Qizhou Zhang et al. 2005 ApJ 625 864 doi:10.1086/429660
Qizhou Zhang1, T. R. Hunter1, J. Brand2, T. K. Sridharan1, R. Cesaroni3, S. Molinari4, J. Wang1,5 and M. Kramer6
Show affiliationsWe present a study of molecular outflows toward a sample of 69 luminous IRAS point sources. The sample is associated with dense molecular gas and has far-infrared luminosities ranging from 102 to 105 L
, indicating these objects as regions likely forming high-mass stars. Mapping in the CO J = 2-1 line shows that molecular outflows are ubiquitous in these regions. Most of the outflows have masses of tens of M
. The typical dynamical timescale of the flow, without correcting for inclination of the flow axis, is a few times 104 yr. The typical energy in the outflows is 1046 ergs, comparable to the turbulent energy in the core. Nearly half of the outflows show spatially resolved bipolar lobes. This indicates that low-mass young stars that coexist in the region are not responsible for the bipolar outflows observed. It is the more massive stars that drive the outflow. The large detection rate of outflows in the region favors an accretion process in the formation of massive stars. The maximum mass-loss rate in the wind is about 10-4 M
yr-1. If these outflows are driven via accretion, the accretion rate should be as high as a few times 10-4 M
yr-1. We compare CO outflows with images at near-infrared wavelengths from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) archive and find that some outflows are associated with extended emission in the K band, which may be partly due to vibrationally excited H2 emission at 2.12 μm.
H II regions; ISM: clouds; ISM: jets and outflows; ISM: kinematics and dynamics; stars: formation
Issue 2 (2005 June 1)
Received 2004 December 2, accepted for publication 2005 February 11
Qizhou Zhang et al. 2005 ApJ 625 864
B Yang et al 2004 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 8377
Paolo Amore et al 2004 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 37 3515
Charles C. Steidel et al. 1997 ApJ 480 568
Y V Fyodorov et al 2005 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 38 10731
Gregory J Galloway 1995 Class. Quantum Grav. 12 L99
D del-Castillo-Negrete et al 2004 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 46 A105
Toru Miyazawa 2006 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39 10871
J Wang et al 1999 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 11 3973
Carlo F Barenghi 1999 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 11 7751