The Distribution of Ortho-H₂D⁺(1_1,0-1_1,1) in L1544: Tracing the Deuteration Factory in Prestellar Cores

Prestellar cores are unique laboratories for studying the chemical and physical conditions preceding star formation. We observed the prestellar core L1544 in the fundamental transition of ortho-H₂D⁺ (1_1,0-1_1,1) at different positions over 100'' and found a strong correlation between its abundance and the CO depletion factor. We also present a tentative detection of the fundamental transition of para-D₂H⁺ (1_1,0-1_0,1) at the dust emission peak. Maps in N₂H⁺, N₂D⁺, HCO⁺, and DCO⁺ are used and interpreted with the aid of a spherically symmetric chemical model that predicts the column densities and abundances of these species as a function of radius. The correlation between the observed deuterium fractionation of H, N₂H⁺, and HCO⁺ and the observed integrated CO depletion factor across the core can be reproduced by this chemical model. In addition, a simpler model is used to study the H₂D⁺ ortho-to-para ratio. We conclude that, in order to reproduce the observed ortho-H₂D⁺ observations, the grain radius should be larger than 0.3 μm.