Abstract
The high density of the recently discovered close-in extrasolar planet HD 149026b suggests the presence of a huge core in its interior, which challenges planet formation theory. We first derive constraints on the total mass of heavy elements in the planet and find its preferred value is 50-80 M⊕ . We then explore the possibility of the formation of HD 149026b through subcritical core accretion as envisioned for Uranus and Neptune, and find the subcritical accretion scenario is very unlikely in the case of HD 149026b for at least two reasons: (1) subcritical planets are such that the ratio of their core mass to their total mass is above ~0.7, in contradiction with constraints for all but the most extreme interior models of HD 149026b and (2) high accretion rates and large isolation mass required for the formation of a subcritical >50 M⊕ core are possible only at specific orbital distances in a disk with a surface density of dust equal to at least 30 times that of the minimum-mass solar nebula. These facts point toward two main routes for the formation of HD 149026b: (i) gas accretion limited by a slow viscous inflow in an evaporating disk or (ii) a significant modification of the planetary composition after gas accretion ended. Illustrating the second route, we show that collision between two gas giants leads to a substantial loss of the gas component and thus may make the planet highly enriched in heavy elements. Alternatively, the planet may be supplied with heavy elements by planetesimals through secular perturbations. In both the giant impact and the secular perturbation scenarios, we expect an outer giant planet to be present. Observational studies by imaging, astrometry, and long-term interferometry of this system are needed to better narrow down the ensemble of possibilities.