachanin¹⁴, S. J. Waldman¹, L. Wallace¹, H. Ward¹⁰, R. Ward¹, K. Watts¹⁵, D. Webber¹, A. Weidner², A. Weinstein¹, R. Weiss⁸, S. Wen⁴, K. Wette⁵, J. T. Whelan^7,38, D. M. Whitbeck²⁸, S. E. Whitcomb¹, B. F. Whiting²⁴, C. Wilkinson⁹, P. A. Willems¹, B. Willke^2,27, I. Wilmut³⁴, W. Winkler², C. C. Wipf⁸, S. Wise²⁴, A. G. Wiseman³, G. Woan¹⁰, D. Woods³, R. Wooley¹⁵, J. Worden⁹, W. Wu²⁴, I. Yakushin¹⁵, H. Yamamoto¹, Z. Yan¹¹, S. Yoshida⁴², N. Yunes²⁸, M. Zanolin⁸, L. Zhang¹, C. Zhao¹¹, N. Zotov⁴³, M. Zucker¹⁵, H. zur Mühlen²⁷ and J. Zweizig¹ (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration)⁴⁴

Show affiliations

¹ Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
² Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Hannover, Germany
³ University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
⁴ Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
⁵ Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
⁶ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
⁷ Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Golm, Germany
⁸ Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
⁹ Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA
¹⁰ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
¹¹ University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
¹² Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
¹³ Stanford University, Stanford, CA
¹⁴ Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
¹⁵ Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA
¹⁶ Washington State University, Pullman, WA
¹⁷ University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
¹⁸ University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
¹⁹ University of Maryland, College Park, MD
²⁰ NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
²¹ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
²² Carleton College, Northfield, MN
²³ Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
²⁴ University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
²⁵ California Institute of Technology-CaRT, Pasadena, CA
²⁶ Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
²⁷ Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
²⁸ Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
²⁹ Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India
³⁰ University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, TX
³¹ Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA
³² California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
³³ University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
³⁴ Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
³⁵ Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ
³⁶ Columbia University, New York, NY
³⁷ National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
³⁸ Loyola University, New Orleans, LA
³⁹ Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY
⁴⁰ Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
⁴¹ Trinity University, San Antonio, TX
⁴² Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA
⁴³ Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA
⁴⁴ See http://www.ligo.org

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Abstract References Cited By

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) has performed the fourth science run, S4, with significantly improved interferometer sensitivities with respect to previous runs. Using data acquired during this science run, we place a limit on the amplitude of a stochastic background of gravitational waves. For a frequency independent spectrum, the new Bayesian 90% upper limit is Ω_GW × [H₀/(72 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹)]² < 6.5 × 10^-5. This is currently the most sensitive result in the frequency range 51-150 Hz, with a factor of 13 improvement over the previous LIGO result. We discuss the complementarity of the new result with other constraints on a stochastic background of gravitational waves, and we investigate implications of the new result for different models of this background.

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